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Introduction
Introduction
Concrete is an artificial conglomerate
stone made essentially of Portland
cement, water, and aggregates.
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Introduction
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Concrete Structures
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Concrete Structures
Why Concrete ??
● Concrete cheaper than steel.
● Good combination of concrete and steel.
● Durability from concrete covering.
● Continuity from monolithic joint.
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Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
The advantages include the following
● Its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of
shapes.
● A lower grade of skilled labor is required for
erection as compared to structural steel.
● The raw materials used in cement production are
widely available in great quantities.
● Needs little or no finish or final treatments.
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Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
Limitations of Concrete
● Concrete has a very low tensile strength & ductility.
● Forms are required to hold the concrete in place
until it hardens sufficiently.
● The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is
relatively high. The cost of form material and
artisanry may equal the cost of concrete placed in
the forms.
● It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which
affect the final strength of concrete.
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Progress in Concrete Technology
Progress in Concrete Technology
●Lightweight Structural Concrete
●Ultra High-Strength Concrete
●High Workability or Flowing Concrete
●Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
●Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
●Concrete Containing Polymers
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Progress in Concrete Technology
●Waste-Material Based Concrete or
Green Concrete: Shell, GGBFS, Glass
Powder.
●Auclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
●Foam Concrete
●Concrete with Artificial Light-Weight
Aggregate (ALWA) and Artificial
Normal-Weight Aggregate (ANWA)
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
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The History of Concrete
1967 First concrete domed sport
structure, the Assembly Hall, was
constructed at The University of Illinois,
at Urbana-Champaign.
1970's Fiber reinforcement in concrete
was introduced.
1980's Superplasticizers were
introduced as admixtures.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
CEMENT
The cement powder, when mixed with
water, forms a paste.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
• Type III (High Early Strength). It has
rapid chemical reaction at early age
of setting. It is developed to satisfy
the need of structures which require
high early strength after casting and
requires finishing as quick as
possible, such as highway,
buildings, and airport structures. It
is also suitable for Cold Weather.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
• Type V (Sulfate Resistance). It can
be used for structures which are
located in the ground or water that
contains high sulfate and very
suitable for waste water
installations, underwater structures,
bridges, tunnels, port/offshore
structures, mines, nuclear plant, etc.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
STORAGE
Cement should be stored off the
ground in a well-aired, clean, dry place.
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Concrete Materials
AGGREGATES
Aggregates are of two basic types:
• COARSE: crushed rock, gravel or
screenings.
• FINE: fine and coarse sands and
crusher fines.
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Concrete Materials
• DURABLE to stand up to
wear and tear and
weathering.
• CHEMICALLY INACTIVE
so the aggregates don’t
react with the cement.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
STORAGE
Aggregates should be stored where
they will stay clean, separated from
other materials and dry.
If the aggregates are very wet use less
water in the mix.
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WATER
Water is mixed with the cement powder
to form a paste which holds the
aggregates together like glue.
Water must be clean, fresh and free
from any dirt, unwanted chemicals or
rubbish that may affect concrete.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are mixed into the concrete
to change or alter its properties, i.e. the
time concrete takes to set and harden,
or its workability.
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Concrete Materials
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Concrete Materials
A measured amount of cement is added
and mixed in.
Enough water is added to make the mix
workable. All the materials are then
mixed together well.
The cement powder and water form a
paste which bonds the aggregates
together like glue.
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