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LEARNER GUIDE
MARK OFF/OUT (GENERAL ENGINEERING)
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*** 2003***
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
Welcome ................................................................................................................... 1
This Competency Unit.................................................................................................... 1
Before You Start ............................................................................................................. 2
Planning Your Learning Programme ............................................................................. 2
Self-Assessment Checklist ............................................................................................. 3
How To Use This Learner Guide ................................................................................... 4
Using the Computer and other Resources...................................................................... 5
Method of Assessment.................................................................................................... 6
LG-MEMCOR0081A:
MARK OFF/OUT
(GENERAL ENGINEERING)
INTRODUCTION
Welcome
Welcome to the Learner Guide for Unit of Competency “Mark Off/Out (General Engineering)”.
This is just one of a number of Learner Guides produced for the General Engineering Skills stream
of the Metal Engineering and Maintenance Industry, and it is designed to guide you, the learner,
through a series of learning processes and activities that will enable you to achieve the specified
learning outcomes for the competency unit.
The content of this guide was developed from the Competency Standard MEMCOR0081A, which
is one of the basic building blocks for the National Vocational Qualification of Jamaica (NVQ-J)
certification within the industry. Please refer to your Learner Handbook for a thorough explanation
of standards and competencies, and how these relate to the NVQ-J certification.
You are also advised to consult the Competency Standard and assessment instrument for a better
understanding of what is required to master the competency.
“Mark Off/Out (General Engineering)” addresses the knowledge and skills requirements for
effectively marking off/out (general engineering). There are three main areas or elements:
As you go through each element, you will find critical information relating to each one. You are
advised to study them carefully so that you will be able to develop the necessary knowledge,
skills and attitudes for marking off/out (general engineering).
a. Obtain a Learner Logbook. You will use it to record evidence of your new skills/competence.
As you demonstrate your new skills, record your activities and have your learning facilitator
sign off on them. This will allow you to provide evidence of your competence when you are
being assessed against the competency standard.
b. Ensure that you have access to the facilities and equipment necessary for learning.
d. Ensure that you are wearing suitable clothing, that tools and equipment are safe, and that the
correct safety equipment is used.
The self-assessment checklist on the following page will assist you in planning your training
programme and it will help you to think about the knowledge and skills needed to demonstrate
competency in this unit. As you go through the checklist you will be able to find out what
elements you have already mastered and which ones you will need to pay more attention to as
you go through the learning process.
To complete the self-assessment checklist, simply read the statements and tick the ‘Yes’ or ‘No’
box. You should do this exercise now.
Self-Assessment Checklist
Mark Off/Out (General Engineering)
If you ticked all or most of the ‘Yes’ boxes then you might not need to go through the entire guide.
Ask your learning facilitator to assist you in determining the most appropriate action you should
take.
If you ticked a few of the ‘Yes’ boxes or none at all then you should work through all of the guide,
even though some of the material may be familiar to you.
Plan your learning based on your answers. Be sure to involve your learning facilitator in the
planning process.
This Learner Guide is designed to assist you in working and learning at your own pace.
• Check your progress at each checkpoint to ensure that you have understood the material
• Observe the icons and special graphics used throughout this guide to remind you of what you
have to do and to enhance your learning. The icons and their meanings are as follows:
Definition Box
Words/phrases are defined or explained in this box. The
words/phrases being explained are in bold print.
Checkpoint
This denotes a brain teaser and is used to check your
understanding of the materials presented. No answers are
provided for the questions asked.
Activity
This denotes something for you to do either alone or with
the assistance of your learning facilitator.
Reference
Points you to the reference materials and other support
documents or resources used in compiling the unit content.
• Ask your learning facilitator for help if you have any problems with the interpretation of the
contents, the procedures, or the availability of resources.
• Complete each activity as you come to it. If the activity requires you perform an actual task,
be sure to tell your learning facilitator when you get to that activity so that he/she can make
any arrangements, if necessary.
