1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge and thank the following important people

who have supported us throughout this research project.

First of all we just want to thank God, for guiding us, and for giving us

strength to finish this research paper.

We would also like to express our gratitude to our teacher Mr. Bernard

Articona, for his unwavering support, guidance and insight throughout this

research project.

And finally, we would like to thank all of our close friends and family. You

have all encourage and believe in us.

The researchers;

T.M.E.B

J.U.G

A.L.P
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DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to our almighty God for giving us strength to

overcome pressure while doing this research project.

I also dedicate this research to my parents, Gina and Fidel Bujalance, to

all of my close friends, to all the respondents, to our teacher and to all people

who make this study possible, without them were not able to be successful in our

work.

Most especially to my group mates, this is the fruit of our work! God bless!.

T.M.E.B
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DEDICATION

I dedicate this research to almighty God who helps us in accomplishing

this research paper and for giving us wisdom, to my parents, Regina and

Jeronimo Garibay who give financial support.

I also dedicated this research to Jam Marcuz Oarga and Miki Morita for

giving us moral support.

And to my fellow group mates who work hard for this, God bless us!.

J.U.G
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DEDICATION

I want to dedicate this research to God, to his presence when we our

doing this, when we need to meet to other places, you always be keeping us

safe.

To my parents for i would like to dedicate this for giving us salary if we

already need to print it.

To our teachers for supporting and helping us, and to my group mates

who were always there, this is all of you.

A.L.P
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Filipino people are known as settlers in many parts of the world. They are

like the chameleon who easily adapts to different environments. They thrive to

survive. Survival of the fittest is their banner.

The Philippines is a country that has varied cultural influences. Most of

these influences are results of previous colonization, deriving mainly from the

culture of Spain and the United States. Despite all of these influences, the old

Asian culture of Filipinos has been retained and is clearly seen in their way of life,

beliefs and customs. Wherever you go, Filipino culture is very evident and has

largely been appreciated and even applauded in many parts of the world.

The basic social unit of the country is the family, which also includes the

intermediate family members (aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins) and other

outside relations (godparents and close friends). As such, many children have

several godparents and when parents are out of the country to work, children are

mostly left to the grandparents to watch over them. It is common for members of

the same family to work for the same company, a practice which was influenced

by the first Chinese settlers in the Philippines. Filipino families live in different

kinds of house structures depending on their status or area. For families in rural

areas, they live in a nipa hut which is made of bamboo and roofed with leaves

from palm trees or corrugated metal. Filipinos that are ranked as "middle class"

live in houses made of bricks and stones.

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The Philippines has a very unique culture due to the influences of

colonization and the surrounding countries. Filipino people are very hardworking

and strive to make life better for the next generation of their family. The melting

pot theory that is evident in this culture makes this country a vibrant, exciting and

diverse place to live and visit.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

There are very few researches that tackle the underlying theories of toxic

Filipino mentality.

As stated by Thomas Andres’s Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values

(2010), Let’s admit it; at some point in our lives, we have been guilty of one or

two (or more) of the Pinoy bad habits listed below. Although these negative traits

do not diminish the fact that Filipinos are a very awesome people, it’s just sad

that they have continued to pull us down personally and as a nation.

Filipinos have been living in the same traditional thinking for centuries.

Following our ancestors’ tradition, attitude, and even behavior without second

thoughts. Why? Because it’s ingrained in our culture.

But in this modern generation, the old and misaligned thinking can’t be ignored

anymore. Filipinos have been living and complaining about the same old toxic

Filipino culture for years, yet we shrug it off just because it was deemed as

acceptable in our families. Still, every day we ask ourselves, ‘why is the

Philippines still in the same place as it is 30, 50, 80 or 100 years ago?’ Perhaps

the answers are within ourselves, as stated by Armando Bonifacio (2011).

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Zeus Salazar (2011) also said that there are internal and external aspects

of hiya. Foreign scholars have captured only the external aspect. The more

appropriate translation of hiya is not “shame,” but “sense of propriety.”

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on theoretical framework, a conceptual design is used to create a

research paradigm.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Crab mentality  Low self-confidence

 Mañana Habit  socialization

 stereotyping  Mental health

 Double standards problem

Frame 1 Frame 2

Figure1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Frame 1: Shows the conceptual framework where frame A corresponds to

the Independent Variables consisting of the Students of Pedro Guevara Memorial

National High School while the;

Frame 2: Corresponds to the Dependent Variables Consisting of effects

that the Independent Variables can cause.

