What is cement and how it is made?

Cement is a substance which is applied to the surface of solid bodies to make them adhere firmly or more specifically a
powdered substance which is made plastic with water is used in a soft and pasty stage. On hardening or drying it binds
together with bricks, stones, etc., in construction. Portland cement is a calcined material comprising lime and silicates,
which is mixed with sand and stone and upon hydration forms a plastic material which then sets and hardens to a rock
like material called concrete.
Portland cement is manufactured in a series of process. Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and other material containing
appropriate proportions of Calcium, silicon, aluminium and iron oxides are crushed and milled to a fine flour like stuff
called “Raw Meal“. This is preheated in a pre heater or in A rotary kiln to dis-associate calcium carbonate to active calcium
oxide with The evolution of carbon dioxide and then to react calcium oxides with Other component in a Rotary Kiln to form
calcium silicates and aluminates Which partially fuse at material burning temp up to 1400 oC. The Reaction Product leave
the kiln as a dark grayish nodules called “ Clinker “ The Clinker is finally inter ground with a small proportion of Gypsum to
control The rate of hydration and the fine product is cement.

Why is Gypsum added with Clinker in the production of cement?

Gypsum is added to the cement production process mainly for the purpose of regulating its setting time. It prevents flash
setting and makes the concrete workable for hours. In addition, it also influences other cement properties like grindability,
sensitivity to storage, volume stability and development of strength.

What is setting time?

It is the time required to change the stage of cement paste from fluid to a rigid one.

What is the false set of cement paste?

False set is used to describe the premature stiffening of the cement paste which at times occur within 10-15 minutes of
mixing with water. This is caused by dehydration of Gypsum due to high temp during the cement grinding process.
However, the plasticity of the paste is regained on remixing.

What is flash set of cement paste?

This refers to rigidity of the cement paste which can occur within 5-10 minutes of mixing with water and is referred to as
irreversible rigidity. This is caused by the formation of aluminate hydrate due to high content of
C3A and / or a small amount of easily soluble calcium sulphate. Cement produced with this behavior is unsuitable to use.

What is consistency of cement paste?

Consistency of cement paste is the amount of water required for preparing a workable cement paste.

What is Heat of Hydration in cement paste?

When cement is mixed with water, calcium silicates react with the cement producing a gel like calcium silicates hydrate
and Calcium hydroxide is called “Hydration of cement paste". This hydration Reaction is an exothermic reaction which
means heat is liberated. This is called heat of hydration in cement paste. The quantity of heat liberated in quite
Appreciable and due consideration to be taken while making mass concrete construction. During cooling of the concrete
after hydration reaction, cracks can develop due to thermal gradients if enough design consideration are not taken care.

What is Soundness in cement?

Soundness provides an index of potential delayed expansion caused by Hydration of Calcium Oxide, or Magnesium Oxide,
or both when present in Portland Cement. This, in turn, provides information on the volume stability of concrete when
Portland Cement is used.

What is Shrinkage in cement?

The term ‘drying shrinkage’ can be defined as the decrease in length of the cement test specimen, where the decrease is
caused by any factor other than externally applied forces under stated environmental conditions. The terms include the
net effect of a variety of phenomena, including hydration of the cement, tending to bring about both increase and
decrease in length during the period in which the cement test specimens are stored under stated environmental
conditions.

What is Air Content of cement?

This indicates the volume of air (and other gases, if any) in a freshly mixed cement mortar, expressed as a percentage of
total volume of the mortar. The test for air content is essential to assess the cement for its requirement with respect to
air-entraining requirement.

What is Compressive strength?

Compressive strength is the usual primary requirement of good concrete in it’s hardened state and this is an overall
measure for the quality of cement and concrete. In order to ascertain the compressive strength of cement and concrete, a
predetermined ratio of cement, aggregate and water are thoroughly mixed and specimens are cast. These specimens are
cured and stored in specified environmental conditions prior to testing it’s compressive strength at various ages like three
days, seven days, 28 days, etc., Many of the desirable properties of concrete like durability, impermeability, abrasion
resistance, etc., are highly influenced by compressive strength. Water cement ratio, workability and maximum size of
aggregate also affects the compressive strength of the concrete

What is Tensile strength?

