1

Logic:

Singapore has the highest-achieving primary and secondary pupils in international education tests in
maths and science.

Singapore is on the top of the list in science acievers.

Pakistan:

Full Name:

Pakistan, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Independence Day:

Pakistan appeared on the map of the world on 14 August 1947.

Map:

2
Flag:

Continent:

The continent of Pakistan is Asia.

Capital City:

The capital city of Pakistan is Islamabad.

Largest City:

Largest city is Karachi.

Motto:

Unity, descipline and faith.

Government:

Legislative Branch:

Federal Republic with Very Large Legislature

The Pakistani government is a Federal Republic with 442 members in its legislature. Executive elections
are held every 5 years, the last of which occurred in 2013.

Pakistan's representative government has 20.6% of its seats filled by women. This is 8.60% higher than
the female representation in government of other countries in Southern Asia (12.00%) and is 0.90%
higher than female representation in governments around the world (19.70%).

3
Executive Branch:

Name Mamnoon Hussain

Position President

Term Start September 9, 2013

Political Party PML

Prior Profession Textile Businessman

Cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister

Cabinet Member Name

Foreign Minister Sartaj Aziz

Defense Minister Nawaz Sharif

Justice Minister Syed Mumtaz Alam Gillani

4
Cabinet Member Name

Finance Minister Mohammad Ishaq Dar

Election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018)

Currency:

Pakistani rupee.

Religion:

The most common religion of pakistan is islam.

Economy:

Gross Domestic Product(GDP):

Low GDP per Capita, Growing Steadily

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of finished goods and services of a country.

Pakistan's GDP per capita is $1,434.70 which is $4,592.43 lower than the world median ($6,027.13). On
the national level, GDP is $271B which is 13 times higher than the world median ($21.2B).

In 2015, Pakistan's GDP grew 4.71% which is about the median for all countries in Southern Asia
(4.71%) and 1.79% higher than the median for all countries (2.92%).

5
Gross National Income(GNI):

Low GNI per Capita

While GDP measures a country's overall economic output within its borders, gross national income, or
GNI, accounts for net income from oversea investments. A foreign facility with Pakistani ownership, for
example, would be accounted for in GNI, but not in GDP.

Pakistan's GNI per capita is $1,440 which is $-4,615.00 lower than the world median ($6,055). On a
nationwide level, GNI is$288B, which is 11 times higher than the world median ($25.6B).

Since Pakistan's GNI is higher than its GDP, this suggests that Pakistan has more foreign investments
abroad than countries investing within its borders.

6
Unemployment Rate:

Slightly Low Unemployment Rate

Pakistan's slightly low unemployment rate of 5.2% is 1.70% lower than the world average (6.90%). Low
unemployment rates signify a healthy economy by generating high production and lessening strain on
government support for the out-of-work population.

Of the unemployed in Pakistan, 19.5% have faced continuous periods of unemployment that extend for a
year or more. Females and males face approximately the same levels of long-term unemployment.

7
Imports and Exports:

High Trade Deficit

Pakistan imports $46.1B in total goods and services, valued to be approximately 17.0% of Pakistan's
GDP. This is 10.93% lower than all countries in Southern Asia (27.95%) and 28.20% lower than all
countries (45.22%).

Export of goods and services total $28.5B or value roughly10.6% of Pakistan's GDP. Compared to other
countries in Southern Asia, Pakistan exports are 9.35% lower than the region median (19.94%) and at the
global level 24.49% lower than all countries (35.08%).

In aggregate, the value of imports and exports make up 27.6 % of GDP of the Pakistani GDP. Net exports
indicate a trade deficit of $17.6B, indicating an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.

8
Demographics:

Population:

Very Large Total Population with High Population Density

Currently Pakistan is on the sixth number with respect to world population. At 189M, Pakistan's
population is 5.8 times larger than the Southern Asia median (32.5M) and 35 times larger than the world
median (5.4M). With a population density of 245.08 people per sq km, Pakistan is 2.8 times more dense
than the world median (87.2 people per sq km).

9
In 2015, Pakistan had a population growth rate of 2.08% which is 0.87% higher than the world median
(1.2%).

Urbanicity:

Primarily Rural

Rural and urban areas are defined by national statistical offices and normalized by the U.N. Population
Division.

The majority of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas. As of 2015, 61.24% of the population is living
in a rural area which is 4.5% lower than other countries in Southern Asia (65.7%). This is 20.9% higher
than other countries around the world (40.3%). Presently, the rural population is growing at a rate of1%,
3.3 times faster than the world median (0.41%)

The urban population makes up 38% of the total population in Pakistan and is currently growing at a rate
of 1%

10
Migration:

High Emigration

Pakistan has a net migration of -1.08M people with approximately 1.08M people emigrating out of the
country as of 2015. People living in Pakistan may be attracted to employment opportunities abroad.

Gender Distribution:

Primarily Male

At birth, there are 1.05 males per female in Pakistan. This ratio increases to 1.06 males per female for all
ages. On a regional level, there are 0.03 more males in Pakistan than males in Southern Asia countries
(1.03 males per female) and 0.07 more males than countries around the world (0.99 males per female).

