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SPECIMEN COLLECTION

By :
Name : Mellya Rizki Pitriani
Student ID : B1B017031
Entourage : VIII
Group :3
Assistant : Sharon Hillary

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS I LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION


JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Specimen collection is an important scientific asset as a research material for


fauna diversity at both national and international levels. Specimens are examples of
animals, plants, whole microbes, parts of the body of an animal or plant (eg mammal
skulls, bird bones, leaves attacked by pests, flowers), organs (liver, fiber roots) or blood
(for DNA material) collected and stored for a certain period of time (Rio, 2005). The
stored specimens are known as specimen collections, by collecting, can provide an
overview of the richness of the biota and the distribution of the biota can be known,
Therefore collecting (storing) and storing biota as evidence of its existence in the past
and present is very necessary (Pratiwi & Rahmat, 2015).
The main values of specimen collections in research and reference underlie an
understanding of biodiversity. This collection is very important for the assessment of
conservation in the present and in the past centuries. Specimen collections serve a
variety of purposes, including providing a basic understanding of taxonomy and
biodiversity, and a record of verified fauna conditions from time to time and space that
can be called repeatedly into the future. Collections contained in museums are used in
many benefits, including contributing to public health and safety by allowing checks on
the history of infectious diseases and sources or reservoirs (Clemann et al., 2014).
Preparation of preserved specimens is needed for the purpose of practically
observing specimens without having to look for new fresh ingredients. This activity is
certainly of great benefit for specimens that are difficult to find in nature. Description of
species, diversity, and endemics of whether or not the species is data that must be
presented along with the preserved specimens. In addition, data on health, distribution
and phenotypes must be accountable. The sequence of specimens can be wet and dry-
preserved (Rocha et al., 2014).

B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are :


1. Students are able to know some sample techniques and animal specimen
preservation.
2. Students are able to do invertebrate and vertebrate preservation.
3. Students are able to make durable specimen collection.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Specimen collection is an activity that includes storing, cataloging, and maintaining


a museum or zoological collection. The collection of all animal specimens must be
equipped with material that allows observation of morphology, anatomy, histology,
cytology (chromosomal), and molecular biochemistry of these animals. The making of
specimen collections is divided into two types, namely wet and dry preserves
(Bachmann, 2012).
Specimen type is a type system specimens or samples that are given the name of a type
as a method of determining names scientific species. There are eight types of
specimens, including: Holotype (Type), an organism specimen that by the first author
described in the original description, or specimen at the time of the species it is
explained is the only thing known. Lectotype, the type of specimen that is the basis of
the original description where specimen selection is done after the original description is
from one of the syntypes. Syntype (cotype), one of a number of specimens that form the
basis of original description. Neotype, the specimen is chosen as the new type, which
has definitely been it is known that the original specimen and description type has been
lost or having damaged (Kilawati & Arfianti, 2017). The example the neotypes were
chosen to match as closely as possible the holotype in its preserved part, and thereby
taking the whole neotype molar as representative of Falconer's species, Osborn
perceived that many of the North American molars that had been until that point
assigned to E. columbi were in fact more ‘advanced’(Lister, 2017). The classification of
Dryopteridaceae and Nephrolepidaceae used here follows PPG 1. The synonymy for
these two families includes 30 basionyms that are relevant to New Zealand. In order to
fix the application of these names, their types need to be clarified. Lectotypes and
neotypes have previously been chosen for 13 of these, and holotypes or isotypes
identified and documented for another 10 basionyms (Brownsey et al., 2018).
The wet line is one way to preserve animals by using liquids. The body of the
animal specimen is totally immersed in a liquid preservative. The large body volume of
animals needs to be injected with preservation so that preservative fluids can reach the
deepest tissue. The preservative liquid is generally in the form of alcohol with a
concentration of 50% to 70%, a mixture of formalin, acetic acid, and FAA solution or
4% formalin solution. Alcohol solutions are usually used to preserve low animals from
the Phylum Arthropoda. FAA preservatives are widely used to preserve plant
specimens. 4% formalin solution is used to preserve animals or animal body parts by
immersing them (Tevis, 2012).
Picture 2.1 Wet Line
Dry casing is one way of preservation of animals by drying animals or their parts
either with or without preservatives. Certain insects can be preserved by placing
camphor in their storage area. Examples of other dry-preserved media are animal frames
that are installed according to their original structure and taxidermy (Rio, 2005).
Taxidermy are preserved animals, usually vertebrate groups that can be skinned.
During manufacture, the animal will be skinned along with the internal organs removed.
After that, the animal is reshaped like its original shape. Vertebrate animals that are
often made taxidermy for example various types of mammals, lizards or reptiles.
Taxidermy is often used as a reference material for identification of vertebrate animals.
Taxidermy can show the condition of a species when the animal is still alive. Therefore,
a description of the native habitat of animals that will be used as taxidermy is very
important (Sanders & Hohenstein, 2015).

Picture 2.2 Taxidermy


Insectarium is a method of preserving insects or all types of insects. The sample
is a type of living insect. Insectariums often display various types of insects and
arthropods that are similar, such as spiders, beetles, cockroaches, ants, bees, millipedes,
centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, stick insects, scorpions, and others. According to
Susilo (2015), an insectarium is a storage area for insect specimens, both wet and dry.
Insectarium often displays various types of insects, insect collections are materials to
study the body structure of insects in depth, especially those associated with their
characteristics, so that we are easier to recognize and classify if at any time to find it
again in the field.
Picture 2.3 Insectarium

The skeletal sequence is a preserved specimen in the form of a preserved


skeleton. Preservation is done by dissecting and skinning the specimen first to clean it
from the skin. Then boiling is done to facilitate the separation of muscles from the
skeleton. Cleansing the muscles or flesh from the frame must be done carefully. Then
the bone is soaked in a bleach solution so that the color is pure white. Structuring is
done in such a way as to be able to show the original conditions of the species (Yayuk et
al., 2010).