The term is used to define the maximum tensile stress measured in force per unit cross sectional area that a cement
mortar specimen can resist before it ruptures. Concrete, a mixture of loosely bonded sand and gravel, has a low tensile
strength because of it’s coarse structure and hence must be reinforced to withstand the tensile stresses encountered in
structure.

What is Flexural Strength?

Generally compressive strength is used as an overall measure for the quality of cement and concrete. However, in specific
applications like roads and runways flexural strength is more important. The flexural strength of cement mortar / concrete
is determined by subjecting a plain prison / beam to flexure under transverse loads. Flexural strength is more sensitive to
inadequate curing and type of aggregate since the effects of non-uniform shrinkage adversely affects flexural strength.

What is Impermeability?
Impermeability plays a primary role on the durability of concrete, which in turn depends on the water cement ratio. In the
air entrained concrete, minute air bubbles are trapped inside, which improves the workability of the mix and also function
as minute safety values by providing room for the free water in hardened concrete to escape.

Why there are so many types of special cements?

Special cements are usually developed and produced to meet performance and durability requirement in particular.

- Improved strength development.

- Increased resistance to chemical attack.
- Improved compatiability with reactive – aggregates.
- Suitability for use at elevated temperature and pressures.
- Suitability for use in special application
- Applicability in architectural purposes.

What is Sulphate Resisting Cements?

Sulphate can be found in natural and industrial wastes as well as in soils. Soluble sulphates can react with lime and
aluminates present in the hardened Concrete and form respectively gypsum and ettringite. Both reaction involves
expansion and consequent concrete deterioration. Sulphate Resisting Cement are characterised by a low C3A content to
minimise the risk of ettringite formation.
What is Low Heat Cements?
Hydration reaction of cement develop heat. When cement is used in the production of mass concrete, temperature
gradients generate between the core and the surface of the mass, causing strains and may eventually lead to cracking.
Low heat cements have a reduced heat of hydration obtained by altering the chemical composition to have low C3S and
low C3A contents. This type of cement is recommended for use for mass concrete production or for large structural
sections.

What is Leaching Resistant Cements?

Water with low salinity or a high content of carbon dioxide are capable to dissolve hydration lime presence in concrete and
can damage the structure. Leaching Resistant cement are produced with low C3S content which has a low development of
calcium hydroxide or lime. Their use is suggested in hydraulic works like basins, river barriers and sides etc.

What is Low Alkali Cement?

Some aggregates may contain forms of reactive amorphous silica. In the presence of water, this can react with the
soluble alkali content of cement and form locally an expansive gel that can deteriorate the concrete. In such case cements
are produced to have lower content of K2O and Na2O or to add some special pozzolan or slag material which can
immediately react with alkali and prevent subsequent reaction with aggregates in the concrete.

What is Seawater-Resisting Cement?

Deterioration of the concrete which is in contact with sea water takes place due to chemical attack by MgSO4, mechanical
stresses by tidal waves, Crystallization pressure due to deposition of salts in the wind and water line. To absorb all these
factors, sea water resisting cements are produced with moderate C3A content or as blended cements.

What is Blended Cement?

In blended cement production, some portion of the clinker component is replaced with a suitable pozzolan or a slag or
limestone or fly ash etc. The use of these mineral will improve the durability and the pore structure of the hardened
concrete by lowering its lime content and porosity as a consequence of the enhanced development of calcium silicate
hydrates.

What is High Early Strength and Rapid Hardening Cement?

The requirement of these types of cement arise when a rapid strength development is required like if form work has to be
removed or reused after a short time or when sufficient strength is required for further construction in slip forming. In all
such cases the cement used should develop the required strength as soon as possible. These types of cement are made
by grinding of clinker with more fines or by altering the quality of clinker with high C3S and C3A content. Since rapid
strength gain is usually associated to high rate of heat development, this kind of cement should not be used in mass
concrete or in large structural sections.

What is Oil Well Cement?