Birth and Death Rates:

High Birth Rate and Average Death Rate

The birth rate accounts for the annual number of live births. At29 births per 1,000 people, Pakistan has 9
more births per 1,000 people than other countries in Southern Asia (20 births per 1,000 people) and has
11 fewer births per 1,000 people than the world median (18 births per 1,000 people).

11
The death rate accounts for the annual number of deaths. In 2015, the death rate was 7 deaths per 1,000
people which is is about the same as the world median (7 deaths per 1,000 people). Pakistan's high birth
rate significantly surpasses its death rate which may contribute to a rapid increase of its population.

Environment:

Geography:

Very Large Country with Long Coastline

Pakistan's total land area is 770,880 square kilometers or297,637 square miles. This is 627,530 square
kilometers larger than the median sized country in Southern Asia (143,350 square kilometers) and
673,987 square kilometers larger than median sized country worldwide (96,893 square kilometers).

Coastline accounts for the total boundary between the land area and the sea. Pakistan has a coastline the
length of 1,046 kilometers.

Forest Area:

Very Little Land Covered by Forest

An area is considered to be forested if at least 5 meters of land has natural or planted trees. Trees used in
agricultural production and urban parks or gardens are excluded.

12
1.91% or approximately 14,720 km² of Pakistan's land area is covered by forests. This is 0.2 less forest
area than other countries in Southern Asia (10.98%) On a global scale, Pakistan has 30.01% less forest
cover than the global median (31.92%).

Endangered Species:

As of 2016, Pakistan has 66 endangered species. Of the endangered animals, there are more threatened
fish species than mammal species with 41 endangered fish species and25 endangered mammal species.

13
Energy:

Energy Consumption:

Very Low Energy Consumption

General electric power consumption in Pakistan is 450 kWh per capita. This is on par with the median
electricity consumption for countries in Southern Asia (488 kWh per capita) and 2,081 kWH per capita
less electricity consumption for countries around the world Southern Asia (2,531 kWh per capita)

Fossil fuel is the most common sources of energy consumption in Pakistan with 60.08% of its energy
derived from coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products. Combustible renewables and waste energy
make up 35.33%of its energy consumption followed by alternative and nuclear energy use at 4.56%.

14
Health:

Life Expectancy:

Short Life Expectancy

Life expectancy at birth accounts for the number of years a newborn infant would live under prevailing
conditions. Pakistanis can expect to live 66 years which is 3 years shorter than the region median (69
years). Globally, life expectancies in Pakistan is 7 years shorter than the world median (73 years).

In Pakistan, women can expect to live longer than men by 2 years. Life expectancy of females is 67
years while the life expectancy of males is 65 years.

15
Technology:

Very Low Technological Prevalence

18 per 100 Pakistanis have used the Internet in the past 12 months. Pakistan is 32 people below the global
internet user median (49.84 per 100 people).

Cell phone use is rare, with 67 plans per 100 people. This is 41 subscriptions below the global median
(108 plans per 100 people).

16
Sports:

Olympic Medal Counts:

High Number of Olympic Medals

In the history of the Olympic Games, Pakistan has won 10 medals, which is a bit more than the median
number of medals won across all medal winning countries (13). Pakistan has participated in 19 Olympic
games, averaging 0.5 medals each Olympic games.

Of the medals, most are bronze medals which make up approximately 40% of the total medals.

Like most countries, Pakistan has won most of its medals during the Summer Games.

HDI Report:

According to Human Development Report 2015, Pakistan’s HDI value is 0.538 — in the low human
development category — positioning the country at 147 out of 188 countries and territories. Between
1980 and 2015, Pakistan’s HDI value increased from 0.359 to 0.538, an increase of 43.0 percent or
average annual increase of about 1.3 percent.

Education System:

Education is a fundamental human right and every child is entitled to it. It is critical to our development
as individuals and as societies, and it helps cover the way to a successful and productive future. When we
ensure that children have access to a quality education that is rooted in gender equality, we create a ripple
effect of opportunity that impacts generations to come. Unfortunately, Education is one of the deprived
fields of country and unable to get due attention by past governments. Current government has initiatives
for building concrete educational foundation of the country and gave considerable attention to the
betterment of education.

Education Statistics:

Very Low Educational Attainment

17
To assess the level of educational attainment in countries around the world, the U.N. Development
Program created the Education Index which calculates the mean years of schooling and expected years of
schooling in 187 countries. According to the index in 2013, Pakistan is amongst the least educated
countries in the world at 0.37 out of 1. Pakistan is 0.28 points lower than the world median (0.65).

Pakistan has an adult literacy rate of 56.44% which is 37.58% lower than the world median (94.02%).

The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 303,446 institutions and is facilitating 47,491,260
students with the help of 1,723,790 teachers. The system is composed of 191,065 public institutions
and 112,381 private institutions.
The public sector is serving 27.69 million students to complete their education while the remaining
19.80 million students are in private sector of education. 37% of private educational institutions are
serving or facilitating 42% of students which hints at a slightly higher per‐institution enrollment ratio
in the private sector compared to the public sector. In the last decade, we have witnessed increased
public interest and trust in the private sector, with the result that the share of private sector is
increasing gradually. If we compare these two sectors of education in terms of teaching
staff, we will find that 52% of teachers are providing their services to public institutions whilst
48% are employed by the private sector. It is an apparent fact that the public sector of education
has a deficiency in teacher
as compared to private sector. This fact needs to be investigated further, through research studies, to
determine the causes behind this deficiency.

