General Science

e. Make a conclusion Occurs in four states:

- Conclusion: statement about the result - Solid: resistance to any shape
- Law: describes what happens / doesn’t explain cause of occurrence - Liquid: does not resist forces that act to change shape
- Theory: explained from observation - Gas: molecules are widely dispersed (spread)
f. Apply to other situations: Communicate your results to others in a report - Plasma: consisting of an overall charge-neutral mix of electrons, ions, and neutral
atoms
S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y

o SCIENCE PHENOMENON: Observed by the senses

: Concerned with facts, principles, and methods FACT: A scientifically tested observation MELTING POINT / FREEZING POINT: From solid to liquid and vice versa

: Could be observed in our natural / physical and social environment. BOILING POINT: From liquid to gas and vice versa

: Latin “scientia” = “to know”

S C I E N T I F I C A T T I T U D E S

SCIENTIFIC STUDY: can be repeated many times over and yield almost same results C H A N G E S I N M A T T E R

CURIOSITY: keen observation o PHYSICAL CHANGE

o TECHNOLOGY LOGIC AND SYSTEM: step-by-step experimental methods : Involves no chemical reaction

: Application of scientific knowledge to improve life OPEN-MINDEDNESS: willingness to change / modify ideas : Molecules remains unchanged

: Applied science INTELLECTUAL HONESTY: contribution of others to one’s success : Substance does not lose chemical identity

Classified into three kinds: HARD WORK AND PERSERVERANCE: continued effort to do / achieve something Three types:

- Machines : help us do activities faster or do certain things we normally can’t do OBJECTIVITY: eliminating personal biases - Melting
- Products : produced through artificial, natural means and make life more comfortable CREATIVITY & CRITICAL THINKING: think clearly and rationally about what to do and what - Evaporating
- Processes : ways of doing things to believe - freezing

: include any alteration in shape and size [e.g. cutting, grinding, annealing, dissolving,
emulsifying]
RISKS: Hazards / negative effects that lead to loss / injury

M E A S U R E M E N T

: Is the process of comparing a quantity with a chosen standard o CHEMICAL CHANGE

Two factors affect the degree of accuracy of measurements: : Chemical composition changes
S C I E N T I F I C M E T H O D : Properties of original substance are lost, new substance with new properties are
- Accuracy: closeness of measurements of a quantity to actual value
produced
: To acquire knowledge used to explain different phenomena in nature - Precision: repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same
: e.g. production of rust [iron oxide]
Six basic steps: results

a. Identify and clearly state the problem: problem that is specific BASIC QUANTITIES SI UNIT
b. Gather info pertinent to the problem: recalling past experiences concerning the
Length Meters
problem M A C H I N E S
Mass Kilograms
c. Formulate hypothesis: “educated guess”
: Devices that can: multiply force, multiply speed or distance, change direction of the
Time Seconds
d. Test the hypothesis
force, transfer energy from one place to another, transform energy from one form to
Electric current Amperes
- Controlled experiment: manipulating one of the conditions
another
- Trials: number of times experiment is repeated Temperature Kelvin

- Controls: factors that are kept constant Amount of substance Moles SIMPLE MACHINES: Have one or two parts

- Variables: factors that change Luminous intensity Candelas Classified into six groups:
 Independent / Experimental: changed o Inclined plane
 Dependent: change as a result of independent variable’s change o Lever
o Screw
- Presentation of data o Wheel and axle
 Tables o Pulley
M A T T E R o Wedge
 Graphs
 Line: comparing 2 continuously changing variables COMPOUND/COMPLEX MACHINES: Two or more
: Anything that occupies space
 Bar: comparing a changing value with an unchanging value
: Possesses the attributes of gravity and inertia
 D E N S I T Y

W A T E R
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑝= : Odorless, tasteless, colorless
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
: Universal solvent

SOLIDS can be weighed to determine mass, immersed in liquid to determine volume : Freezing point 0 °C

LIQUIDS mass can be found by [1] weighing an empty container then [2] weighing : Boiling point 100 °C

container with the liquid in it, and finally [3] subtracting empty weight from full weight. : Distilled water, poor electricity conductor. With salt, good electricity conductor
Instruments like transparent measuring cups used in cooking can determine volume.
: Absorbing heat with relatively little increase in temperature

GASES weighed in airtight containers of known volume and weight, temperature and
pressure must be included when measuring density due to temperature and pressure WATER CYCLE: Movements of water above, on, and below, the surface of the earth
sensitive
Consists of four distinct stages:

- Storage
- Evaporation
- Precipitation
C L I M A T E A N D W E A T H E R
- Run-off
o CLIMATE

: Long-term effect of the sun’s radiation

o WEATHER

: State of the atmosphere at a particular time & place

Elements of weather:

- Temperature: degree of hotness. Thermometer, common instrument to measure.

Three different scales used for measuring:

 Kelvin
 Celsius
 Fahrenheit

- Humidity: amount of water vapor in the air. Hydrometer and psychrometer, used in
atmospheric humidity.
- Precipitation: crystals in clouds grow large enough to fall to the ground [e.g. rain,
snow, raindrop, drizzle]
- Wind: horizontal movement of air. Wind vanes, used to determine wind direction.
Anemometers, measure wind speed.
- Clouds: excess water vapor in the air that condenses into liquid droplets / ice crystals

Different forms:

 Fluffy cumulus clouds: from rising masses of air, called thermals. Transforms
into cumulonimbus cloud or thunderstorm.
 Fibrous cirrus clouds: trails of falling ice crystals. From high in the troposphere.
Crystals never reach the ground.
 Stratus cloud: entire layer of air cools / ascends obliquely. Extends for
hundreds of miles

- Pressure: force of air on a given surface, divided by area of that surface. Barometer,
usead to measure air pressure.