Oil Well cement are developed for use in oil and gas wells and are designed to set at high temperatures and pressures in
well grouting. They can also be used for sealing water wells, waste disposal pits and geo-thermal wells. In order to meet
the above requirements, oil well cements are made with special composition or additives enabling then have low
permeability, good bond between rock and casing, to withstand and set under high temperature and pressure and to
protect the casing against corrosion and collapse.

What is White Cement?

As the name suggests the color of this cement is white and the mechanical properties are comparable to those of gray
cement. It is produced with suitable selection of raw materials in which coloring elements like Iron, Chromium and
manganese must be kept at the lowest possible level. In order to ease the clinker burning, floride is used as a mineraliser.
This kind of cement is used mainly for architectural purposes in white or colored concrete.

What is Masonry Cement?

The Masonry Cements are those, which have low early and late strength, low shrinkage, limited water permeability, high
water retention, excellent plasticity and cohesiveness in the fresh stage and better workability. This cement is produced
by a low to medium clinker content and the use of limestone or other mineral additions and use of air entraining agents.

What is Free Lime in Cement?

During clinker formation, all the uncombined lime released from the limestone gets combined with silica, iron and alumina
to form silicates, ferrite and aluminate phases. The lime left uncombined is known as free lime and it is responsible for
unsoundness in cement if present in excess.

Quality of Cement

The quality of cement is judged by its performance in combination with water as a binder in a material and it includes
properties like setting behavior, strength development, heat development, volume stability and durability. It is very
essential to ensure that the contribution to these properties of the cement is kept at a certain level and with variations as
small as possible to meet the demand expressed in the standard specifications and to comply with the wishes and needs
of the market.

These factors are associated with the characteristics of the materials being used for the cement viz. Clinker, Gypsum and
Additives, and how they are altered during grinding and storage.

Raw material components required for the manufacturing of cement

The main raw material components required for the Cement manufacturing are the “Calcareous” and “Argillaeous”
materials. The Calcareous material mainly provide CaO ( Calcium Oxide ) plus some part of other oxides. Argillaeous
material mainly provide SiO2 ( Silicon Di Oxide), Al2O3 ( Aluminium Oxide) and Fe2O3 ( Ferric Oxide). In case of deficiency
in any components then corrective materials rich in SiO 2 such as Sand, rich in Al2O3 such as Bauxite and rich in Fe2O3 like
Iron Ore or Laterite, are added in raw mix to meet the specification o In order to regulate the setting time of the cement,
Gypsum – CaSO4.2H2O is added along with Clinker in the final cement grinding process.f clinker and cement as per
international norms.
Typical analysis of various types of Calcareous material available:

Designation Lime High Chalk SandyLime Marble Calcareous PhosphaticLime DolomiticLime

Stone GradeLime Stone Marl Stone Stone
Stone

Loss % 42.9 42.9 42.26 35.23 43.14 30.6 42.0 37.5

SiO2 % 5.19 0.70 2.38 15.74 1.10 13.8 2.0 16.7

Al2O3 % 0.81 0.68 1.57 0.88 0.51 7.0 0.37 2.1

Fe2O3 % 0.54 0.08 0.56 0.51 0.25 4.55 0.56 0.27

CaO % 48.61 54.54 52.48 44.89 54.33 38.35 52.1 33.60

MgO % 1.90 0.59 0.59 2.54 0.48 1.32 0.76 9.3

SO3 % 0.05 0.25 0.01 0.61 0.04 0.43 0.23 0.08

K2O % 0.33 0.01 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.86 0.08 0.29

Na2O % 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.08 0.01 2.61 0.36 0.40

TiO2 % 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.07

Cr2O3 % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01

Mn2O3 % 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.29 0.06 0.06

P2O5 % 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.25 0.98 0.20

Cl % 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.12

F% 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total % 100.11 99.97 99.97 101.0 100.16 100.34 99.57 100.71

Note: Of the above SO3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and Cl components are undesirable for the cement process and should be
as minimum as possible. As a consequence, Dolomitic Limestone is not desirable.