18
Gender Inequality:

Education is seen as a major force for eliminating gender inequalities within the society, but
addressing inequalities within the education system itself is a tremendous challenge. Our overall
education system is facilitating 56% male students as compared to 44% female students. It is very
sensitive issue and there is a lot of literature available at national and international level on gender
inequality in education. The overall education system (up‐to degree collages) is served by 41% of male
teachers and 59% of female teachers.

Education Statistics by Categories of Institutions:

The educational institutions in the country can be divided into following categories:

 Pre‐Primary
 Primary
 Middle
 High
 Higher Secondary
 Inter‐Colleges
 Degree Colleges
 Universities
 Technical & Vocational Institutions
 Training Institutions
 Non‐Formal basic Education

19
  Deeni Madaris

The distribution of education institutions in percentage according to above mentioned categories is

shown in forthcoming figure. There are no separate pre‐primary institutions in public sector.
The
figure reflects that the major part of our education system, that is 49%, is shared by primary schools.T
he universities have the least share in education system i.e., 0.05%. There are only 163 universities

in Pakistan.

 Pre‐Primary:
In Pakistan there are no separate pre‐primary institutions in public sector. The total enrolment at pre‐
primary stage is 8.745 million. Public sector has an enrollment of 4.532 million (52%), whereas the
private sector has 4.212 million (48%) enrolment.
Since there is no separate allocation of teachers to the pre‐primary level in the public sector, the
number is not reported. Whereas the private sector has separate teachers for this level of education
and their number are 2,785 in the private sector.

20
 Primary:

The primary stage of education in Pakistan enrolls 18.751 million learners/students. Out of which 11.461
million (61%) are in public sector and 7.290 million (39%) are in private sector. Out of the total
enrolment at primary stage, 10.471 million (55%) are boys and 8.280 million (45%) are girls.

The total number of primary teachers are 422,797 of which 324,561 (77%) are in public sector, whereas
98,236 (23%) are in private sector.

21
 Middle:

In Pakistan, there are 45,680 middle schools of which 16,862 (37%) are in public sector, whereas 28,818
(63%) are in private sector.

The total boys enrolment at middle stage is 3.647 million, whereas, the girls enrolment is 2.798 million.

22
 High:

The total enrolment at high stage is 3.437 million, of which 2.227 million (65%) is in public sector,
whereas, 1.209 million (35%) is in private sector. The total boys enrolment at high stage is 1.961 million
(57%), whereas, the girls enrolment is 1.475 million (43%).

 Higher Secondary / Inter Colleges:

The total enrolment at higher secondary schools/ inter colleges stage is 1.697 million of which 1.325
million (78%) is in public sector, whereas, .372 million (22%) is in private sector. The total boys
enrolment at higher secondary schools/ inter colleges stage is 1.022 million (60%), whereas, the girls
enrolment is 0.674 million (40%).

 Degree Colleges:

The total enrolment at degree college stage i.e. in grades 13 and 14, is 0.937 million. Out of these students
at this stage of education, 0.808 million (86%) are completing their degrees from public sector, whereas,
rest of the 0.128 million (14%) students are in private sector. There are only 11% degree colleges are
running under private sector of education, the reason is that these colleges tend to be more expensive then
public colleges. Also the selection of majors and graduate programs can be limited in these colleges.

The total boys’ enrolment excluding Punjab at degree colleges’ stage is 0.101 million (54%), whereas, the
girls enrolment is 0.086 million (46%).

23
 Universities:

There are total 163 universities providing their services in both public and private sector of education.
Out of these universities 91 (56%) are working under umbrella of public sector, whereas 72 (44%) are
working under the supervision of private sector as reflected. The total enrolment in the universities, i.e., at
post graduate stage, is 1.355 million. Out of this enrolment 1.141 million (84%) students are enrolled in
public universities, whereas, 0.214 million (16%) students are studying in private universities. Despite the
fact that there are more universities in public sector there are less students in these universities as compare
of private sector.

The total male enrolment in the universities is 0.753 million (56%), whereas, the female enrolment is
0.602 million (44%).

Ranking of universities in 2015:

 Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad

 University of the Punjab, Lahore
 National University of Science & Technology (NUST)
 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
 Aga Khan University
 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
 Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad
 University of Karachi
 University of Health Sciences, Lahore
 University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore
 Technical and Vocational Institutions:

The total enrolment in the technical and vocational institutions is 0.315 million, of which 0.137 million
(44%) is in public sector, whereas, 0.177 million (56%) is in private sector.
It has been seen that 30% of public technical & vocational institutions are serving 44% of total technical
& vocational enrolment. While 70% of private institutes are serving for 56% of the private sector
enrolment.
The total male enrolment in the technical and vocational institutions is 0.203 million (64%), whereas,
the female enrolment is 0.111 million (36%).

24
 Teachers Training Institutions:

There are 209 teachers training institutions, of which 156 (75%) are in the public sector, whereas 53
(25%) are in the private sector.
The total enrolment at teachers training institutions stage is 0.723 million of which 0.718 million (99%)
are in public sector, whereas, 0.005 million (1%) are in private sector. The total male enrolment in
the teachers training institutions is 0.480 million (66%), whereas, the
female enrolment is 0.242 million (34%).
The total teachers in the teachers training institutions are 3,751 out of which 3,459 (92%) are in public
and 292 (8%) are in private sector.

