THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This part consists of the summary of writings of recognized authorities and of

previous researchers providing evidence that the researcher is familiar with what is
already known and what is still unknown and untested.
Citing studies that show substantial agreement and those that seem to present
conflicting conclusions help to sharpen and define understanding of existing
knowledge in the problem area.
It provides a background for the research project and makes the reader aware of
the status of the issue.
This section of the proposal helps explain or clarify the theoretical and rationale of
the problem. Only studies which are related in purpose, method or findings to the
current study should be included in the review.
The discussion of such studies should be in the form of brief critical analysis of the
purpose, method of study, principal findings, and conclusions.
The present study should be shown to relate with the previous study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

From the theoretical framework, the researcher formulates a theoretical scheme for
his own research problem, which is tentative or theoretical explanation of the
phenomenon or problem he is going to investigate.
The conceptual framework is reduced into a paradigm or schematic diagram showing
the variables of the framework and their interrelationships.
One of the most noted theoretical frameworks is the Input-
Process-Output (IPO) diagram. As its name implies, the
diagram identifies the essential components of the system’s
input, the processing activities and the resulting outputs.
Input refers to the independent variable (IV) that is
entered into the system for processing. Output is the
dependent variable (DV), which is the result of the
processing. Process is the intervening variable (IV) or a
coherent sequence of steps that transforms a certain input
into a desired output.

The theory behind this system is in the following paradigm

Generally speaking, in any given model or equation, there are
two types of variables:

Independent variables - The values that can be changed or

controlled in a given model or equation. They provide the "input"
which is modified by the model to change the "output."

Dependent variables - The values that result from the independent

variables.
Using Independent and Dependent Variables

The definition of an independent or dependent variable is more

or less universal in both statistical or scientific experiments and in
mathematics; however, the way the variable is used varies slightly
between experimental situations and mathematics.
Example of Variables in Scientific Experiments

If a scientist conducts an experiment to test the theory that a

vitamin could extend a person's life-expectancy, then:

The independent variable is the amount of vitamin that is

given to the subjects within the experiment. This is controlled by
the experimenting scientist.

The dependent variable, or the variable being affected by the

independent variable, is life span.
 Here are some other examples of dependent and independent variables
in scientific experiments:

A scientist studies the impact of a drug on cancer. The independent

variables are the administration of the drug - the dosage and the timing.
The dependent variable is the impact the drug has on cancer.

A scientist studies the impact of withholding affection on rats. The

independent variable is the amount of affection. The dependent variable
is the reaction of the rats.

A scientist studies how many days people can eat soup until they get sick.
The independent variable is the number of days of consuming soup. The
dependent variable is the onset of illness.