Statement of the Problem

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This study aims to show the impact of Toxic Filipino Mentality to the

teenage life of student in PGMNHS S.Y 2018-2019.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents, in terms of;

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Grade level

2. The Respondents answer the following question in terms of;

2.1 They will answer the entire question about of the toxic

mind of Filipino

2.2 They will be answer the “Yes or No “

2.3 They will be answer the question of effect of toxic mind .

3. Is there a significant difference between that answer of each

grade level of Pedro Guevarra Memorial National High School

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the level of Impact of Toxic

Filipino Mentality as rated by Male and Female respondents.

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Significance of the study

This research project about toxic Filipino mentality is possible and will

benefit the following:

Future Researchers

The study will encourage researcher to use this as references for their

study. It would also help them understand various researches that involve toxic

Filipino mentality and its effect to students. This study also serves as aguide or

source of energy for future researchers who will make or develop a further study

of the research project The Impact of Toxic Filipino Mentality to the Life of

Student in Pedro Guevara Memorial National High School.

Teachers

The findings may enhance involvement of teachers understanding in

learner and use in their daily task.

The Community

The findings may also serve as a guide to understand students or young

people in their behavior.

Scope and Limitation

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The researcher focuses on determining the relationship of toxic people

mentality on 20 random students of Pedro Guevara Memorial National High

School. They are given various questions that is needed to prove the study.

Related Literature
 11

Low Self-Confidence

(Roberts 2012) In reality, low self-confidence affects more people than you

think. Low self-confidence refers to how you feel about yourself overall.

Indicators of low self-confidence include: talking negatively ,not speaking up

,feeling bad about yourself more than you feel good ,lack of self-respect

There are many different characteristics of low self-esteem. They may not be as

obvious as one would assume. You, too, may be struggling with low-self esteem

and don’t even know it.

(Firestone 2018) Low self-confidence is characterized by a lack of

confidence and feeling badly about oneself. People with low self-confidence often

feel unlovable, awkward, or incompetent. According to researchers Morris

Rosenberg and Timothy J. Owens, who wrote Low Self-Esteem People: A

Collective Portrait, people with low self-confidence tend to be hypersensitive.

They have a fragile sense of self that can easily be wounded by others.

(McLeod 2012) Self-esteem should be viewed as a continuum, and can be

high, medium or low, and is often quantified as a number in empirical research

.When considering self-esteem it is important to note that both high and low

levels can be emotionally and socially harmful for the individual. Indeed it is

thought an optimum level of self-esteem lies in the middle of the continuum.

Individuals operating within this range are thought to be more socially dominant

within relationships.
 12

(Markway 2018) combine and interact differently for each person. Your

genes, cultural background, childhood experiences, and other life circumstances

all play a role. But don’t lose heart — although we can’t change the experiences

in our past that shaped us, there is plenty we can do to alter our thoughts and

expectations to gain more confidence.

(Gramms 2013) Self-confidence is an attitude about your skills and

abilities. It means you accept and trust yourself and have a sense of control in

your life. You know your strengths and weakness well, and have a positive view

of yourself. You set realistic expectations and goals, communicate assertively,

and can handle criticism.

(Almera 2001) Low self-confidence might stem from different experiences,

such as growing up in an unsupportive and critical environment, being separated

from your friends or family for the first time, judging yourself too harshly, or being

afraid of failure. People with low self-confidence often have errors in their

thinking.

(Merrey 2014) Low self-confidence might make you feel full of self-doubt,

be passive or submissive, or have difficulty trusting others. You may feel inferior,

unloved, or be sensitive to criticism. Feeling confident in yourself might depend

on the situation. For instance, you can feel very confident in some areas, such as

academics, but lack confidence in others, like relationships.

(Basavsra 2019) an internal state of mind, can describe the attitudes and

beliefs people hold regarding their abilities and strengths. People who have high
 13

levels of self-confidence may feel sure they will achieve what they set out to do

and maintain a steady sense of control over their lives. Self-confident people

generally trust in their abilities, their power, and their judgment.

Lack of Socializing

(Dombeck 2017) Socialization involves being with and a part of other

people; enjoying their company, confiding in them or letting them confide in you,

and working together towards shared goals. Going to church, joining a club or

group, chatting on line, calling a friend on the phone, or hanging out with friends

are all means of socialization. These are the activities that banish loneliness

feelings and promote the sense of safety, belonging and enjoyment that helps

people to feel secure.