 Deeni Madaris:

Currently there are 32,272 Deeni Madaris working in Pakistan. Out of which 946 (3%) are in public
sector, whereas 31,326 (97%) are in private sector.
The total enrolment in the Deeni Madaris is 2.26 million of which 0.07 million (3%) is in the public
sector, whereas, 2.19 million (97%) is in the private sector.
The total male enrolment in Deeni Madaris is 1.46 million (65%), whereas, the female enrolment is
0.800 million (35%).

Science Education in Pakistan:

The teaching of science - the present position

Science is a compulsory component of the curriculum in primary and middle schools (grades 1 to 8). At
the grade 9 level students have the option of choosing the science stream in which the separate subjects of
biology, chemistry and physics are taught, or of choosing arts and humanities subjects, in which course
there is a general science component. At the intermediate level science options will provide for various
combinations of mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics as preparation for medical, engineering or
science studies at B.Sc. or equivalent level. There is little provision for activity work in science at the
primary level, although primary education kits produced by the National Education Equipment Centre,
(NEEC), with UNICEF support, have been supplied to 60,000 primary schools throughout the country.
These kits contain about 100 items of equipment, including a large number designed for the primary
science component of the curriculum. A teachers' guide has also been distributed with each kit. Most of
the teaching of science at middle school level is by theory lessons alone. Most middle schools (more than
9^ percent in Punjab for example) do not have any facilities for teaching science through activity work -
no science rooms or laboratories and virtually no equipment.

25
At the high-school level (grades 9 and 10) the proportion choosing the science option is only about 35
percent. This is higher than hitherto but is still very low, and is much lower than the Government would
wish in its efforts to provide a stronger scientific and technological base for the economic development of
the country. The low proportion is a reflection of the lack of physical facilities for practical work in the
majority of high schools, (Note: More than 70 percent j9f high schools in Punjab for example have no
laboratory facilities) and the unavailability of suitably trained science teachers. (Note: Many experienced
and qualified science teachers have migrated to Middle East and African countries). For those who choose
science as an option at grades 9 and 10 levels there is a practical test in the Matriculation examination.
This is, of course, quite simple, and is essentially a repetition of one or more of the experiments or
demonstrations carefully prescribed in the offical syllabus. Likewise, at the intermediate level there are
practical requirements based very largely on verification experiments in physics, repetitions of titrations
and analysis in chemistry, and repetitions of dissection (of the frog usually) and of observations of slides
through a microscope, in biology. Although education is a provincial responsibility the curricula are
prescribed by the Federal Government, co-ordinated by the Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry in
conjunction with Provincial Curriculum Centres. Textbooks are also a provincial responsibility (each
Province has a Textbook Board) but again there are national norms laid down by the Federal Government,
and all textbooks have to receive the approval of the Curriculum Wing. The syllabuses currently in use in
science throughout the country are based on curriculum development projects of the early 1970s and all
are dated I976 or earlier. These syllabuses have been analysed, and the analysis or appraisal is available
separately.

Education of Men/Women Working in Pakistan’s Public Sector

26
Challenges in Pakistan Education System:

Unfortunately, Pakistan has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world. With more than half of the
population suffering from illiteracy, it’s not a surprise Pakistan faces so many challenges; one would
think education would be the government’s top priority. Here’s what’s wrong with the education system
and what needs to be fixed.

 Lack of basic Infrastructure.

40 percent of the educational institutions don’t have basic facilities such as electricity, water, guards,
toilet and boundary wall. Even worse, they don’t have tables, chairs and even black boards. It is this lack
of infrastructure that makes these students easy prey for religious fundamentalist to enroll and teach them
all sorts of hate.

 Teachers are paid a whopping Rs. 2000 to 5000 in salary each month.

In pakistan teachers are not pait according to their qualification.

 The teachers are hardly matric or FSC passed themselves – in some cases, not even that!

The learning outcomes of students are not up to the mark, and according to a recent calculation by Alif
Ailaan (An NGO raising a voice for education in Pakistan), 48 per cent grade 5 students are unable to
read Urdu and English meant for grade 2. Instead of spending large sums of tax-payers money on VVIP
protocol and extravagant dinners, it’s high time the government starts paying the educators of this country
a proper salary and implements a genuine plan to train them.

 Pakistan’s youth ranks among the highest in the “illiteracy” category.

Pakistan is at number 2 when it comes to most children out of school – more than 6.7 million children are
out of school and most of them are girls (62 percent).

 The education curriculum is filled with lies.

These textbooks teach children how dictators were great, how Pakistan was only made for Muslims and
the reason we lost East Pakistan / Bangladesh was because of Indians, otherwise they just absolutely
loved us, and the list goes on. These sort of blatant lies have crippled the ideology of the nations’s youth
and how they see the world – one of the major reasons for extremism and rampant amount of hatred
brewing in our society.

27
Millenium Development Goals:

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the
world's main development challenges.

The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was
adopted by 189 nations-and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium
Summit in September 2000.

