BIOKIMIA VETERINER

METABOLISM AMPHIBIA

MEMBER NAME OF GROUP :

1. Agung Kurniawan (18820083)

2. Bima Satria Moekti (18820084)
3. Jesicha Inggit Hartati P. (18820071)
4. Yoakim H. Ngabut (18820085)
 Foreword
All praise and praise we give to God Almighty because of the blessing of abundance of
gifts we can complete the task of this paper properly and correctly. We express our deepest
gratitude to those who have helped us in the preparation of this paper. We did not forget to thank
Drh. Dian Ayu Kartika Sari, M.Vet, as a lecturer in the subject of Veterinary Biochemistry.

The writing of this paper aims to determine the amphibian metabolic process. In writing
this paper, it is far from perfect, so we humbly ask for criticism and suggestions from the reader,
then we can improve this paper. Finally, we apologize profusely if in our paper there are writing
errors and words that are not pleasing to the heart.

Surabaya 17 juni 2019

 Abstrak
Amphibians are vetebrata animals that have a metamorphosis cycle, amphibians consist
of various kinds of unique animals, one example being a frog. Amphibians are vetrebata that can
live in two water and air realms, their life cycles consist of various stages, ranging from hatching
to tadpoles that breathe with gills until they mature and are ready to breed. With the existence of
a different life cycle, of course the metabolism that occurs will certainly be unique and different
for each certain stage.

Amphibia is a cold-blooded animal (polychoterm), where the temperature of the amphibious

body will follow the temperature of the environment, temperature is one of the factors
influencing the metabolism of the living creature. Because amphibians are cold-blooded animals
and have a life cycle of metamorphosis it will be different from the metabolism of warm-blooded
mammals.

Preliminary
Amphibi is a class of the most primitive vertebrate animals. Species from Amphibians
that still exist today are included in 3 groups namely Salamander (Urodela), Caecilian
(Gymnophiona) and Anura. More than 4600 species of Amphibians and each species have
differences in body shape, size, ecology and behavior Amphibi is an animal that has high skin
moisture, the skin is not covered with hair and has the ability to live in water or on land.
Amphibia comes from the Greek word Amphi which means double and Bios which means life.
Therefore Amphibia is interpreted as an animal that has two forms of life on land and in water.
In general, Amphibians have an initial life cycle in the waters and the second life cycle is on
land.

In the tadpole phase Amphibians live in the waters and breathe with gills. In this phase
tadpoles move using the tail. In the adult phase live on land and breathe with the lungs. In the
current phase Amphibi moves with feet. Changes in the way breathing breathes along with the
transition of life from waters to land causes loss of gills and gill frames over time. In Anura, no
neck is found as a mechanism of adaptation to life in the burrow and moves by jumping.

Because amphibians have a life cycle in water and on land, amphibian metabolism must
be different from humans. Therefore this paper discusses amphibian metabolism.
 DISCUSSION

1. Amphibian
There are around 3000 amphibian species living in the world, which are grouped into 3
groups namely Anura (frogs and frogs). Caudata or Urodela (salamander) and Gymnophiona or
Apoda (Caecilia). There are only around 60 Caecilia species and about 200 species of
salamanders, so most amphibians consist of frogs and frogs.

The term "amphibia" is applied to members of this class because most animals spend the
early stages of their life cycle in water, from the form of larvae in the form of tadpoles that
breathe with outer gills then larvae undergo metamorphosis to become frog children with
respiration in the form of lungs. This life is not absolute for all amphibians, there are some who
never leave water and others that never enter the water at certain stages of their life cycle. There
are also those who do not have lungs to adulthood and breathe through the skin, so the skin is
always wet and glandular (Sukiya, 2001: 33).

Amphibian groups are vertebrates who first arrived on land. Basically they have pentadactyl
(five ends of the toes), although the number of toes can be reduced. Like fish and reptiles,
amphibians are ectoterm or changes in body temperature depend on the temperature of the
environment. Most amphibians leave their eggs in ponds and in water streams and not a few can
walk on the ground as soon as they hatch, few species live far from water.

The classification of the Amphibia class consists of 6 orders with 2 of the largest orders,
namely the order Anura and the order Caudata or Urodela.