(Cole 2019) Socialization is the process through which a person, from

birth through death, is taught the norms, customs, values, and roles of the

society in which they live. This process serves to incorporate new members into

a society so that they and it can function smoothly. It is guided by family,

teachers and coaches, religious leaders, peers, community, and media, among

others.

(Sosteric 2018) the concept of socialization is critical. But, “What is

socialization?” The authors of one text book define socialization as “a learning

process, one that involves development or changes in the individual’s sense of

self”, and this is exactly true. Socialization is a learning process. When your

parents teach you how to use a toilet or behave politely, when your teachers
 14

teach you about your country’s history, when a priest teaches you to behave a

certain way (i.e. listen to God’s commandments), you are being socialized. When

you are being socialized, you are taking part (willingly or unwillingly) in a learning

process.

(Hodges 1990) refers to the preparation of newcomers to become

members of an existing group and to think, feel, and act in ways the group

considers appropriate. Viewed from the group's point of view, it is a process of

member replacement. Such widely diverse situations as child rearing, teaching

someone a new game, orienting a new member of an organization, preparing

someone who has been in sales work to become a manager, or acquainting an

immigrant with the life and culture of a new society are all instances of

socialization.

(Mody 2016) an internal state of mind, can describe the attitudes and

beliefs people hold regarding their abilities and strengths. People who have high

levels of self-confidence may feel sure they will achieve what they set out to do

and maintain a steady sense of control over their lives. Self-confident people

generally trust in their abilities, their power, and their judgment.

(Bogardus 2002) is the climax of inter social stimulation. It is that process

whereby individuals with no outlook or understanding develop into self-respecting

persons with a full-orbed social responsibility. E. A. Ross has pointed out that

socialization is "the development of the we-feeling in associates and then growth

in capacity and will to act together."

 15

(Veneeres 2003) is the process of acquiring social skills, cultural norms,

and societal customs. Although the process continues throughout life,

socialization plays a significant role in psychological development during

childhood. Children who are completely deprived of social contact in their early

years may, in some cases, be unable to develop culturally accepted social skills

as adults.

(Troyer 2016) Socializing can provide a number of benefits to your

physical and mental health. Did you know that connecting with friends may also

boost your brain health and lower your risk of dementia? If you need reasons to

help justify spending extra time lingering over coffee with a friend, or setting

aside time in your busy schedule to connect with family, read on.

Mental Health Problem

(Perths 2018) Mental health problems range from the worries we all

experience as part of everyday life to serious long-term conditions. The majority

of people who experience mental health problems can get over them or learn to

live with them, especially if they get help early on. Mental health problems are

usually defined and classified to enable professionals to refer people for

appropriate care and treatment. But some diagnoses are controversial and there

is much concern in the mental health field that people are too often treated

according to or described by their label. This can have a profound effect on their

quality of life. Nevertheless, diagnoses remain the most usual way of dividing and

classifying symptoms into groups.

 16

(Fereiegchea 2017) Mental health includes our emotional, psychological,

and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps

determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental

health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence

through adulthood. Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health

problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors

contribute to mental health problems, including: Biological factors, such as genes

or brain chemistry ,Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse, Family history of

mental health problems .Mental health problems are common but help is

available. People with mental health problems can get better and many recover

completely.

(Williams 2010) ‘Mental health’ is often used as a substitute for mental

health conditions – such as depression, anxiety conditions, schizophrenia, and

others .According to the World Health Organization, however, mental health is “a

state of well-being in which every individual realize his or her own potential, can

cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is

able to make a contribution to her or his community.”

(Nordqvist 2017) Mental health refers to our cognitive, behavioral, and

emotional wellbeing - it is all about how we think, feel, and behave. The term

'mental health' is sometimes used to mean an absence of a mental disorder.

Mental health can affect daily life, relationships, and even physical health. Mental

health also includes a person's ability to enjoy life - to attain a balance between

life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. In this article, we will
 17

explain what is meant by the terms "mental health" and "mental illness." We will

also describe the most common types of mental disorder and how they are

treated. The article will also cover some early signs of mental health problems.

(Nagersn 2007) Being mentally healthy is also about having the strength

to overcome the difficulties and challenges we can all face at times in our lives –

to have confidence and self-esteem, to be able to take decisions and to believe

in ourselves.