Eight Goals for 2015

Pakistan progress on the MDGs:

Pakistan has adopted 16 targets and 41 indicators against which progress towards achieving the Eight
Goals of the MDG’s is measured. Time series data available for 33 of these indicators reveal that Pakistan
is on track to achieve the targets on 9 indicators, whereas its progress on 24 indicators is off track.

UNDP Pakistan has also launched an Internet MDG monitor to make up-to-date information on the
country’s MDG progress.

MDG Indicators – On Track:

Pakistan has either achieved or is on track to achieving the target on a total of nine indicators of the MDG
goals.

28
MDGs – Off-Track :
Progress on 25 indicators is off-track and at the current rate of progress, targets will be unlikely to be
achieved.

Pakistan’s Progress by Goal and Current status in accordance with national Government
reporting:

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Possible to achieve if some changes are made. In MDG 1, progress on all indicators is lagging. The head
count poverty (caloric plus basic needs) in Pakistan, though decreasing from 34% in 2000-01 to 22.3% in
2005-06, is lagging behind the target of 13%.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education.

Possible to achieve if some changes are made. Net enrolment ratio in primary education is 65.6% of
pupils starting Grade 1 and the ones who reach Grade 5 are 69.7%.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women.

Mostly off track. Gender parity Index in primary level enrolment (ratio of girls to boys) is 0.8%. A
literacy rate of 15-24 years old is 70.0%. Seats held by women in national parliament are 21.3%.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Possible to achieve if some changes are made.

Mortality rate of children under 5 years old (per 1,000 live births) is 97%. 1-year-old children immunized
against measles are 80%.

Goal 5: Improve maternal health.

Possible to achieve if some changes are made. Closely linked to MDG 4 is MDG 5, improving maternal
health, for which Pakistan has a considerable distance to go to meet the MDG targets by 2015, especially
in reducing the maternal mortality ratio and increasing the proportion of births attended by skilled health
personnel.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS.

malaria and other diseases Very likely to be achieved, on track. People living with HIV, 15-49 years old
are 0.1%. Prevalence of tuberculosis is 263 (per 100,000 people).

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.

29
Possible to achieve if some changes are made. Land area covered by forest is 2.5% Carbon dioxide
emissions per capita (metric tons): 0.8090 Access to improved drinking water sources is 90%.

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development.

Pakistan’s current account deficit (almost 5.0 percent of GDP) for an extended period of one decade;
rising real cost of borrowing; stagnant exports; and a declining flow of foreign exchange have contributed
to an accumulation of external debt in the 1990s.

Singapore:

Full name:

Republic of Singapore

Independence Day:

The history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore became an independent republic
following an ejection from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

Map:

30
Flag:

Continent:

The continent of Singapore is Asia.

Capital City:

The capital city of Singapore is Singpore.

Largest City:

The largest city is Singapore.

Motto:
Onward, Singapore

Government:

Legislative Branch:

Republic with Small Legislature

The Singaporean government is a Republic with 102 members in its legislature. Executive elections are
held every 6 years, the last of which occurred in 2011.

Singapore's representative government has 23.8% of its seats filled by women. This is in line with than
the female representation in government of other countries in South-Eastern Asia (20.30%) and is 4.10%
higher than female representation in governments around the world (19.70%).

31
Executive Branch:

Name Tony Tan Keng Yam

Position President

Cabinet:

Appointed by president, responsible to parliament

Cabinet Member Name

Foreign Minister K. Shanmugam

Defense Minister Martin Glvac

Finance Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam

Election last held on 27 August 2011 (next to be held by August 2017).

Economy:

Gross Domestic Product(GDP):

Very High GDP per Capita, Falling Steadily

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of finished goods and services of a country.

Singapore's GDP per capita is $52,888.70 which puts Singapore in the top 10th percentile in the world. A
high GDP per capita suggests that economic productivity levels and standards of living are also amongst
the highest in the world. On the national level, GDP is $293B which is 14 times higher than the world
median ($21.2B).

In 2015, Singapore's GDP grew 2.01% which is 2.96% lower than all countries in South-Eastern Asia
(4.97%) and 0.91% lower than the median for all countries (2.92%).

32
Gross National Income(GNI):

Very High GNI per Capita

While GDP measures a country's overall economic output within its borders, gross national income, or
GNI, accounts for net income from oversea investments. A foreign facility with Singaporean ownership,
for example, would be accounted for in GNI, but not in GDP.

Singapore's GNI per capita is $52,090 which is 8.6 times higher than the world median ($6,055). On a
nationwide level, GNI is $279B, which is 11 times higher than the world median ($25.6B).

Since Singapore's GNI is lower than its GDP, this suggests that Singapore has more foreign investments
within its borders than investments abroad.

33
Unemployment Rate:

Low Unemployment Rate

Singapore's low unemployment rate of 3.0% is 3.90% lower than the world average (6.90%). Low
unemployment rates signify a healthy economy by generating high production and lessening strain on
government support for the out-of-work population.

Of the unemployed in Singapore, 21% have faced continuous periods of unemployment that extend for a
year or more. Females and males face approximately the same levels of long-term unemployment.

34
Imports and Exports:

High Trade Surplus

Singapore imports $438B in total goods and services, valued to be approximately 149.6% of Singapore's
GDP. This is 91.88% higher for all countries in South-Eastern Asia (57.74%) and 104.41% higher for all
countries (45.22%).

