Development and Evaluation of an Ergonomically-Designed Drafting Table and

Chair Based on Congressional Integrated High School Student’s Anthropometric

Measurements

A Research
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School
CONGRESSIONAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL
City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in
TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD STRAND
Specialized in Technical Drafting and Contact Center Services

Allysa Czarina Aguirre

Justine Calonzo
Christelle Dequito
Dhaniel John Eusebio
Josiah Joy Gaddi
Kristine Edrielle Navia
John Kenneth Pinto

March 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PRELIMINARIES

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . ii

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . iii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . iii

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction . . . . . . . . . 1

Background of the Study . . . . . . . 2

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . 4

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . 5

Scope and Limitations . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature and Studies . . . . 11

Vicarious perception of postural discomfort and exertion. . 12

Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design . . . 12

Introduction to Human Factor and Ergonomics for Engineers. 12

Ergonomics for Beginners a Quick Reference Guide . . 13

Office seating and movement . . . . . 13

Recommended Chair and Work Surfaces Dimensions of VDT Tasks for

Malaysian Citizens. . . . . . . . . 14

Comfortable portable Computing: The Ergonomic Equation . 15

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics . . . 16

Drafting Chairs Select Line of Ergonomically Designed Tall Chairs for

Draftsman . . . . . . . . . 16
 Anthropometric Measurement . . . . . 17

Physical Discomfort . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Project Design . . . . . . . . 20

Project Development . . . . . . . 20

Operation and Testing Procedure . . . . . . 21

Evaluation Procedure . . . . . . . 22

Statistical Treatment of Data. . . . . . . 24

Chapter 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA . . 26

Chapter 5

Summary . . . . . . . . . 28

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . 30

Recommendation. . . . . . . . . 30

REFERENCES
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Likert Scale Numeric, Mean and Adjectival Rating. . . . 23

2 RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . . . . . 24

3 Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . . . 25

4 Anthropometric Measurement of the Respondents . . . 25

5 Level of Physical Discomfort in Relation to Sitting Position . . 26

6 Result of Rapid Upper Limb Assessment . . . . 26

7 Result of the Evaluation of the Drafting Table and Chair . . 27

8 List of Materials Used in Drawing Table and Chair. . . . 31

9 List of Equipment Used in Drawing Table and Chair. . . . 31

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Research Paradigm of the Study . . . . . . 11

2 Proposed Ergonomic Design of Drafting Table and Chair . . 30

3 Dimensional View of Designed Drafting Table and Chair . . 30

INTRODUCTION

Some students are not fit on the size of the drafting tables and chairs in the
technical drafting room of Congressional Integrated High School - SHS. The students
cannot move properly because their drafting tables and chairs are not accurate with
their height and weight. The usual drafting tables and chairs are either too high or too
low for the students, that’s why most of the students are experiencing discomfort due to
this problem.

Most of the students are experiencing discomfort on their bodies such as knees,
shoulder pain, ankles, feet, hips, thighs, elbow, lower back, upper back, elbows, and
neck. And not only are those discomforts the ones that student’s experiencing the
drafting tables and chairs that the congressional integrated High School has are not
ergonomically made. The durability and quality of the drafting table. The drawers are not
durable and not high quality because they can be easily broken. And that’s one of the
major problems because not only one student is going to use those drafting tables but a
series of students in every school year. So how can the next batch of technical drafting
students use the drafting students, the drafting tables and chairs are already broken.
The cause of that conflict is not just because that some students are careless but also
appropriates of the drafting tables and chairs.

Posture is frequently forced by the errand or the working environment. Drawn out
stances can in time lead to protests of the muscles and joints. The need to shield the
body from musculoskeletal confusion, total injury scatter and diminish exhaustion,
increment profitability and effectiveness of the specialists requires legitimate
anthropometric estimation information accumulation and examination for planning of
workspace, workstation and item. The examination was led to assess the plan of the
drafting tables and seat and to enhance the stance of the understudies while performing
exercises.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the plan of work and regular day to day existence circumstances, the focal

point of ergonomics is man. According to Frevalds (2012), ergonomics is derived from

the Greek words for work (erg) and laws (nomos). Ergonomics is a science that centers

around the investigation of human fit, diminish in weariness and distress through

legitimate item configuration, work spaces and workstations. Ergonomics played an

uncommon thought in body situating so as to keep physical uneasiness that happen

from awful stance amid work and it is essential piece of present day configuration,

assembling and utilization of items. While sitting or standing, a person at work will

normally have to go after something.