(Soquesde 2019) Mental health problems can range from experiencing

worries and anxiety as part of everyday life to serious long-term conditions. Most

people who experience mental ill health can make a full recovery and learn to live

a fulfilling life with or without ongoing symptoms of their condition, particularly if

they get the right support early on.

Related Studies

Low Self Confidence

(Bénabou 2002) We analyze the value placed by rational agents on self-

confidence, and the strategies employed in its pursuit. Confidence in one's

abilities generally enhances motivation, making it a valuable asset for individuals

with imperfect willpower. This demand for self-serving beliefs (which can also

arise from hedonic or signaling motives) must be weighed against the risks of

overconfidence. On the supply side, we develop a model of self-deception

 18

through endogenous memory that reconciles the motivated and rational features

of human cognition. The resulting intrapersonal game of strategic communication

typically leads to multiple equilibria. While “positive thinking” can improve welfare,

it can also be self-defeating (and nonetheless pursued).

(Moray 1994) The increasing use of automation to supplant human

intervention in controlling complex systems changes the operators' role from

active controllers (directly involved with the system) to supervisory controllers

(managing the use of different degrees of automatic and manual control). This

paper examines the relationship between trust in automatic controllers, self-

confidence in manual control abilities, and the use of automatic controllers in

operating a simulated semi-automatic pasteurization plant. Trust, combined with

self-confidence, predicted the operators' allocation strategy. A Multitrait-

multimethod matrix and logit functions showed how trust and self-confidence

relate to the use of automation. An ARMAV time series model of the dynamic

interaction of trust and self-confidence, combined with individual biases,

accounted for 60.9-86.5% of the variance in the use of the three automatic

controllers. In general, automation is used when trust exceeds self-confidence,

and manual control when the opposite is true. Since trust and self-confidence are

two factors that guide operators' interactions with automation, the design of

supervisory control systems should include provisions to ensure that operators'

trust reflects the capabilities of the automation and operators' self-confidence

reflects their abilities to control the system manually.

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(Rose 2001) The development and validation of measures to assess

multiple dimensions of consumer self-confidence are described in this article.

Scale-development procedures resulted in a six-factor correlated model made up

of the following dimensions: information acquisition, consideration-set formation,

personal outcomes, social outcomes, persuasion knowledge, and marketplace

interfaces. A series of studies demonstrate the psychometric properties of the

measures, their discriminant validity with respect to related constructs, their

construct validity, and their ability to moderate relationships among other

important consumer behavior variables.

(Meyer 2006) The challenges faced by Asian businesses merit scholarly

investigation, both to help local business and to enrich the global scholarly

discourse. Such research should be able to make major contributions, for

instance by explaining context-specific variables and effects, and by drawing on

traditional Asian thought in developing new theories. Yet, recent work, in part due

to a lack of self-confidence to analyze the implications of indigenous contexts,

seems to have made little progress on this agenda.

(Smith 2009) While available research suggests positive outcomes when

using high-fidelity simulation in nursing education, little is known about factors

associated with these outcomes. This descriptive, correlational study examined

the effects of a simulation experience on two outcomes (student satisfaction and

self-confidence) as well as factors correlating with these outcomes. This was

accomplished by both descriptive statistical analysis (mean and standard

 20

deviation) in addition to correlational statistical analysis using bivariate statistics

(Spearman's rho) and multiple linear regression. Results indicate that design

characteristics, especially clear objectives and an appropriately challenging

problem to solve, were significantly correlated with student satisfaction and self-

confidence.

(White 2009) Self‐confidence is important for both students and

professional nurses to possess. Because nursing practitioners must exude

confidence, clarification of its meaning is necessary. Walker and Avant's (2005)

eight‐step method of concept analysis was used as the framework for this

examination. As a result of the analysis, three defining attributes of self‐

confidence were realized: belief in positive achievements, persistence, and self‐

awareness. Nursing faculty must be cognizant of the phenomena that are

prerequisite to self‐confidence and promote them in nursing students. Achieving

self‐confidence will allow more autonomous practice to be built, ultimately

benefiting those recipients of nursing care.

(Barnette 1970) Measured attitudes of self-confidence in caring for their

infants using a paired comparison questionnaire for 2 groups of mothers: a

separation group of 21 mothers denied physical interaction with their premature

infants in the 1st weeks following birth and a contact group of 22 mothers allowed

to care for their premature infants in the hospital nursery during this period.

