Inertia, capacitance, and damping are almost always present in a measurement sys-

tem. Sometimes these characteristics are desirable; other times they are undesirable.
Think of examples of measurement systems containing mechanical, electrical, or
hydraulic components and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of changing
the physical characteristics of the system. Also describe how these changes might
be made.

If the following input Vin and output Vout relationships exist for different measure-
ment systems, indicate whether each is linear or nonlinear?
a. Vout(t) 5 Vin(t)
b. Vout(t) Vin(t) 5t
c. Vout(t) Vin(t) 5
d. Vout(t) Vin(t) Vin(t)
e. Vout(t) Vin(t) Vin(t)
f. Vout(t) Vin(t) 10t
g. Vout(t) Vin(t) sin(5)

What is the Fourier series and fundamental frequency (in hertz) of the waveform
ft 5 sin(2 t)?
What is the Fourier series and fundamental frequency (in rad/sec) of a standard
U.S. household AC voltage?
Verify that Equations 4.7 through 4.9 are equivalent to Equation 4.3.
Show that the Fourier series coefficients An for the square wave defined by
Equation 4.10 are 0.
The discrete Fourier series representation of a half-sine-wave pulse train waveform is
mathematically represented as

Using a computer plotting application, plot three cycles of V(t) displaying

a. DC component fundamental (first harmonic)
b. DC component first 10 harmonics (Note that some harmonics have zero
amplitude)
c. DC component as many harmonics as you think are necessary to provide a good
reproduction of the waveform

Given the following measurement system frequency response curve,

a. What is the bandwidth of the measurement system?
b. If the input signal (Vin) is a 2 V, peak-to-peak, square wave of period 1 sec, what
will the steady state output signal (Vout(t)) from the measurement system be? Use
the square-wave Fourier series representation given in Equation 4.15 or 4.16
for Vin(t).
c. Plot the resulting output on a computer for t 0 to 2 sec.

Aout /Ain
1

f (Hz)
2 4 6 8 10

For an RC low-pass filter with R = 1 k and C = 1 F,

a. What is the bandwidth of the filter?
b. If the input is a 2 V, peak-to-peak, square wave of period 1 sec, what will the
filter output be? Use the square wave Fourier series representation given in
Equation 4.15 or 4.16 for Vin(t).
c. Plot the resulting output on a computer for t 0 to 2 sec.
Solve Question 4.8 with R = 100 k instead.
What is the bandwidth (in Hz) of a system with the frequency response that follows?

Aout /Ain

1.0

0.5

4.5
1 2 3 4 5 (rad/sec)

If a signal is given by

where 1 rad/sec,
a. What is the range of frequencies of the signal?
b. Plot the spectrum of F(t).
Document a complete and thorough answer to Class Discussion Item 4.5.
Derive the expression for the step response x(t) in Design Example 4.1.
Document a complete and thorough answer to Class Discussion Item 4.8.

Using the capacitor energy storage equation, derive the expression for the capacitance
of a cylindrical tank of diameter D and fluid height h holding bottom-fed fluid of spe-
cific weight .
Using the inertia energy storage equation, derive the expression for the inertance of
the fluid (of density in a straight pipe of length L and cross-sectional area A. Start
by applying F ma to a control volume surrounding the fluid.
Convert the translational mechanical system that follows to an analogous electrical
system.
b1

Fin k1 m
k2

Convert the following translational mechanical system to an analogous electrical

system.

k1

F1 b1
m
F2

k2

Convert the following electrical system to an analogous hydraulic system.

+
Vin C1 R1

C2