• Get your learning facilitator to sign and date the Learner Logbook when you have completed an
activity.
When you have worked through all elements of the guide, and when you can tick every ‘Yes’ box,
you are ready for assessment and should ask your learning facilitator to assist you in making the
arrangements to have your performance assessed.
Where your activities refer you to the library, computer and Internet resources, ask your learning
facilitator to assist you with locating these resources. If you are getting your training in an
institution, there may be a library and a computer laboratory. If this is not the case, visit the local
library and find out what resources are available.
If you are new to the computer and the Internet, someone in the computer room should be able to
show you how to use these resources.
Please note that in many of your activities you have been referred to information on the Internet.
This is because the Internet has a vast amount of information that can help you in acquiring the
particular competencies. We would like to advise you, however, that we cannot guarantee that all
the sites will be available when you need them. If this happens, ask your learning facilitator to
assist you with locating other sites that have the information you require.
Method of Assessment
Competency will be assessed while you are actually performing the tasks related to this
competency, this may be in a real workplace or a simulated situation that accurately relates to the
work situation. You are advised to consult the associated competency standard and assessment
instrument for further details relating to the assessment strategies.
You may now start your learning. Have fun while you work!
LEARNING OUTCOMES
As you go through this element, it will provide you with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required
to enable you to determine job requirements. Your learning facilitator is there to assist you with the
various activities, so on completion you should be able to:
Every task that is carried out in a recognized institution or on the job must follow some form of
instruction or guideline (verbal instructions from a supervisor or job drawing, blue print) in order to
ensure compliance with job specifications. Marking out is not limited to engineering components,
but is inclusive of:
• Templates
• Dies and tooling
• Castings
• Jigs and fixtures
Refer to: Learner Guide for competency MEMCOR0092A: Mark off/out Structural
Fabrications and Shapes (Ask your learning facilitator for assistance).
The mark off/out of metal is the process of measuring and marking material for cutting, drilling or
welding. Accuracy is essential in marking off/out work. Therefore using incorrect measurements
will result in a part being fabricated that does not fit the overall job. You must endeavor to analyze
the drawing thoroughly, and make sure you understand what is to be done before attempting to start
any work. You should look for terms such as:
ACTIVITY
CHECKPOINT
Here is a chart you will find useful when interpreting drawings. It represents tolerances and
allowances used on drawings.
Types of Fit
The chart gives the three categories of fit that exist between mating parts for both hole and shaft
standard. They are:
• Clearance fit
• Transition fit
• Interference fit
ACTIVITY
Refer to: Degarmo, Paul E., Black, J.T., Kohsher, Ronald A., (1997), Materials and
Processes in Manufacturing, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall
The diagram shows basic size, deviation, and tolerance in the ISO system. (System of limits and
fits, copyright 1962, American Standards Institute, New York.)
Here is an example of a job drawing showing the application of cutting plane XX and YY and
centre line. Note the angle of projection and the different views obtained from the cutting planes.
Examine in more detail with your learning facilitator who will explain the specifics.
Refer to: Learner Guide MEMCOR0091A: Draw and Interpret Sketches Technical
Drawings (Ask your learning facilitator for assistance)
ACTIVITY
You must ensure to follow closely the methods and sequence that are appropriate for use in the
fabricating process. This means that your ability to read and work from blueprints and sketches is
paramount in marking off/out work. The proposed fabricating process must be done in compliance
with the requirements of quality control and fabrication procedure. Here is an example of a marking
out process.
To you, it may seem confusing but the diagram is only showing the bracket in two views at the top
with all the necessary dimensions in a drawing. The bottom illustrations show the actual marking
out process using the drawing as a guide. An angle plate and a surface gauge are being used in the
process. The sequencing of the marking out process is important. It helps in avoiding the omission
of important detail and making sure lines are drawn correctly.