Separation resulted in lower self-confidence for mi-parous (p.01) but not for

multiparous mothers. Comparing mothers initially low in self-confidence

(disregarding parity), those in the separation group were more likely to remain
 21

low until the infant was discharged (p .02). Self-confidence predicted observed

skill at 1 week post discharge (p .05). Psychological, social, and physiological

explanations of these differences are considered.

(Bell 1967) Intensive interviews with 234 new car buyers reveal that those

with general self-confidence tend to have high specific self-confidence in their car

buying ability. These two factors combine to influence consumer use of friends as

purchase helpers. Consumers and their purchase helpers form a buying team

whose specific self-confidence is curvilinear related to persuasibility.

Socialization

(Grusec 1991) Mothers of 4- and 7-yr-olds recorded their children's

spontaneous prosocial behavior, failure to be prosocial, and failure to comply

with requests for prosocial behavior, as well as responses that the children

received for these acts. Helping occurred more frequently than sharing and

giving, affection and praise, or reassuring and protecting. Children were equally

likely to receive no response, acknowledgment, social approval, and praise for

spontaneous prosocial behavior, with all other responses (including discussion of

the feelings of others and character attribution) occurring minimally. When

children did not comply with requests for prosocial behavior, they were more

likely to receive threats and nonverbal punishment than when they failed to be

prosocial. Empathy training was the most frequently occurring response to

failures of prosocial behavior and tended to be used more after these failures

than after failures to comply. Four-year-olds whose prosocial behavior was most
 22

frequently followed by no response tended to be the most prosocial. (PsycINFO

Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

(Watkins 2012) Cultures shape the types of goals that students pursue in

the classroom. However, research in achievement goal theory seems to have

neglected this cultural aspect with its exclusive focus on individualistically-based

goals such as mastery and performance goals. This emphasis on mastery and

performance goals may reflect Western individualist psychological thinking. Thus,

social goals, which may be more salient in collectivist cultures, are relatively

neglected. There is a dearth of studies investigating the role of social goals in

academic motivation, and the few studies that did explore them are somewhat

problematic. This paper reviews research done within the achievement goal

theory, considers the need for more studies on social goals, and concludes with

the argument that social goals are important in understanding student motivation

especially in collectivist cultures.

(Thopsom 1993) Although minority women in graduate school perceive

gender discrimination as more important than racial discrimination, compared to

majority women, fewer of them receive socialization experiences that enhance

their academic progress. Thus, although gender is a perceived barrier for

majority women as well, minority women face an additional obstacle to success

in graduate education and subsequent professional academic employment. The

authors discuss policy implications for faculty recruitment and retention.

 23

(Poirier 2015) The socializing functions of nonhuman primate play

behavior are discussed. An evolutionary perspective of play behavior is

presented to provide a concise view of its importance in primate phylogeny.

Some of the major variables influencing play behavior's socializing functions, i.e.,

gender, age, group structure and population dynamics, and the econiche, are

reviewed. It is concluded that the major socializing functions of play behavior

include proper social development, setting the basis for the adult dominance

hierarchy, social integration of individuals into the group structure, and learning

the social communicatory matrix.

(Pea 1970) A central issue in acquiring knowledge is its appropriate

transfer beyond the contexts and contents of first acquisition. In contrast to

dominant “common elements” transfer theory, an interpretive perspective is

developed, according to which “appropriate transfer” is a concept socioculturally

rather than objectively defined. “Elements” perceived by the thinker as common

between the current and a prior situation are not given in the nature of things but

“read” in terms of the thinker's culturally-influenced categorization system, of

problem types. A synthesis of cognitive research findings identifies specific

features of thinking-skills instruction effective for promoting transfer. These

include learning about and practicing knowledge application in multiple contexts

of use, constructively participating in bridging instruction across school and

nonschool problem situations, thinking and self-management skills taught within

domains, and synergistic integration of the learning of different subjects.

 24

Recommendations are made for developing new learning technologies that build

upon these conditions for enhancing knowledge transfer.

(Ausubel 2016) An analysis of the basis of guilt and shame and the

relationships between them indicates that guilt should develop in all cultures,

given the minimally favorable social conditions. Cultural relativism in this area is

seen to arise from the ethnocentric tendency to define a given trait in terms of its

specific attributes in one's own culture.

(Rosser 2003) This review provides an overview on three books that offer

advice to graduate students and new faculty members. The goal of these

publications is to supplement and support graduate students and new faculty

members with details and reinforcement that may broaden their professional and

academic socialization. These books were selected for review because of their

broad audience appeal and because they represent the most current and

comprehensive professional guides for advanced graduate students and new

faculty members.