Animal collection activities need to pay attention to several things, including not
to interfere with the existence of endangered animals or damage to remnants in caves
that have been abandoned by early humans. Animals collected are animals that are
needed for preservation with the purpose of testing later (Yayuk et al., 2010). For this
reason, it is deemed necessary to conduct training on making biological learning media
in the form of plant specimens (herbarium) and animals (taxidermy), so that each
student has the ability to create media that can be used in biology learning (Yelianti et
al., 2016). Preparation of preserved specimens is needed for the purpose of observing
specimens practically without having to look for new fresh ingredients (Pratiwi &
Rahmat, 2006).
III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory acitivity are specimen tray, waterproff
paper, jar, transparent glass, killing bottle, paper, pin, styrofoam, and label.
The material used in this laboratory activity are invertebrate specimens,
vertebrates specimen, 70% alcohol, and chloroform.
B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:


3.1 Wet Preservation
1. Animals are totally anesthetized with chloroform or ether and then cleaned.
2. Animals are put into a jar containing 70% alcohol, the jar size is as big as the
animals.
3. The jar is equipped with transparent glass for the base of animals to keep their
positions.
4. Informations are given using waterproof paper.
3.2 Insectarium Preservation
1. Animals are totally anesthetized by putting them into a killing bottle where a
choloroform foam already placed, previously a barrier from a rather thick paper that
has been clumped is placed so the insect dies without being exposed to choloroform
wet.
2. After animals are dead, the outside of the insect’s body is smeared with 70% alcohol.
3. Then the insects body is stabbed with a pin.
4. After done, it is plugged into the styrofoam.
5. Insects are labeled and identified.
3.3 Skeleton Preservation
1. Animals are dissected and skinned until the specimen is clean from their skin.
2. Specimens are boiled for 30 minutes to 2 hours to facilitate the separation of muscles
from the skeleton.
3. And then it cooled down naturally.
4. The muscles and meat that is still attached to the frame are cleaned until clear.
5. The preservation is soaked in bleach so that the bones are pure white.
6. Preservation is labeled, and identified.
3.4 Taxidermy Preservation
1. Specimens are totally anesthetized with choloroform or ether.
2. After dead, incision are made from the front stomach of the genitals to the chest.
3. The wound is spiked with corn flour.
4. The animals are skinned using a scalpel, the fat is removed, the dam is cleaned, then
the borax is sprinkled.
5. A cotton roll is made as large or as long as the animals body then inserted as a
replacement for the meat.
6. Then it was shaped like his stature while still alive.
7. The marks are sewn, and the mouth part is sewn in triangle form.
REFERENCES

Bachmann, K., 2012. Conservation Concerns: A Guide for Collectors and Curators.
Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Brownsey, P. J., Perrie, L. R. & Field, A. R., 2018. Taxonomic Notes on the new
Zealand Flora: Lectotypes in Dryopteridaceae and Nephrolepidaceae. New Zealand
Journal of Botany, pp. 1-8.
Clemann, N., Karen, M. C. R., Kevin, C. R., Tarmo, R., Martin, G., Peter, M., Joanna,
S., Dianne, B., Mark, N. & Jane, M., 2014. Value And Impacts Of Collecting
Vertebrate Voucher Specimens, With Guidelines For Ethical Collection. Memoirs
Of Museum Victoria, 72(1), pp. 141–151.
Kilawati & Arfianti, 2017. Iktiologi Modern. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Lister, A. M., 2017. On The Type Material and Evolution of North American
Mammoths. Quanternary International :Elsevier, 443, pp. 14-31.
Pratiwi, R., & Rahmat., 2015. Sebaran Kepiting Mangrove (Crustacea: Decapoda) yang
Terdaftar di Koleksi Rujukan Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-LIPI. Berita Biologi,
14(2), pp. 195-202.
Rio, 2005. Dunia Hewan. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara.
Rocha, L. A., Aleixo, A., Allen, G., & Witt, C. C., 2014. Specimen Collection: An
Essential Tool. Science, 344(6186), pp. 814-815.
Sanders, D., & Hohenstein, J., 2015. “Death on Display:” Reflections on Taxidermy and
Children Understanding of Life and Death. Curator: The Museum Journal, 58(3), pp.
251-262.
Susilo, M. J., 2015. Analisis Kualitas Media Pembelajaran Insektarium Dan Herbarium
Untuk Mata Pelajaran Biologi Sekolah Menengah. Jurnal Bioedukatika, 3(1), pp. 10-
15.
Tevis, J., 2012. The Wet Collection: A Field Guide to Iridescence and Memory.
Minnesota: Milkweed Editions.
Yayuk, S. H. U., & Sartiami E., 2010. Kloeksi Presevasi, Identifikasi, Kurasi dan
Manajemen Data. Bandung: Angkasa Duta.
Yelianti, U., Hamidah, A., Muswita, & Sukmono, T., 2016. Pembuatan Spesimen
Hewan dan Tumbuhan Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Di SMP Sekota Jambi. Jurnal
Pengabdian pada Masyarakat. 31(4), pp. 36-43.

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