The segment on Common Workplace Motions talks about the subtleties of sound

and undesirable achieve zones the workstation, and parts that run with workstations,

ought to permit the lion's share of development of the student’s body joints inside solid

zones. When structuring items, think about how much people will need to reach so as to

limit ungainly or unfortunate positions. Students will move around in their condition to

file papers, or stretch. An incidental break from sitting is urged in light of the fact that it

animates muscles, and increments blood flow, which diminishes exhaustion. As the plan

turns out to be more perplexing and includes more components, the choice of

reasonable materials and strategies for generation turns out to be more troublesome.

The structure design must be adequately comfortable with the qualities and properties

of the materials and the manner by which they can be formed to guarantee that choices

are well made.

Anthropometry has an excellent noteworthiness because of the ascent of

complex work framework where data of the physical estimations of man with exactness

is fundamental. One utilization of anthropometrical estimation in ergonomics is the

structure of working space and the enhancement of industrialized items. The study of

body sizes and other related attributes is for the most part alluded to as anthropometric.

The anthropometric information is regularly ordered, investigate and utilized in

ergonomics to indicate the physical element of workspace, workstation and gear and to

item structure. Posture is regularly forced by the assignment or the work environment.

Drawn out stances can in time lead to objections of the muscles and joints. Keeping up

the unbiased, or standing state of the lumbar, or bring down spinal region, is critical for

solace and stance. Seats can give fitting and right lumbar help. This situated lumbar

help will enable the spine to keep up an S-formed bend like the spine's shape when

standing

Ergonomics is a science that centers on the investigation of human fit, decline in

weakness and uneasiness through appropriate item configuration, work spaces and

workstations. Ergonomics played a remarkable thought in body situating so as to keep

physical uneasiness that happen from terrible stance amid work and it is crucial piece of

current plan, assembling and utilization of items. As per Dul and Weerdmester (2008). A

few students may need or need to stand while at their workstations. If so, a fitting work

area can be structured and chosen for the kind of work being performed. Recognizing

what parameters to plan for while the client is situated can help increment the solace of

the client.

Researches in ergonomics had prompted the expansion in the effective utilization

of item through legitimate structure dependent on biomechanics of the human body.

The need to shield the body from musculoskeletal turmoil, combined injury issue and

decrease exhaustion, increment profitability and proficiency of the laborers requires

appropriate anthropometric estimation information gathering and examination for

structuring of workspace, workstation and item. The examination was led to assess the
plan of the drafting tables and seat and to enhance the stance of the understudies while

performing exercises. This paper presents ergonomic standards based on basic

anthropometrics factors connected to the plan and development of a seat and drafting

table use in building drawing studio utilizing privately sourced materials. The plan

centers around client's (students) comfort amid drafting system.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is a Developmental and Evaluation of an

Ergonomically-Designed Drafting Table and Chair Based on Congressional Integrated

High School Student’s Anthropometric Measurements, specifically sought to answer the

following questions.

1. Determine the CIHS students’ data in terms of the following:

1.1 Anthropometric measurement;

1.2. Level of physical discomfort experienced;

1.3. Posture analysis results;

2. Design and develop an ergonomically-designed table and chair based on the results.

3. Evaluate the proposed ergonomically-designed drafting table and chair in terms of

the following:

3.1 Safety;

3.2 Durability;

3.3 Quality;

3.4 Affordability;

3.5 Availability;

3.6 Appropriateness;

3.7 Economical; and

3.8 Appearance
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to continue to develop products that respond to not

only the issues that confront technical drafting students’ work every day, but the

common size and shape of the person working, the work that is being meet before

deadline, the positions that are most average, and with attention to comprehensive

design concerns.

To our nation, for this study indicates every reference to enhance school

instruments' from the current workstation structure.