Export of goods and services total $517B or value roughly 176.5% of Singapore's GDP. Compared to
other countries in South-Eastern Asia, Singapore exports are 124.28% higher than the region median
(52.21%) and at the global level 141.42% higher for all countries (35.08%).

In aggregate, the value of imports and exports make up 326.12 % of GDP of the Singaporean GDP. Net
exports indicate a trade surplus of $78.7B, which could lead to increased economic activity in Singapore.

35
Currency:

Singapore Dollar

36
Demographics:

Population:

Average Total Population with Very High Population Density

At 5.54M, Singapore's population is 0.2 times smaller than the South-Eastern Asia median (30.3M) and
about the same as the world median (5.4M). With a population density of 7,806.77 people per sq km,
Singapore is 90 times more dense than the world median (87.2 people per sq km).

In 2015, Singapore had a population growth rate of 1.19% which is about the same as the world average
(1.2%).

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Urbanicity:

Almost Completely Urban

Rural and urban areas are defined by national statistical offices and normalized by the U.N. Population
Division.

The majority of Singapore's population live in urban areas. As of 2015, 100% of the population is living
in an urban area which is 56.0% higher than other countries in South-Eastern Asia (44%). This is 41.0%
higher than other countries around the world (59%). Presently, the urban population is growing at a rate
of 1.19%, 0.7 times slower than the world median (1.66%)

The rural population makes up 0% of the total population in Singapore.

Migration:

Very High Immigration

Singapore has a net migration of 397,936 people with approximately 397,936 people immigrating into the
country as of 2015. People around the world may be attracted to opportunities in Singapore.

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Gender Distribution:

Even Level Gender Ratio

At birth, there are 1.07 males per female in Singapore. This ratio decreases to 0.96 males per female for
all ages. On a regional level, there are 0.03 more females in South-Eastern Asia countries (0.99 males per
female) and 0.03 more females in countries around the world (0.99 males per female).

Birth and Death Rates:

Very Low Birth Rate and Very Low Death Rate

The birth rate accounts for the annual number of live births. At 9 births per 1,000 people, Singapore has 8
fewer births per 1,000 people than other countries in South-Eastern Asia (17 births per 1,000 people) and
has 9 fewer births per 1,000 people than the world median (18 births per 1,000 people).

The death rate accounts for the annual number of deaths. In 2015, the death rate was 5 deaths per 1,000
people which is 0.7 times lower than the world median (7 deaths per 1,000 people). Singapore's low birth
rate is slightly higher than its death rate which may contribute to a steady increase of its population.

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Environment:

Geography:

Very Small Country with Short Coastline

Singapore's total land area is 707 square kilometers or 272.973 square miles. This is 297,463 square
kilometers smaller than the median sized country in South-Eastern Asia (298,170 square kilometers) and
96,186 square kilometers smaller than median sized country worldwide (96,893 square kilometers).

Coastline accounts for the total boundary between the land area and the sea. Singapore has a coastline the
length of 193 kilometers.

Forest Area:

Low Forest Cover

An area is considered to be forested if at least 5 meters of land has natural or planted trees. Trees used in
agricultural production and urban parks or gardens are excluded.
23.06% or approximately 163.5 km² of Singapore's land area is covered by forests. This is 0.5 less forest
area than other countries in South-Eastern Asia (47.64%) On a global scale, Singapore has 8.86% less
forest cover than the global median (31.92%).

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Endangered Species:

Many Endangered Species

Threatened species are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Animals
that are endangered, vulnerable, or rare are considered to be threatened.

As of 2016, Singapore has 40 endangered species. Of the endangered animals, there are more threatened
fish species than mammal species with 27 endangered fish species and 13 endangered mammal species.

Energy:

Energy Consumption:

Extremely High Energy Consumption

General electric power consumption in Singapore is 8,840 kWh per capita. This is 7,534 kWH per capita
more electricity consumption for countries in South-Eastern Asia (1,306 kWh per capita) and 6,309 kWH
per capita more electricity consumption for countries around the world (2,531 kWh per capita)

Fossil fuel is the most common sources of energy consumption in Singapore with 97.43% of its energy
derived from coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products. Combustible renewables and waste energy
make up 2.57% of its energy consumption followed by alternative and nuclear energy use at 0.01%.

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Health:

Life Expectancy:

Very Long Life Expectancy

Life expectancy at birth accounts for the number of years a newborn infant would live under prevailing
conditions. Singaporeans can expect to live 83 years which is 14 years longer than the region median (69
years). Globally, life expectancies in Singapore is 10 years longer than the world median (73 years).

In Singapore, women can expect to live longer than men by 6 years. Life expectancy of females is 86
years while the life expectancy of males is 80 years.

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Technology:

Technology Prevalence:

Technologically Advanced

82 per 100 Singaporeans have used the Internet in the past 12 months. Singapore is 32 people above the
global internet user median (49.84 per 100 people).

Cell phone use is very popular, with 146 plans per 100 people. This is 38 subscriptions above the global
median (108 plans per 100 people).