- V blocks
- cylinder squares
- sine bars
- vernier height gauges
- protractors
- straight edge
- set squares
- marking out tools
-
Sequencing also involves:
• ensuring that the work piece is properly supported
• covering the work piece with marking out fluid or other means to highlight the transferred
dimensions
• establishing datum points from which other lines will follow
• the following of horizontal and vertical lines after datum points
• establishing parallel lines once reference lines are drawn
• establishing circles and geometric shapes once lines are present to support their formation
CHECKPOINT:
CHECKPOINT:
The figure below shows the setup to measure an angle on a part using a sine bar. The dial indicator
is used to determine when the part surface ‘X’ is parallel to the surface plate.
Surface plate
ACTIVITY
Now that you have completed this element, see if you have fully grasped all the components by
doing the following self-assessment:
Checklist 1 Yes No
Checklist 2 Yes No
LEARNING OUTCOMES
As you go through this element, it will provide you with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required
to enable you to transfer dimension. Your learning facilitator is there to assist you with the various
activities so on completion you should be able to:
Marking off/out is undertaken using the appropriate tools, equipment and templates and is produced
according to specifications. Tools and equipment include:
ACTIVITY
Here are some diagrams of tools and equipment used in marking out.
Dividers and trammel – are used for scribing circles, marking off length etc. Trammels are made to
extend beyond the range of dividers and those shown above have a bar 350 mm in length, but two
or more of these may be joined together with sleeves of the form shown. The bent legs enable the
trammels to be used in the same way as an inside caliper.
Vee blocks – are used for supporting shafts and bushes and are generally made in pairs. It is
important that a shaft, when resting in the vee blocks parallels with the surface table. This may be
checked by trying a dial indicator over the shaft at each end.
Angle plates - are used for supporting a surface at right-angle to the surface of the table. It is
provided with many holes and slots to accommodating the bolts necessary to secure articles to it.
An adjustable angle plate is useful for angular work.
CHECKPOINT
Parallel strips - are useful for supporting work on marking off table, and may be of cast iron
smoothly machined, scraped, or ground, or of steel which, when hardened and ground, make very
durable strips. The corresponding widths of a pair of strips must be of the exact dimension. The
strip may be perfectly parallel and all their faces square.
CHECKPOINT
Surface gauge – is a layout and transfer measuring tool. Its main parts are shown in the diagram
above.
CHECKPOINT
ACTIVITY
• Use shop drawings, sketches, and blueprints to obtain the measurements required to
fabricate the job being marked off/out.
• You must ensure that surfaces to be marked out are prepared so that scribed lines are visible.
For example; rough surfaces should be brushed over with a little white wash, which when
dry will indicate up a line scribed on it.
• For smooth surfaces, a little copper sulphate solution can be added, this leaves a thin film of
copper on the surface when dry.
CHECKPOINT
A datum is a feature or
group of features of a part,
selected for use as a base
from which other features
or points are located within
specified limits
• cross
• circle
• triangle
• square
Ensure that you identify the datum points correctly from the drawings.
Before you start the marking out process, it is necessary to establish some form of datum point often
called reference line on the workpiece, and mark all lines and arcs based on this line. You can clamp
the work piece to an angle plate with at least one finished edge on a flat surface. The surface gauge
is used to mark the reference line and any other necessary lines. Other mark out tools are used as
deemed necessary to complete the process.
Reference Lines
Adjusting the outside caliper using line of measurement and reference line.
CHECKPOINT
ACTIVITY
Where the transfer of dimensions is required, careful readings and correct calculations are
important to ensuring that you achieve the desired outcomes. Mark off/out techniques may apply
to a wide range of materials and shapes using tools such as flat steel-square, dividers, trammel
point etc. Safe practices in dimensional measurements include:
• removing burrs from a work piece that will cause both inaccuracies in measurement and
unsafe handling conditions
• rechecking all precision measurements
• considering the possibility of inaccurate measurement readings that may result from
parallax, manipulation and work bias errors
• developing a practice to check and clean measuring tools and the work piece before
taking a measurement
If you are using metric instruments and tools, ensure that units of dimension on drawings are
consistent with measuring tools being used. If not, conversion calculation is necessary.