To educational institutions, for the result of the research will be used by the

school administration as a reference to improve school equipment’s to avoid

experienced discomfort and fatigue due to improper posture as a result of the previous

workstation design.

To the teachers, for this study will help the capacity to achieve the whole work

zone to their students and their work that is being meet before due date.

To the Students of Technical Drafting, this study will help the Grade 11 and 12

of Technical Drafting to make: (1) the individual should have the capacity to achieve the

whole work territory without extending or contorting important. (2) The good sitting

straight in front of and close to the work. (3) The work surface is approximately at the

same level as the elbows. (4) If possible, adjustable support for the elbows, forearms or

hands.

And to the future researchers, for serving this research as basis in their future

studies.
SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

This study aims to developing and evaluation of an Ergonomically-Designed

Drafting Table and Chair Based on Congressional Integrated High School Student’s

Anthropometric Measurements. This will have led to the increase in the efficient use of

product through proper design based on biomechanics of the human body.

This study used a NORDIC Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and RULA

(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze the posture of the respondents while

performing the drawing activity. Survey questionnaire to identify the Development &

Evaluation of an Ergonomically-Designed Drafting Table and Chair Based on

Congressional Integrated High School Student’s Anthropometric Measurements

Purposive non-random sampling was used to determine the samples of the

study. There were six respondents from each section, three males and three females

and with different height were chosen as respondents of the study. A total of 42

students were selected. The gathered data will be used to know Development and

Evaluation of an Ergonomically-Designed Drafting Table and Chair Based on

Congressional Integrated High School Student’s Anthropometric Measurements

 CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 shows how the researcher came up with the study. The inputs are

knowledge about anthropometric measurement, physical discomfort and posture

analysis. The process includes the collection of data by human body measurements,

gathering of information about physical discomfort experienced, evaluation of body

posture, presentation of data, analysis of data gathered and observed and interpretation

of result. The output of the study is ergonomically designed table and chair based on

Anthropometric measurement.
Review of related literature and Studies

Vicarious perception of postural discomfort and exertion.

Branton, P., et. Al., (1968) Stated that Discomfort and perceived extortion had

been used in extensively in ergonomics practice. This study asks whether effort and

uneasiness can be seen by an outside onlooker. The ways it moves as it goes about

our daily lives. It also includes how do it holds the bodies when it is sit, stand, lift, carry,

bend, and sleep. Wrong body mechanics are often the cause of back problems. When it

doesn’t move correctly and safely.

Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design

Frevalds, (2012) Stated that ergonomics is a science that focuses on a study of

human fit, decrease in fatigue and discomfort through the proper product design, work

spaces and work stations. Ergonomics was derived from the Greek words for work (erg)

and laws (nomos). Ergonomics was a science that centers around the investigation of

human fit, diminish in weariness and distress in legitimate item configuration, work

spaces and workstations. Ergonomics is also uncommon thought in body situating so as

to keep physical uneasiness that happens from awful stance a mid-work and it is an

essential piece of present day configuration, assembling and utilization of items.

Introduction to Human Factor and Ergonomics for Engineers.

Lethod and Buck (2008) cited that anthropometry provides a scientific basis for

analyzing and designing elements of the workplace so that they fit people of different

sizes. Furthermore, the field of applied anthropometry relates basic measures of human

size, strength, and bodily motion to very helpful design criteria used by designers

interested in creating things that fit or otherwise better than match the size or other

aspects of the human body.

Ergonomics for Beginners a Quick Reference Guide

According to Dul and Weerdmester (2008), a number of principles of importance

to the ergonomics of posture and movement derive from a range of specialist fields,

namely biomechanics, physiology and anthropometrics. Anthropometry has an unusual

significance due to the rise of complex work system where the information of the

physical measurements of man with accuracy is essential. One application of

anthropometrical measurement in ergonomics is the design of working space and the

improvement of industrialized products. The study of body sizes and other associated

characteristics is generally alluding to anthropometric. The anthropometric data are

many times has been gathered, analyze and used in ergonomics to specify the physical

dimension of workspace, workstation and equipment as well as to product design.