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Sports:

Olympic Medal Counts:

High Number of Olympic Medals

In the history of the Olympic Games, Singapore has won 5 medals, which is a bit more than the median
number of medals won across all medal winning countries (13). Singapore has participated in 16 Olympic
games, averaging 0.3 medals each Olympic games.

Like most countries, Singapore has won most of its medals during the Summer Games.

HDI Report:

Singapore’s HDI value for 2015 is 0.925— which put the country in the very high human development
category—positioning it at 5 out of 188 countries and territories. The rank is shared with Denmark.

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Education System:

Singapore has a strong education system. Singapore students aim high and they achieve very good results.
This is recognised around the world. They have good schools, with capable school leaders and teachers,
and facilities that are amongst the best in the world.

The person who is schooled in the Singapore Education system embodies the Desired Outcomes of
Education. He has a good sense of self-awareness, a sound moral compass, and the necessary skills and
knowledge to take on challenges of the future. He is responsible to his family, community and nation. He
appreciates the beauty of the world around him, possesses a healthy mind and body, and has a zest for
life.

Education Statistics:

Average Educational Attainment

To assess the level of educational attainment in countries around the world, the U.N. Development
Program created the Education Index which calculates the mean years of schooling and expected years of
schooling in 187 countries. According to the index in 2013, Singapore is amongst the highly educated
countries in the world at a value of 0.77 out of 1. Singapore is 0.12 points higher than the world median
(0.65).

Singapore has an adult literacy rate of 96.77% which is 2.76% higher than the world median (94.02%)

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Mixed Level schools comprise Primary & Secondary Schools (P1-S4/5) and Secondary & Junior College
Schools (S1-JC2). For type of school, Mixed Level schools are reflected according to their secondary
section while their primary section may be of a different type. For example, if the secondary section is an
independent school and its primary section is government-aided, the school will be reflected in the table
above as an independent Mixed Level school.

Primary Education:

At the primary level, students go through a compulsory six-year course designed to give them a strong
educational foundation. This includes developing language and numeracy skills, building character and
nurturing sound values and good habits. Core to the primary education curriculum are English Language,
Mathematics and Mother Tongue Language, which help our students to develop literacy and problem-

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solving skills – skills that will be useful even beyond school. Students also take subjects like Art, Music,
Character and Citizenship Education, Social Studies and Physical Education.

After the initial foundation stage (Primary 1 to Primary 4), students can take English Language,
Mathematics, Mother Tongue Language and Science at either the foundation or standard level at Primary
5 and Primary 6.

At the end of Primary 6, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), which assesses
their suitability for secondary education and places them in the secondary school course that matches their
learning pace, ability and inclinations.

Secondary Education:

At the secondary level, we offer three core courses designed to match students’ learning abilities and
interests.

 Express Course:

This is a four-year course leading to the Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education (GCE) O-
Level exam. Students learn English and Mother Tongue Languages, as well as Mathematics, the Sciences
and the Humanities.

 Normal (Academic) (N(A)) Course:

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This is a four-year course leading to the GCE N(A)-Level exam. Students learn subjects similar to those
in the Express course. Those who do well at the N(A)-Level will qualify for an additional year to prepare
for the O-Level exam, or progress to Higher Nitec courses at the Institute of Technical Education (ITE).
Selected students may sit for the O-Level exam in some subjects at Secondary 4, or bypass the N(A)-
Level exam and progress directly to Secondary 5 to take the O-Level exam. Since 2013, students who do
well at the N(A)-Level have two “through-train” pathways to the polytechnics – (i) a one-year
Polytechnic Foundation Programme (PFP) and (ii) a two-year Direct-Entry-Scheme to Polytechnic
Programme (DPP).

 Normal (Technical) (N(T)) Course:

This is a four-year course leading to the GCE N(T)-Level exam. Students learn English and Mother
Tongue Languages, Mathematics and subjects with technical or practical emphases, and the curriculum is
regularly reviewed to enhance experiential and practice-oriented learning. Schools also offer Elective
Modules, which cover a wide range of subjects including nursing, hospitality, digital animation and
precision engineering. While students may initially be placed in a particular course, there are
opportunities for lateral transfers mid-stream. Students in the N(A) and N(T) courses may also take more
academically-challenging subjects at the upper secondary level if they perform well in these specific
subjects. This flexibility is also being prototyped at the lower secondary level in 12 schools.

The following schools form part of our diverse secondary school landscape, where there is a range of
schools to suit the unique needs of every child:

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 Specialised School:

North Light School, Assumption Pathway School, Crest Secondary School and Spectra Secondary
School offer customised programmes for students who are inclined towards hands-on and practical
learning, leading to a combination of academic and vocational qualifications.

 Specialised Independent Schools:

The NUS High School of Mathematics and Sciences, School of Science and Technology, School of the
Arts and Singapore Sports School develop students in areas such as Mathematics, the Sciences, the Arts
and Sports at a higher level.

 Integrated Programme:

Some schools offer the Integrated Programme, a six year programme for academically-strong students
who prefer a more independent and less structured learning style. Students in this programme proceed to
pre-university education without sitting for the O-Level exam. Given the strong academic aptitude of its
students, the programme stretches the potential of its students in non-academic aspects by engaging them
in broader learning experiences. Students sit for the pre-university exams at the end of six years.

Post-Secondary Education:

After Secondary 4 or Secondary 5, most students proceed to one of the following post-secondary
education institutions.

