GLASS.

History of glass 3100 BC - Man made Egyptian glass beads

1500 BC- 1st glass produced
650 BC – 1st glass manual
1 AD – introduction of glass blowing
1226 – Board sheet first introduced
1330 – Crown glass produced
1500 – crystal clear glass invented
1590 – development of telescope and microscope lenses
1608 – American glass was introduced
1620 – Brown plate was made
1676 - formula ideal for glass cutting was made
1688 – polished plates
1768 – crystal glass produced
1800 – synthetic glass available
1834 – improved cylindrical sheet
1843– introduction of early form of float glass
1875– technical glass was developed
1913 – flat drawn sheets were introduced
1959 – flat glass was invented
1984 – first flouride glass was invented
Green house with cast iron frame
Crystal palace in London 1851
Kew gardens palm house
1848
St. Pancras railway station
The palais des machines 1898
Galeria vittoris emanule 1864
Bruna taut’s glass pavillion 1914
Fagus factory in hannowee 1914
Friedrichs skyscraper 1919
Skyscraper with curved facade 1920
Tugendhat house brno 1928-1930
German pavillion barcelona 1929
Types of glass

Sheet glass
Patterned glass
Wired glass
Safety glass
Laminated safety glass
Toughened safety glass
Glass bricks
Tinted glass
 Sheet glass
There are three types of sheet
glass
-Annealed glass
-Processed glass
-Misc. Glass
Actual colour green (or sometimes
blue)
Sizes available: 2mm, 3mm, 4mm,
5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm,
15mm and 19mm.
Uses: windows shelves large size
doors and table tops
 Patterned glass
Sometimes referred to as “figured” or
“rolled glass”
Has a pattern or texture impressed on one
or both sides in the process of rolling
This glass surface has patterned decorative
design which provides translucency and
some degrees of obscurity
Patterns are classified as decorative or
glazing
Uses: decorative glazing of windows ,
bathroom partitions, doors
It is difficult to clean as dust settles
between the crevices
Thickness: 4mm , 6mm
Sizes: 2140 x 1280mm, 2140 x 1320mm
respectively
 Wired glass
Fine twisted hexagonal wire netting mesh
inserted during the process of rollinh
Maybe patterned, smooth rolled or
ground and polished
Used primarily in fire rated windows,
doors , skylights and applications
requiring a safety glazing material
When broken, loose pieces of glass are
held by the wire netting
Georgian wire mesh, 13mm
Thickness 5 to 7 mm
Size 3300 x 1830
 Safety glass

Developed basically for vehicular

purposes where safety from
fracture of glass is a major
concern
Requirement of uninterrupted
vision rules out the use of wired
glass
Is of two types:
-laminated safety glass
-toughened safety glass
 Laminated safety glass
Made in the form of a sandwich
consisting of an interlayer of transparent
plastic material such as celluloid between
two sheets of plate or sheet glass
Celluloid placed between sheets already
coated with gelatine and specially
prepared enamel
Adhesion achieved by applying
considerable heat and pressure
When one or both sheets of this
composite material are broken the glass
adheres to the inter layer so that there s
no danger from the flying fragments
 Toughened safety glass
Pieces of sheet or plate glass suspended in
electric furnace until soft and suddenly
cooled by blowing air on both sides
Fragments have no cutting edge
Toughed glass withstands a deal load more
than four times that of ordinary glass
Additional compressive stresses in the
surfaces makes the glass stronger
Can safely accommodate ugh tensile forced
due to the pre-stress
Fracture can occur once the pre-stress has
been exceeded
 Glass bricks

These are hollow glass units or blocks of

glass shaped to work as bricks
Joined with the help of silicon sealants
to obtain seamless finish
The two outer, exposed surfaces may be
smooth or textured
Glass blocks can be coloured and have
decorated surfaces
Walla of glass blocks meeting fire
resistance are also possible
Sizes: 71/2inches by 71/2inches by
3inches
 Tinted glass
Manufactured by adding a dye at the molten
glass stage
Used to minimize solar heat gain and glare
while it also absorbs heat
Available in grey, bronze, green, blue and
blue/green
Allows for increased control of comfort and
energy usage
Sizes available :
-Grey and bronze – 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm
and 10mm
-blue- 6mm
-green- 5mm, 6mm and 10mm
-blue/green- 6mm and 10mm
Bulletproof Glass
-Also called ballistic glass or
transparent armour
-Made by combination of
layers of two glasses , soft
and hard
-Hence instead of breaking it
bends when struck with
hard objects
Glass making process
 Cooling down
of Glass
Cooling down of glass is done very slowly, taking a lot
of time which helps produce proper quality of glass
This is very important as when the cooling is done
suddenly the stress inside the glass and outside is not
the same on sudden cooling the glass outside
becomes hard but inside its still molten and it carries
a lot of stress due to this stress it cracks and this is
why the glass becomes very brittle.
Hence cooling down is done properly taking a certain
period of time account to the process gives us a
perfectly strong glass.
Transportation
45 degree angle is
maintained in a moving van
or truck.

Sturdy base is maintained

due to which sliding is
shifting is avoided.

Also during transportation

potholes fast driving and
sharp turns are avoided.
 Storage
-The area to store A-frames should be
even , strong and well maintained.

-The area shouldn't be affected by

weather conditions.

-Appropriate restrains and fasteners

should be used to store the glass along
with regular inspections.
 Chemical properties

Glass will resist most acids with the exception of

hydrofluoric, and at high temperatures phosphoric
acid.

Alkalis will attack the surface of unprotected glass.

General water-born materials from surrounding

surfaces and the atmosphere may leave deposits on
glass, these should be removed for a better look and
optimal performance.
 Physical properties
Weight
Glass, like water, can be deceptively heavy even in relatively small physical sizes. Glass has a
density of 2,500 kilograms per cubic meter.

Strength
Glass is a strong building material with greater capacity to resist compression than stretching or
sudden impact.

Conductivity
Glass is generally a poor conductor of electricity. Glass is a better conductor of heat.

Light Transmission
Clear glass is not completely transparent, a 6mm-thick piece of clear float glass will capture
around 13-percent of light within the visible spectrum, allowing 87-percent of the visible light to
pass through it. As the wave-length of light moves away from the visible range, the transmission
changes and for many frequencies, glass is quite opaque.

Temperature Performance
Glass is created at high temperature and will return to liquid form if heated sufficiently. This can
be a problem for fire-resistance. Glass products made for fire protection are enhanced with the
addition of substrates, laminates and other technologies to maintain rigidity at high
temperature.
 Application of glass
FACADES
PARTITIONS
FURNITURE
FLOORING
Doors and Windows
Tools to manipulate glass
The main tool to cut
is a DIAMOND
CUTTER.

The tool which is

used to grind the
edges of sharp cut
glass is called a
grinder, there are
two types a
stationary grinder
and a hand held one
Joinery

A type of spider
clamps are used
to join two glass
slabs together.
We can see
examples of
them in walls of
buildings which
are used as the
outer façades
Some more types of glass clamps.
 Thank you.

Arohi
Manthan
Mrinalini