Posture is often inflicting by the task or the workplace. Prolonged postures in

time can lead to complaints of the muscles and joints. The need to protect the body

from musculoskeletal disorder, cumulative trauma disorder and diminish fatigue,

increase productivity and efficiency of the workers requires proper anthropometric

measurement data collection and analysis for designing of workspace, workstation and

product. The study was organized to evaluate the design of the drafting tables and chair

and to improve the posture of the students while performing the activities.

Office seating and movement

(Festervoll, 1994). Researches in ergonomics had led to the high increase in the

efficient use of product through proper design based on biomechanics of the human

body. This research aspect of ergonomics that deals with the measurement of human

body dimensions and certain physical characteristics is called Anthropometry. Thus,

anthropometry was the science that measures the range of body sizes in a population.

Anthropometric data are often collected, analyzed and used in ergonomics to specify
the physical dimension of work spaces, workstations, and equipment as well as applied

to product design.

Recommended Chair and Work Surfaces Dimensions of VDT Tasks for Malaysian

Citizens.

Structural anthropometric are measurements of the body dimensions of subjects

that fixed (static) positions. Measurements are made from one clearly identifiable

anatomical land mark to another or to a fixed point in space (e.g. the height of knuckles

above the floor, the height of popliteal fossa (back of the knee) above the floor, and so

on) (Davis et al., 2009). Examples of structural anthropometric data are to Identify

furniture dimensions, ranges of clothing sizes, vehicle dimensions etc. Deros and

Mohammad (2009) suggest and recommended a chair and table dimensions’ surface

for Malaysian citizen’s using Malaysian anthropometric data. This paper presents

ergonomic principles base on structural anthropometrics variables applied to the design

and construction of a chair and drafting table use in engineering drawing studio using

locally sourced materials. The design has been focused on user’s (students) comfort

during drafting technique.

Stated that Employers has a duty to provide safe working conditions and stress-

free work environment for all of the staff, which includes the provision of the information

and training for employees about their workplace posture and ergonomics. Bad posture

at work is a major cause of the back pain, workplace stress, repetitive strain injury,

resulting in lost time, reduced productivity, poor employee health, low morale, and

higher costs. The technical content of this free theory is to be provided by ergonomics

expert Hugh Babington Smith (now retired), and those contribution is gratefully

acknowledged. Adopting these simple workplace posture and ergonomics techniques

and principles will improve the working environment and well-being of staff. This
material initially clarifies and defines what posture it is. It also explains what the

implications of poor posture are, why should we improve posture and the techniques for

how doing it so. Furthermore, the article explains in the detail why the employer should

take an interest in posture.UK Government statistics do not show effects of bad

postures in the workplace

The Health and Safety Executive detailed instead on absence generally through

work-related injury, which includes posture-related causes. Every employee appearance

is the culmination of a chain of events. For accidents, that chain may be little or short.

For long term effects of poor posture, the chain is always longer. The loss to companies

is not just the employees who do take time off because of the back pain or posture-

related repetitive strain injuries, the loss to organizations is also the reduced efficiency,

morale and attitude of those who suffer will have posture-related discomfort or stress

and who 'grin and bear it'.

Although we also refer to this article largely to work at computer workstations, the

principles applied to any work activity and to our whole lives - relaxation, hobby, sport,

housework, childcare, in fact any activities who involves the use of our bodies.

Comfortable portable Computing: The Ergonomic Equation

Architectural and Engineering drawings activity causes pains, discomfort and

fatigue most especially in the work spaces, workstation and equipment are not properly

designed for comfortable and higher productivity and efficiency. The pains who are

related to shoulder, lower back, upper and forearm, wrist, and the neck are due to

student’s awkward position during working. The pain you feel in the thigh, hips and

buttock, and knee are due to the stretch of muscular and statistic load position as noted

by Tom Albin (2008). Thus, the analysis of the NORDIC questionnaire was used to

address the potency of musculoskeletal trouble in the affected parts and other
anatomical areas (i.e. neck, shoulders, elbows, wrist/hands, upper back, lower back,

hips/thighs/buttocks, knees and ankles nor feet) that can experience pains by the

students. The option of the materials used for the fabrication of the chair and table is

assisted by factors such as mechanical properties and cost of materials, work ability of

the materials and the service requirements. The chair and drafting table were

established using locally sourced materials and appropriate technology to save cost.