The position of amphibia in the classification system is:

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Upafilum: Vertebrates

Superclass: Tetrapoda

Class: Amphibia

Amphibian members consist of 4 orders namely Apoda (Caecilia), Urodela (Salamander),

and Anura (frogs and frogs), Proanura (extinct)

2. Anatomy and physiology amphibi

A. System skeleton

Amphibians have proportionally thick and broad skulls. Modern amphibian skulls
have premaxillary, nasal, frontal, pariental and squamosa bones. In the ventral part of
the brain covered by bone derml called parasphenoid. There are some amphibians that
don't have teeth at all, or the teeth in the lower jaw reduce. The number of vertebrae
or vertebrae in amphibians varies from 10 segments in calientia to 200 in
Gymnophiona. In Salientia there is one vertebral element that undergoes elongation
(elongation) called the Urostile extending from the sacrum to the posterior end of the
pelvis.

Amphibians are vertebrates that have a stignum (breastbone) but their

development is less than perfect. Most amphibians have 2 pairs of wear with 4 toes on
the front foot and 5 fingers on the back leg. The number of fingers may be reduced by
2 pieces. The legs usually don't have nails, but there are a kind of horns on their
fingers

B. System Muscle
The muscular system in amphibians, like other organ systems, is a transition
between fish and reptiles. The muscular system in fish is centered on the body's
movements to the lateral, opening and closing the mouth and gill aperture
(operculum) and relatively simple fins. The axial muscle system in amphibians is still
metameric as in fish, but there are signs of difference. Horizontal partition divides
dorsal and ventral muscles. Ventral muscle, is a proof of the division of the muscles
of each amphibian body segment.
Various kinds of movements in amphibians, namely swimming, walking, jumping /
climbing, involve the development of various types of muscles. some of which are
located in the limbs themselves and are intrinsic muscles.

Compoundively, the frog muscle system is different from the primitive myotomic
arrangement, especially in the appendix. The segmental muscles are striking in the
body. Big muscular upper leg segment.

C. Sistem Sirkulasi

Most amphibians have a problem filling the heart that receives oxy blood from the
lungs and deoxy blood that does not contain oxygen from the body. the heart has
interatrial bulkhead, ventricular pouch, and division of the conus arteriosus in the
systemic vessels and pulmonary vessels containing oxygen from the lungs into the
left atrium via the pulmonary vein and then to the left side of the ventricle and then
pumped throughout the body. some exceptions occur in salamanders who do not have
lungs, where interatrial gaps are incomplete and pulmonary veins are absent.
 The frog's circulatory system consists of blood and blood circulation devices.
Frog blood consists of a liquid or blood plasma and blood cells. Erythrocytes with
nuclei, long, flat and contain hemoglobin. Leukocytes are colorless, nucleated and
can move freely ameboid.

The blood entering the left atrium comes from the pulmonary vein and the skin is
rich in oxygen. Furthermore, blood from the right and left atrium enters the ventricles.
So, clean blood from the left atrium and dirty blood from the right atrium mixes in
this ventricle. From the ventricles, blood will come out through the pulse. The pulse
is then branched into two aorta (large pulse) which curves left and right

D. System Digestion

Water frogs need a little oral gland because their food is in the water so it doesn't
need a lot of mucous glands in the mouth. These glands are mostly found in land
frogs and frogs, especially on the tongue which is used to eat prey. Land amphibians
also have intermaxillary glands on the walls of their mouths. In some amphibians
whose tongues cannot move but most amphibians have tongues that can be extended
outward. And the frogs and frogs are rolled back when not in use. Short esophagus
can be distinguished from the stomach. The intestine shows a variety of variations on
caecellia showing that there are small scrolls and is not differentiated between the
small intestine and the large intestine, in which frogs and frogs have relatively long
intestines, which roll open to the cloaca.

E. Syestem Respiration

During the larval stage some amphibians breathe with gills. These gills are not
internal types but external gills. The outer gill structure is filamentous, covered with
ciliated epithelium generally reducing during metamorphosis. Some of the tailed
amphibians, these outer gills exist during their lifetime.

The structure of amphibians is very simple. Amphibians live in the inner surface
water of the soft lungs, but most of the lung wall in frogs and frogs contains folds of
the alveoli so that the respiratory surface increases. In general, air is pumped into the
lungs through a simple process. Most amphibians breathe through the skin, but the
adult salamander gets oxygen through the skin and the outer epithelium.