(Bergin 2015) This retrospective study of people in wheelchairs who have service

dogs reports their experiences with strangers in public before and after obtaining

their dogs. The specific hypothesis tested was that the acquisition of a service

dog would increase the number of friendly approaches by strangers. Subjects

reported a significantly higher number of social greetings from adults and

children on typical shopping trips with the dog as compared with those received

on trips before they had the dog or with recent trips when the dog was not
 25

present. Subjects with service dogs reported more approaches than a control

group without dogs. After obtaining dogs, subjects also increased their evening

outings.

Mental Health Problem

(Hunt 2009) Mental disorders are as prevalent among college students as

same-aged non-students, and these disorders appear to be increasing in number

and severity. The purpose of this report is to review the research literature on

college student mental health, while also drawing comparisons to the parallel

literature on the broader adolescent and young adult populations.

(Rickwood 2005) This paper summarises an ambitious research agenda

aiming to uncover the factors that affect help-seeking among young people for

mental health problems. The research set out to consider why young people, and

particularly young males, do not seek help when they are in psychological

distress or suicidal; how professional services be made more accessible and

attractive to young people; the factors that inhibit and facilitate help-seeking; and

how community gatekeepers can support young people to access services to

help with personal and emotional problems. A range of studies was undertaken

in New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT, using both qualitative and

quantitative approaches. Data from a total of 2721 young people aged 14–24

years were gathered, as well as information from some of the community

gatekeepers to young people’s mental health care.

 26

(Bagley 1999) This study examines the extent to which gay, lesbian, and

bisexual young people are at increased risk of psychiatric disorder and suicidal

behaviors using data gathered on a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 21

years.

(Ganger 1998) We compared the rates of mental health problems in

children in foster care across three counties in California. A total of 267 children,

ages 0 to 17, were assessed two to four months after entry into foster care using

a behavioral screening checklist, a measure of self-concept and, in one county,

an adaptive behavior survey. Results confirmed previous research and indicated

consistently high rates of mental health problems across the three counties.

Behavior problems in the clinical or borderline range of the CBCL were observed

at two and a half times the rate expected in a community population. Fewer

children fell within the clinical range on the self-concept measure. No significant

differences in rates between the three county foster care cohorts were observed,

despite the different demographic characteristics of the counties. On the adaptive

behavior scale, the mean scores for children in foster care were more than one

standard deviation below the norm. Our findings suggest that the most important

mental health screening issue with children in foster care is to identify what

specific mental health problems need to be addressed so that the most effective

treatment services can be provided.

(Davies 2003) The 1999 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Survey, a nationwide epidemiological study of rates of psychiatric disorder in

children aged 5 to 15 years, provided the opportunity to investigate the mental

 27

health of children with epilepsy. These children and their families experience

disability specifically because of additional emotional, behavioural, and

relationship problems, and this is the first epidemiological study that directly

measures these impairments. Information was obtained by interviewing a main

carer and teacher for 10316 children; 67 children with epilepsy were identified

(35 males, 32 females; mean age 10 years 2 months, SD 2 years 11 months,

range 5 to 15 years), and compared with the 47 children with diabetes (27

females, 20 males; mean age 10 years 4 months, SD 3 years 4 months, range 5

to 15 years) and 10202 controls (50% male; mean age 9 years 11 months, SD 3

years 1 month, range 5 to 15 years). DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses were derived

from the Development and Well-Being Assessment in combination with the

interview and a specialist clinician rating. Parental reports of emotional and

behavioural problems, their impact, and associated peer problems were also

obtained. Rates of psychiatric disorder were 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]

22 to 49) in epilepsy, 11% (95% CI 2 to 19%) in diabetes, and 9% (95% CI 9 to

10%) in control children. Parents of children with epilepsy consistently reported

more problems, with greater impact and associated peer problems. Epilepsy, but

not diabetes, was independently (adjusted for age, sex, and severe learning

difficulties) associated with all behavioural variables in regression analyses.

Emotional, behavioural, and relationship difficulties are common in children with

epilepsy, and constitute a significant burden to the children and their families,

indicating the need for effective mental health services for these children.
 28

( Sivin 2009) Cross-sectional studies indicate a high prevalence of mental

health problems among college students, but there are fewer longitudinal data on

these problems and related help-seeking behavior.