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

According to Jung (2014), the average of physical dimensions of students have

increased due to changes in the living standards and dietary habits. In addition,

students ‘anthropometric measurements were also varying widely across different age

of groups, within the same age groups, and in the middle of genders and different

cultures. Thus, it is unlikely that current school furniture with fixed dimensions would be

exist or compatible with the majority of students. In order to ensure the right posture and

comfortableness while students are learning, the development and the distribution of

adjustable tables and chairs are essential. The market demand for such adjustable

furniture is expected to grow faster.

Drafting Chairs Select Line of Ergonomically Designed Tall Chairs for Draftsman

The RULA can be conducted quickly, so multiple posture and the tasks within the

work cycle can usually be evaluated without any significant time and effort. When you

are using RULA, the only right or left side is assessed at a time. After interviewing and

observing the worker, the evaluator can determine if only one arm should be the

evaluated or if an assessment is needed for the both sides. The evaluator should be

preparing for the assessment by interviewing the workers that was being evaluated to

gain an understanding of the job tasks and demands, and observing the worker’s

movements and positions during several work cycles. Selection of the postures to be
evaluate should be based on the most difficult postures or position and work tasks

based on worker interview and initial observation, the position sustained for the longest

period of time, or the posture where the highest force loads would occur.

Anthropometric Measurement
According to Rebecca Gillapsy (2009) simply by knowing how someone weighs

do not reveal much their overall condition. To completely assess the status of the

human body, we need to utilize various anthropometric measurements.

Anthropometric measurements are also useful in many fields. It is shape, size and

composition of the human body. For example BMI, or body mass index. It is a

measurement of a weight to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio is a measure of the waist

circumference divided by the hip circumference. Anthropometric has an exceptional

significance due to the rise of complex work system where the physical measurements

of a person with accuracy and essential.

Physical Discomfort
Swami Kriyananda (2018) one of the most important characteristics of sitting

meditation is to be able to sit comfortably, without hurting your back, or hurting your legs

or going to sleep. If you are in a great discomfort, the one thing you will be meditating

on is the options for sitting are in a chair.

Frevalds (2012). So a chair is probably the best thing for the most of us. Have a fairly

straight-backed chair and sit forward in the chair. The idea is to sit with an upright un-

supported spine. Discomfort through proper product design, work station and work

spaces.
Operational Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined

conceptually and operationally as used in the research study.

Term 1. Ergonomic an applied science concerned with designing and arranging

things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely —

called also biotechnology, human engineering, human factors. Ergonomics is also the

design characteristics of an object resulting especially from the application of the

science of ergonomics

Term 2. Musculoskeletal is the involving both musculature and skeleton. The

muscles of all or a part of the body. A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract

when stimulated and produce motion and an organ that is essentially a mass of muscle

tissue attached at either end to a fixed point and that by contracting moves or checks

the movement of a body part

Term 3. Anthropometric is the study of human body measurements especially

on a comparative basis. Refers to the measurement of the human individual.

Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the

human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape in industrial

design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the

distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products.

Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in

the distribution of body dimensions and require regular updating of anthropometric data

collections.

Term 4. Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of the

mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs,
cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is closely

related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyze

biological systems. Research is done in an iterative process of hypothesis and

verification, including several steps of modeling, computer simulation and experimental

measurement

Term 5. Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution and

determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the

cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice

by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.

Epidemiologist helps with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data,

amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional

systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical

research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological

sciences.

Term 6. Popliteal height is the distance from the underside of the foot to the

underside of the thigh at the knees. It is sometimes called the "stool height" (The term

"sitting height" is reserved for the height to the top of the head when seated).
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the techniques and strategies created by the study. It

additionally incorporates the exploration configuration, tests system and the factual

treatment of information.

Research Design

The investigation utilized the formative and elucidating technique for research.

The formative research was utilized to build up a proposed ergonomically structured

drafting tables and seats dependent on the anthropometric estimations. The engaging

strategy was utilized to investigate the anthropometric estimation, act examination and

the physical uneasiness experienced while performing drawing movement.