The lungs and bones of the limbs, provide a means for locomotion and breathing
in the air. The second atrium in the heart allows oxygen-containing blood to return
directly into it to be pumped throughout the body with full pressure. While mixing
oxygen-containing blood with oxygen-less blood occurs in a single ventricle. The
three bears heart seems to provide a significant increase in circulation efficiency, and
thus increases the ability to deal with harsh land environments and more that change.
 Examples of amphibians are frogs. Frogs are vertebrates which in their life
development experience metamorphosis. When the tadpole phase, breathe with gills,
initially in the form of outer gills, and after less than 12 days, the outer gills are
replaced by deep gills. Furthermore, the inner gills will turn into lungs, while the
outer gills will only develop into the skin. In salamanders, for example salamander
worms, the gills remain until the animal is mature.

F. System Excretion
In adult amphibians, the most anterior tubules have vanished, some in the middle
region are associated with the testis, and there is a concentration and multiplication of
the posterior tube. The original archinefric channels function as both excretory
channels and sperm ducts in males.

An example of an amphibian that is easily available is the green frog. The

excretion is a pair of left and right kidneys. The color is brownish red, the shape
extends from front to back. The function of the kidneys is to filter the blood. Residual
substances such as urine, excessive salts, excess water will be absorbed and released.
The remaining substances taken by the kidneys will be channeled through the ureter
to the bladder. This bladder is a thin walled bag formed from a cloaca wall protrusion.
Its function is to store urine temporarily. Estuary urinary tract, genital tract, and
digestive tract will be called cloaca.

G. System Urogenital

In adult amphibians, the most anterior tubules have vanished, some in the middle
region are associated with the testis, and there is a concentration and multiplication of
the posterior tube. The original archinefric channels function as both excretory
channels and sperm ducts in males.
An example of an amphibian that is easily available is the green frog. The
excretion is a pair of left and right kidneys. The color is brownish red, the shape
extends from front to back. The function of the kidneys is to filter the blood. Residual
substances such as urine, excessive salts, excess water will be absorbed and released.
The remaining substances taken by the kidneys will be channeled through the ureter
to the bladder. This bladder is a thin walled bag formed from a cloaca wall protrusion.
Its function is to store urine temporarily. Estuary urinary tract, genital tract, and
digestive tract will be called cloaca.

H. System Nerve

The amphibian nervous system is basically the same as in fish. The center of brain
activity is in the dorsal midbrain, where nerve cells (gray layers) are concentrated in
the tectum. Telencefalon is naturally a part of olfaction, thus expanding the cerebral
 hemisphere. Lineal body is found in all amphibians, but Anura has a parietal body or
the tip of the pineal organ. Because amphibians move slowly, the cerebellum is very
small except for Caecilia. Dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerve join through the
intervertebral foramen.

The brain is divided into 5 parts and the cerebellum is the smallest part. There are
10 cranial nerves. The first three nerves form the brakeal plexus (crossed nerve
fibers). The 7th, 8th and 9th nerves form the ischial plexus. In accordance with the
widening of the nerve cord, there are brachial nerves and lumbar nerves here.
.
3. Metabolism amphibian

A. Protein Metabolism of Amphibi

Amphibians have two cycles in life because amphibians increase metamorphosis,

so that the first time living in water is greater than when living in the air in the form
of tadpoles and having gills, so that amphibians are very similar to fish. When
amphibians are on land (adults), amphibians change the morphological form from
which no legs become present and have respiration devices containing the lungs.

The different life cycles of time in water and on land make amphibians different,
specifically for differences in protein metabolism. when in the form of tadpoles,
amphibians act ammonothically or express ammonia while in the life phase on land
the amphibians coordinate ureotelic or express urea on the protein metabolic pathway.
Bibliography

Anggria terry, dkk. 2015. Zoologi Chordata Amphibian. Makalah. Uin maulana
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Nur fadiya, dkk. 2015, Makalah Biologi Amfibi. Makalaah. SMA NEGERI 1
BENGKULU.BENGKULU

http://webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu/project/bio181de/Lab/animal_diversity/amphibian
s.html.