ACTIVITY
Now that you are familiar with some of the tools used in marking
off/out, use them to transfer dimensions to a workpiece. Use the
illustrations below as your guide. Ask your learning facilitator to
assist you.
Here are some techniques you could use when transferring dimensions:
Layout dyes are normally sprayed on surfaces to allow scribed lines to be clearly visible. If no
lay out dye is available then the surface can be chalked
Preparation for bench work - Precision layout lines are clearly visible on a coated work surface
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
Setting a surface gauge to a specified height Position of the surface gauge for scribing
parallel lines
It is important when laying out and taking measurements with a surface gauge that you:
• check the base to be sure it is free of burrs and is clean. The scriber point must be sharp
• Position the spindle and scriber. This should be as close to the work as possible for the
layout operation
• place the reference face of the combination square on a surface plate
• firmly hold down the square head, slide the blade down until the end touches the
surface plate
• hold the surface gauge lightly on the reference surface (surface plate)
• bring the surface gauge close to the square and roughly set the scriber
• turn the adjusting screw to move the scriber point to the required measurement
• hold the work piece securely. Position the surface gauge near the work.
• scribe the required line on the work piece
CHECKPOINT
Using pins in scribing block base to set surface parallel to edge of table.
ACTIVITY
Now that you have completed this element, see if you have fully grasped all the components by
doing the following self-assessment:
Checklist 1 Yes No
Checklist 2 Yes No
LEARNING OUTCOMES
As you go through this element it will provide you with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required
to enable you to make templates as required. Your learning facilitator is there to assist you with the
various activities, so on completion you should be able to:
A template is a pattern for marking the shape of a workpiece, or for marking holes or other features;
it is useful when many duplicate pieces have to be made. Some templates are required for multiuse;
therefore, it is essential that the material selected for making the template adhere to certain standards
and quality. You must check with job drawings or specifications for an idea of the best material to
be used for making templates.
• Wood
• Firm paper
• Plastics
• Sheet metal
• Aluminum
In order for you to choose the correct material for making the template you must know the
following:
You then choose a material that closely resembles the outline of the workpiece with additional
length or thickness. You must ensure that at least one side is perfectly flat and at least two sides are
ninety degrees to each other. After shaping, this will be your template.
CHECKPOINT
ACTIVITY
Marking off/out is done effectively to specifications using the appropriate marking out tools and
equipment. When you are producing templates, you must ensure that the marking off/out
techniques used for transferring the dimensions from the drawings, prints or plans are in accordance
with job requirements.
Whenever you engage in any type of project there are some key points that should be noted:
After you have selected and squared up the template material, you must use the appropriate marking
out tools to transfer dimensions. Reference lines are drawn first. Work is sometimes clamped to an
angle plate on a marking out table in order to transfer reference lines (see diagram below).
• The first drawing shows the reference lines were drawn with semicircular lines.
• The second illustration shows how the semicircular lines are drawn using a divider.
• The third shows the final outlay of the work piece.
Reference lines
After you have finished marking out your template material you should then choose the appropriate
forming process, machining, shaping, filing etc., to achieve your template.
CHECKPOINT
What are the four (4) key points to note when producing
templates
ACTIVITY
Now that you are familiar with templates and template materials,
select and design a simple template, then discuss this with your
learning facilitator
Refer to: Learner Guide for competency MEMCOR0092A: Mark Off/On Structural
Fabrications and Shapes
In every recognized institution there is a storage department that is responsible for holding raw
materials, finished goods and reusable goods. The efficiency of a storage department is a measure
of its ability to retrieve items stored. There are guidelines and procedures which will make the
storing and retrieval of templates a safe and easy task. Some guidelines are:
CHECKPOINT
ACTIVITY
Now that you have completed this element, see if you have fully grasped all the components by
doing the following self-assessment:
Checklist 1 Yes No
Checklist 2 Yes No