Samples

The respondents of the study were from grade 11 and 12 technical drafting

students who were enrolled in Congressional Integrated High school 2018-2019.

Purposive non-random sampling was used to determine the samples of the study.

There were 20 respondents from each section, 10 males and 10 females and with

different height were chosen as respondents of the study. A total of 40 students were

selected.
Operation and Testing Procedure

This study used a NORDIC Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and RULA

(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze the posture of the respondents while

performing the drawing activity.

The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was produced from a task

supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The point was to create and test an

institutionalized survey approach permitting correlation of low back, neck, shoulder and

general dissensions for use in epidemiological investigations. The instrument was not

produced for clinical analysis.

RULA was created to assess the presentation of individual laborers to ergonomic

hazard factors related with furthest point MSD. The RULA ergonomic evaluation

instrument considers biomechanical and postural load necessities of occupation

assignments/requests on the neck, trunk and furthest points. A solitary page worksheet

is utilized to assess required body stance, power, and reiteration. In light of the

assessments, scores are entered for each body district in area A for the arm and wrist,

and segment B for the neck and trunk. After the information for every area is gathered

and scored, tables on the frame are then used to assemble the hazard factor factors,

creating a solitary score that speaks to the dimension of MSD chance.

Evaluation Procedure

A general survey of 40 constrained decision things recognizing zones of the

body causing musculoskeletal issues. Finish is helped by a body guide to show nine

side effect destinations being neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, low back,

wrist/hands, hips/thighs, knees and lower legs/feet. Respondents are inquired as to

whether they have had any musculoskeletal inconvenience over the most recent a year

and most recent 7 days which has anticipated typical action.

Extra inquiries identifying with the neck, the shoulders and the lower back

further detail significant issues. Twenty-five constrained decision questions evoke any

mishaps influencing every region, useful effect at home and work (change of

employment or obligations), length of the issue, appraisal by a wellbeing proficient and

musculoskeletal issues over the most recent 7 days.

Rate Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.26 – 4.00 Extreme Pain
3 2.51 – 3:25 Severe Pain
2 1.76 – 2.50 Mild Pain
1 1.00 – 1.75 No Pain
Table 1: Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to determine

the level of discomfort in performing the drawing activity.

The ergonomics laboratory instruments like large and small anthropometer were

used in the study to measure the human body parts specifically the (a) Popliteal height,

(b) Buttocks knee length (c) Knee height and (d) Hip breath for design of the chair

while the related anthropometry for design of drafting tables are (a) arms, and (b)

height. The survey questionnaire adapted from Nordic Musculoskeletal Form was used

to evaluate the physical discomfort in the affected parts of the body and other

anatomical parts of the body such as neck, shoulder, elbows, wrist/hand, upper back,

lower back, hips, thigh, buttocks, knees and ankle/feet). The respondents were

answered the survey questionnaire based on the rate according to (4) four points Likert

scale. The weighted mean was verbally interpreted using the following scale.
 Action level RULA score
1 1-2
2 3-4
3 5-6
4 7+
Table 2: RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) was used to analyze the
Interpretation
1-2 The person is working in the best
posture with no risk of injury from their work
posture.
The person is working in a posture that
could present some risk of injury from their
work posture, and this score most likely is
the result of one part of the body being in a
deviated and awkward position, so this
should be investigated and corrected.
The person is working in a poor posture
with a risk of injury from their work posture,
and the reasons for this need to be
investigated and changed in the near future
to prevent an injury
The person is working in the worst posture
with an immediate risk of injury from their
work posture, and the reasons for this need
to be investigated and changed
immediately to prevent an injury.

posture of the respondents while performing the drawing activity.

The mean was used to sum up all the measurements and divided by the number

of measurements; the standard deviation was used to calculate the difference between

each individual and the mean, and the 5th percentile, 50th percentile and 95th

percentile values represents the percentage population with the body dimension of a

certain size for design purposes.

 Statement of the Problem Statistics
Anthropometric measurement x̄, SD
Level of physical discomfort experienced x̄, SD
Posture analysis results x̄
Table 3: Statistical Treatment of Data, The summary of variables and the

statistics convened are presented in the table above.