(Castro 2007) The present review addresses the perceived stigma

associated with admitting a mental health problem and seeking help for that

problem in the military. Evidence regarding the public stigma associated with

mental disorders is reviewed, indicating that the public generally holds negative

stereotypes toward individuals with psychological problems, leading to potential

discrimination toward these individuals. The internalization of these negative

beliefs results in self-stigma, leading to reduced self-esteem and motivation to

seek help. Even if soldiers form an intention to seek help for their psychological

difficulty, barriers to mental health care may prevent the soldier from receiving

the help they need. An overall model is proposed to illustrate how the stigma

associated with psychological problems can prevent soldiers getting needed help

for psychological difficulties and proposed interventions for reducing stigma in a

civilian context are considered for military personnel.

(Newcomb 2010) Research on internalized homophobia (IH) has linked it

to both mental and physical health outcomes. Extant research indicates that IH

and mental health are related in a variety of different subgroups of lesbian, gay

and bisexual (LGB) persons. However, much of this research has suffered from

methodological issues. Studies have frequently substituted distress-related

constructs (e.g., self-esteem and general well-being) for measures of

internalizing mental health problems. Furthermore, many studies have

 29

misapplied measures of IH designed for gay men with lesbian samples. The

current study used Hierarchical Linear Modeling to perform meta-analysis. Effect

sizes were combined across multiple studies that used dimensional measures of

internalizing mental health problems (i.e., depression and anxiety). The use of

multilevel modeling techniques allowed for the evaluation of moderating effects

on these relationships, including those of gender, year of data collection, mean

age of the sample, publication type, and type of symptomatology measured.

Thirty-one studies were meta-analyzed for the relationship between IH and

mental health (N = 5831), revealing a small to moderate overall effect size for the

relationship between the two variables. Higher levels of IH were associated with

higher scores on dimensional measures of internalizing mental health problems.

Significant moderating effects were also found for mean age of the sample and

the type of symptomatology measured in each study. The relationship between

IH and internalizing mental health problems was stronger in studies with a higher

mean age. The relationship between IH and depressive symptomatology was

stronger than the relationship between IH and symptoms of anxiety. Limitations

and future research directions are discussed as well as implications for clinical

practice.
 30

Referencing

https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2012/05/what-is-low-self-

esteem

https://www.psychalive.org/low-self-esteem/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-esteem.html

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shyness-is-nice/201812/5-causes-low-

self-confidence

https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/socialization/

https://www.thoughtco.com/socialization-in-sociology-4104466

https://www.sociology.org/what-is-socialization/

http://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/Persel

lSocializationReading37.htm

https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/your-mental-health/about-mental-health/what-

are-mental-health-problems

https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health

https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/28/1/121/1851158

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10490-006-7160-2

https://journals.lww.com/neponline/Abstract/2009/03000/HIGH_FIDELITY_SIMU

LATION__Factors_Correlated_with.5.aspx
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the used Descriptive Method of Research. This

methodology plays an important role in implementing this research study

accordingly. The details of the methodology are explained in detail in this

chapter. In order to gather the necessary data, the researcher utilized the

descriptive method, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A total of

50 respondents were randomly selected as participants. The survey-

questionnaire method was the research instruments used for data-gathering.

The credibility of findings and conclusions extensively depend on the

quality of the research design, data collection, data management, and data

analysis. This chapter will be dedicated to the description of the methods and

procedures done in order to obtain the data, how they will be analyzed

interpreted, and how the conclusion will be met. This section is to justify the

means in which the study was obtained and will help in giving it purpose and

strength as it will then be truthful and analytical. All these will help in the

processing of the data and the formulation of conclusions.

Specifically, this research will cover the following: the research design

and method, the respondents or subjects to be studied (which will include the

sampling method), the data collection instrument, and the data analysis. These

will be presented below.

 32

In this research, I will use descriptive method of research is to gather

information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this

method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study

and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher opted to use

this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to obtain first hand

data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and

recommendations for the study.

I. Research Method

For this study, the research used qualitative and quantitative approach.

The qualitative method permits a flexible and iterative approach, while the

quantitative research method permits specification of dependent and

independent variables and allows for longitudinal measures of subsequent

performance of the research subject. The value of qualitative research can best

be understood by examining its characteristics. One of the primary advantages of

qualitative research is that it is more open to the adjusting and refining of

research ideas as an inquiry proceeds.

II.