 Junior Colleges / Centralised Institute:

Students can apply for pre-university education at the junior colleges (two-year course) or centralised
institute (threeyear course) leading to the GCE A-Level exam.

 Polytechnics:

Students with O-level certificates, the National ITE Certificate (Nitec) or Higher National ITE Certificate
(Higher Nitec) may apply for full-time diploma courses at any of the five polytechnics.

 Institute of Technical Education (ITE):

Students with O- or N-Level certificates can opt for full-time courses at ITE. These courses lead to the
Nitec or Higher Nitec.

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 Arts Institutions:

Students interested in the creative arts can enrol in programmes offered by the LASALLE College of the
Arts or the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA).

Universities:

Our universities prepare students not only for today’s economy but also for a future one with new jobs
and challenges that do not exist today. There are six publicly funded universities in Singapore, which are:

 National University of Singapore (NUS)

 Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
 Singapore Management University (SMU)
 Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD)
 Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT)
 SIM University (UniSIM)

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Science Education:

 Primary School Curriculum:

At the primary level, students go through a six-year course aimed at giving them a good grasp of the
English Language, Mother Tongue Language and Mathematics. In addition, students learn Science, Social
Studies, Civics & Moral Education, Music, Art & Crafts, Health Education and Physical Education

English, Mother Tongue and Mathematics will be taught at the appropriate level according to the ability
of the student.

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Science is taught from P3 onwards.

For P1-4, Health Education is not a separate subject but relevant topics are included in the learning of
English.

Project Work is conducted during curriculum time but is not an exam subject.

 Secondary School Curriculum:

As MOE focuses on a broad-based education, all students are offered a combination of core and elective
subjects at the secondary level. The core subjects include English Language, Mother Tongue or Higher
Mother Tongue, Mathematics, Combined Humanities, a Science subject. The choice of electives includes
a humanities subject, a science subject and literature in Chinese. The basket of core subjects ensures that
students experience a broad-based and balanced education while the electives cater to a range of student
interests and abilities.

The secondary school curriculum is differentiated according to the abilities and interest of the students.
Students undergo one of four courses designed to match their learning abilities and interests.

Project Work is conducted during curriculum time but is not an examination subject.

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Challenges in Education System of Singapore:

It’s not that we don’t know what the challenges are. But their roots sometimes lie largely outside the
reach of schools or in deeply entrenched educational processes and structures that are difficult to change.

 Raising the professional status of teaching.

A first challenge is to raise the status of teaching as a career choice, to attract more able people into
teaching and to develop teaching as a knowledge-based profession.

 Reducing disparities between schools.

A second challenge is to reduce the disparity between the schooling experiences of students in sigapore’s
most and least advantaged schools.

 Designing a 21st-century curriculum.

A third challenge is to re-design the school curriculum to better prepare students for life and work in the
21st century.

 Promoting flexible learning arrangements focused on growth.

A fourth challenge is to provide more flexible learning arrangements in schools to better meet the needs
of individual learners.

 Identifying and meeting the needs of children on trajectories of low achievement.

A fifth challenge is to identify as early as possible children who are at risk of falling behind in their
learning and to address their individual learning needs.

Millennium Developmental Goals (MDGs):

Singapore’s Progress by Goal:

Goal 1: Eradicate Poverty And Hunger.

The first Millennium development goal is to eradicate poverty and hunger, In Singapore Poverty is not
entirely bad but it is getting worse. From 2000 to 2011 the real household income for the bottom 10% of
Singaporeans dropped by 7.4%. The average monthly household income per household is below the
global average coming in at $6,342. So Singapore is in need of the advancement of the first MDG.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education.

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The second MDG is Achieve universal primary education. Singapore’s education is strong. They have a
99% literacy rate. Its 99.4% between 15-24 year old males and 99.6% between 15-24 y/o women.
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower women.
The third MDG is Promote Gender Equality and Empowering women. As for gender equality Singapore
is good in some places but not in others. As for gender equality in education it is very even as seen from
the previous goal 99% of men and women are literate. As for seats in national parliament women hold a
total amount of 0 seats.
Goal 4: Reducing Child Mortality.
The fourth MDG is reducing child mortality for children under 5. Singapore is doing pretty good in this
MDG; there are 94% of children who are immunized against measles. There are also only 3 child deaths
per 1000 births.
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health.
The fifth MDG is to improve maternal health. In Singapore every birth has a skilled professional to watch
over the births. Also per 100,000 there were only 30 deaths in 2000.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases.
The sixth goal is combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases. In 2005 less than 100 people died from
HIV/AIDS. In 2005 only .3% of Singaporeans are living with HIV/AIDS. So Singapore is close to
completing this goal but they are not quite there yet.
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
The seventh goal is to Ensure Environmental Sustainability. Singapore has been active in promoting the
MDG of environmental stability and working with others to achieve its objectives Singapore and China
are currently cooperating to build an Eco-City in Tianjin that is socially harmonious, environmentally
friendly and resource-efficient, which can serve as an example as a model for other Chinese cities.
Goal 8: Global Partnership for Development.
The eighth MDG is a Global partnership for development. We have worked with places such as China,
mainly in the environmental area because that is our strong point. We do need help with some things
though such as gender equality and poverty.

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