In order to assess the outcome of the drafting table and chair, the researchers
selected a few professionals related to technical drafting, to examine the drawing table
and chair. The following are the evaluator of the drafting table and chair: (1) Margie
Rosanto and (2) Ma. Juda Beltran from Dasmariñas West National High School; (3)
Engr. Shela Tuason and (4) Miracle Quirino from Paliparan National High School. The
selected professionals are Technical Vocational Livelihood Teachers specialized in
Technical Drafting. And to make check and to prove the validity or accuracy of the
evaluation form, the researchers also selected a professionals to validate the
evaluation criteria. The evaluation form had been validated by (1) Clyde Dean
Crampatanta, (2) Liza Angco, and (3) Reinze Vito from Congressional Integrated High
School; (4) Leolyn Bernas from General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School. The
selected professionals are Technical Vocational Livelihood Teachers specialized in
Technical Drafting and Carpentry and Construction.
Evaluation Criteria Score Interpretation
1 Very poor
2 Poor
3 Fair
4 Good
5 Excellent
Table 4: Evaluation Criteria in Assessing the drafting table and chair. Ease of

use in Safety, Durability, Quality, affordability, Availability, Appropriateness,

Economical, and Appearance.

 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes presentation, discussion, analysis and interpretation

of results obtained based upon the problems raised.

Anthropometric 5th 50th 95th Standard

Measurement Percentile Percentile Percentile Deviation
Popliteal Height (cm) 117.90 127.50 144.60 9.56
Buttock-Knee Length (cm) 42.85 51.50 58.05 5.68
Knee Height (cm) 38.00 49.00 54.05 4.66
Hip Breath (cm) 27.95 38.00 54.05 7.53
Arms (cm) 139.05 159.00 182.00 14.93
Height (cm) 145.00 157.00 175.05 9.41
Table 5. Anthropometric measurement of the respondents in terms of sitting

Anthropometric measurement of the respondents. The researcher computed the

5th percentile and 95th to determine the minimum and maximum design parameters.

Body Parts Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation

Neck 2.92 Severe Pain
Shoulder 1.92 Mild Pain
Upper Back 3.17 Severe Pain
Elbows 1.00 No Pain
Wrist 2.08 Mild Pain
Lower Back 1.92 Mild Pain
Hips/ Thighs 1.50 No Pain
Knees 1.42 No Pain
Ankles 1.67 No Pain
Table 6. Level of physical discomfort in relation to sitting position

Table 2 shows that the respondents experienced severe pain on different parts of body
such as neck (μ = 2.92), and upper back (μ = 3.17). Other respondent ‘s experienced
mild pain in the shoulder (μ = 1.92), wrist (μ =2.08), hip (μ = 1.5), and lower back μ =
(1.92).
 Average score in Rapid Upper Limb
Interpretation
Assessment

The person is working in a poor posture

with a risk of injury from their work
6 posture, and the reasons for this need to
be investigated and changed in the near
future to prevent an injury

Table 6: Result of Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

Posture analysis result shows the assessment of the respondent‘s posture. It

indicates that the final score is 6. The body will have to counterbalance twisting

movements or twisted postures. This will result in extra stress and strain on the body.

This situation not only forces a person to do more physical work, but also prevents the

person from balancing the work over the body.

Ease of Use Average of Scores Interpretation of Scores

Safety 4 Good
Durability 4 Good
Quality 4 Good
Affordability 5 Excellent
Availability 5 Excellent
Appropriateness 4 Good
Economical 5 Excellent
Appearance 4 Good
Table 7: Result of the Evaluation of the Drafting Table and Chair

Evaluation result shows the assessment of the evaluators’ ease of use. It

indicates the final result of every given categories. Majority of the results shown are

good and excellent.

 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the preceding chapters, findings,

conclusions derived from the findings and the recommendations to different sectors.