Research Instrument
 33

The researcher designs a self-administered questionnaire for the

datagathering process to get qualitative and quantitative data. The primary aim of

the questionnaire is to determine the strategy used by American

InternationalAssurance Company to overcome the challenges given by the

bankingindustries that offers both insurance and investment plans as part of

theproduct portfolio. This research will use a mixture of closed questions

andmore open comments in the questionnaire. A closed question is one that

haspre-coded answers. The simplest is the dichotomous question to which

therespondent must answer yes or no. Through closed questions, the

researcher will be able to limit responses that are within the scope of

thisstudy.

III.

Respondents of the Study

The study will have senior managers of AIA. All of these participantswere

selected through random sampling. This sampling method is conductedwhere

each member of a population has an equal opportunity to become partof the

sample. As all members of the population have an equal chance of becoming a

 34

research participant, this is said to be the most efficient samplingprocedure. In

order to conduct this sampling strategy, the researcher definedthe population

first, listed down all the members of the population, and thenselected members to

make the sample. For this purpose, a self-administeredsurvey questionnaire in

Likert format was given to the respondents to answer.The senior managers

assessed the management strategies of AIAterms of the outcome of its process

(e.g. key resources, strengths andweaknesses). No inclusion criteria were

applied for the individual applicants;hence, all were made part of the population.

However, due to time and budgetconstraints, the researcher opted for a smaller

sample size.

II. Research Instruments

For this study, the survey-questionnaire instruments were used achieve

the main objective of the study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed

to the selected senior managers. The questionnaire given to the senior managers

aimed to assess the toxic mentality of a Filipino.

. In general, the performance of the each student was evaluated for this

study in order to determine whether its strategy is effective or not. This focus of

the assessment was based on the principles introduced by various authors. The

questionnaire was structured in such a way that respondents will be able to

answer it easily. Thus, the set of questionnaire was structured using the Likert

format with a five-point response scale. A Likert Scale is a rating scale that

requires the subject to indicate his or her degree of agreement or disagreement

 35

to a statement. In this type of questionnaire, the respondents were given five

response choices. These options served as the quantification of the participants'

agreement or disagreement on each question item. Below are the designated

quantifications used in the questionnaire:

Likert Scale

5 Strongly agree
4 Agree
3 Uncertain
2 Disagree
1 Strongly disagree

Data Analysis and Presentation

The study utilized first hand data which comes from the chosen
respondents who answered the survey-questionnaires given to them. Firsthand
data are those that come from the respondents who have been surveyed prior to
the research. The study also utilized secondary data.

Secondary data include raw data and published summaries, as well as

both quantitative and qualitative data. Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill (2003)
deduced that secondary data fall into three main subgroups—documentary data,
survey-based data, and those compiled from different sources. With this
particular study, the researcher utilized documentary secondary data (in the form
of articles from books, journals, magazines, and newspapers) that are generally
about the marketing strategies and customer satisfactions as well as relevant
literatures and survey-based data in order to meet the objectives of this study. In
order to analyze the data gathered from the survey, the weighted mean for each
question item was computed. Weighted mean is the average wherein every
quantity to be averaged has a corresponding weight.
 36

Validity

In order to test the validity of the evaluation tool which used for this study,

the researcher tested the questionnaire to 5 respondents. These respondents as

well as their answers were not part of the actual study process and were only

used for testing purposes. After the questions have been answered, there

searcher asked the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary

corrections to improve the instrument further. The researcher modified the

content of the questionnaire based on the assessment and suggestions of the

sample respondents. The researchers excluded irrelevant questions and

changed vague or difficult terminologies into simpler ones so as to make the

survey more comprehensive for the selected respondents.

Ethical Considerations

As this study utilized human participants and investigated on company

practices, certain issues were addressed. The consideration of these issues is

necessary for the purpose of ensuring the privacy as well as the security of the

participants. These issues were identified in advance so as prevent future

problems that could have risen during the research process. Among the

significant issues that were considered included consent, confidentiality and data

protection.
 37

Definition of terms

Crab mentality or crabs in a bucket, is a way of thinking best described by the

phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you". The metaphor refers to a bucket of live

crabs, some of which could easily escape, but other crabs pull them back down

to prevent any from getting out, ensuring the group's collective demise.

Mañana habit is one of the most negative traits of some people. It means

mamaya na in Filipino or to do a certain thing in a later time. It is a procrastinate

way of doing a things or simple means finding a way to delay a work to be done.

Propriety the state or quality of conforming to conventionally accepted standards

of behavior or morals.

Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions

originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Double standards a rule or principle which is unfairly applied in different ways to

different people or groups.

Socialization the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to

society.