Summary

The anthropometric information of 40 technical drafting student have been

resolved for the plan of drafting table and seat. The deliberate anthropometric

information is; popliteal height, elbow height, buttocks, knee height, thigh clearance

height, hip breath for the structure of seat while the related anthropometry estimation for

drafting table are; upper a safe distance, bring down a safe distance, and sitting elbow

height. The Nordic Musculoskeletal frame was utilized to decide the parts of body

experienced uneasiness and weakness because of mistaken stance because of the

present workstation plan. A large portion of the respondents experienced uneasiness

and exhaustion at lower back of the body. The fast upper appendage appraisal was

utilized to assess the stance of the respondents while playing out the undertaking and

base on the stance examination it demonstrates that the individual is working in the

most exceedingly terrible stance with an impending danger of damage from their work

pose. The researcher proposed the new plan of illustration table and seat for designing

understudies’ dependent on their anthropometric estimation. The table height is 65 cm,

table length is 70 cm, table width is 50 cm and customizable work area edge is 30º - 45º

and for the stature of seat is 127.50 cm and with lumbar help at the back.
Findings

The of the result count of the on the Posture Analysis Result are presented

hereunder. The mean and standard deviation Anthropometric Measurements and Level

of Physical Discomfort Experienced are also shown below.

1. Determine the CIHS students’ data in terms of the following:

1.1 Anthropometric measurement. The designs that are specified must

accommodate the majority of users, typically those within a range from the 5th

percentile to the 95th percentile of the population. An old rule of thumb is to design large

enough for a large man and small enough for a small woman. (Letho and Buck, 2008)

1.2. Level of physical discomfort experienced; the results indicated that

most of the respondents experienced severe pain at lower back part of the body while

performing drawing activity. According to Letho and Buck (2008), the chair should

provide support in the lumbar region of the sitter ‘s back to prevent lower back pain

experienced during a long period of sitting.

1.3. Posture analysis results; the person is working in the worst posture

with an immediate risk of injury from their work posture, and the reasons for this need to

be investigated and changed immediately to prevent an injury. According to Dul and

Weerdmester (2008), Posture is often imposed by the task or the workplace. Prolonged

postures can in time lead to complaints of the muscles and joints. A person should be

able to maintain an upright and forward facing posture during work. All work activities

shall permit the operator to adopt several different natural, healthy, and safe postures

without reducing capability to perform the work. These two principles both focus on

postural freedom. The first principle stresses the importance of eye hand coordination in

many jobs, both for safety and efficiency. When people cannot directly face the work at
hand, coordination is impaired. A person who is not directly facing their work must twist

their body to do the job. (Letho and Buck, 2008)

Conclusions

Derived from the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Reference to improve school equipment’s to avoid experienced discomfort and

fatigue due to improper posture as a result of the previous workstation design.

2. Proposed the new design of drawing table and chair for technical drafting

students based on their anthropometric measurement.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were

formulated:

1. The option of the materials used for the fabrication of the chair and table is

assisted by factors such as mechanical properties and cost of materials, work

ability of the materials and the service requirements.

2. Adopting workplace posture and ergonomics techniques and principles will

improve the working environment and well-being of staff. This material initially

clarifies and defines what posture it is. It also explains what the implications of

poor posture are. Improving posture and the techniques for how doing it so.
Figure 2. Proposed Ergonomic Design of Drafting Table and Chair

Figure 2 shows the proposed drawing table and chair based on the Anthropometric

measurement of the respondents.

Figure 3. Dimensional View of Designed Drafting Table and Chair

Figure 2 shows the Dimensional View of the drawing table and chair; Red shows the

tubular steel used in the table and chair, Magenta shows the bolts used, and the Yellow

shows upholster and wood used.

 Materials Quantity Price

Tabular Steel 2pcs 500

Bolts 20 pcs 200

Upholster 2 pcs 250

Plywood 1 pc 105

Melamine Wood 1 pc 283

Hinges 2 pcs 50

Lid Stay Hinges 5" 2 pcs 209

Black Screw 14 pcs 21

Self-Drilling Screw 24 pcs 144

Rubber Cup 4 pcs 28

Total Price = 1790

Table 8: List of Materials Used in Drawing Table and Chair

Equipment
Grinder
Drill
Steel Square Ruler
Digital Caliper
Tape Measure
Thread Tap Wrench (T-TYPE)
Philip Screw Driver
Combination Plier
Table 9: List of Equipment Used in Drawing Table and Chair