Typical Analysis of various types of Argillaceous material:

Designation Shale I Shale II Siliceous Claystone Clay Sandy Shalel Slate

Marl

Loss % 3.71 5.3 32.24 13.3 12.5 3.9 5.58

SiO2 % 61.1 64.1 22.7 48.6 45.9 70.8 56.29

Al2O3 % 16.4 13.6 3.9 19.6 23.9 10.9 19.22

Fe2O3 % 7.1 6.1 2.4 9.1 15.5 5.2 4.39

CaO % 1.1 1.8 32.9 2.5 0.72 1.3 0.09

MgO % 2.4 2.9 3.32 1.6 0.33 2.2 1.65

SO3 % 0.01 0.03 0.95 1.78 0.03 0.03 0.72

K2O % 4.8 2.7 0.59 0.54 0.01 2.2 10.85

 Na2O % 1.6 1.9 0.19 1.0 0.11 2.0 0.19

TiO2 % 0.76 0.67 0.39 1.2 0.86 0.71 0.46

Cr2O3 % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01

Mn2O3 % 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.20 0.05 0.22

P2O5 % 0.13 0.18 0.03 0.18 0.06 0.17 0.15

Cl % 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.04 0.01 0.06

F% 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total % 99.21 99.36 99.68 99.68 99.88 94.49 100.07

Note: Of the above SO3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and Cl components are undesirable for the cement process and should
be as minimum as possible.

Typical Analysis of Corrective Raw material Components:

Correctives Aluminum – Al2O3 Iron Oxide – Fe2O3 Silicon Di

Oxide – SiO2

Designation BauxiteType BauxiteType BauxiteType Pyrite Hematite Umber Iron Sand Sand
I II III Ash Slag Stone

Loss % 10.5 29.35 15.4 Nd 3.41 13.99 1.6 0.91 3.69

SiO2 % 4.3 3.3 3.1 7.8 11.0 32.1 21.5 94.7 80.2
 Al2O3 % 56.0 56.6 57.6 1.0 3.1 4.3 8.8 2.9 8.37

Fe2O3 % 22.1 9.4 15.8 84.3 77.7 37.5 57.6 0.24 3.26

CaO % Nd 1.15 4.1 0.8 1.2 1.42 3.1 0.35 3.29

MgO % Nd 0.08 0.16 0.45 0.32 1.70 3.6 0.13 0.45

SO3 % Nd 0.24 0.29 11.73 2.1 0.04 2.3 0.01 0.08

K2O % Nd 0.15 0.08 0.09 0.48 0.69 Nd 1.3 1.9

Na2O % Nd 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.30 Nd 0.2 0.11

TiO2 % 3.0 Nd 2.9 0.16 0.19 3.24 Nd 0.12 0.48

Cr2O3 % Nd Nd 0.02 Nd 0.01 0.24 Nd 0.01 0.01

Mn2O3 % Nd Nd 0.03 0.04 1.31 5.75 Nd 0.03 0.01

P2O5 % Nd Nd 0.21 Nd 0.02 0.16 Nd 0.01 0.02

Cl % Nd Nd 0.01 Nd 0.02 0.08 Nd 0.01 0.01

F% Nd Nd 0.01 Nd 0.01 0.02 Nd 0.01 0.01

Total % Nd 100.37 99.79 Nd 100.94 101.53 98.50 100.93 98.89

Note: Of the above SO3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and Cl components are undesirable for the cement process and should
be as minimum as possible.

In the Cement Manufacturing Process, the selected raw material components are blended, proportioned and finely ground
to a powder form called as Raw Meal, which often have a fineness of 14 – 16 % residue on 90-micron sieve. This material
is heated in stages and finally in a rotary Kiln at about 1400 oC. In the Kiln, after the completion of chemical reactions, a
sintered mass is produced which is called as Clinker. This semi-finished product is again proportioned with Gypsum and
then ground to a powder, which is called as Cement.
The following chemical reactions and phase transformations take place at different temperature ranges.

Temp – oC Process Chemical Transformation

< 100 Drying and elimination of free water from raw H2O ( Liq) » H2O ( Gas)
material components
100 – 400 Elimination of combined water or physically
absorbed water.

400 – 750 Decomposition of clay minerals with the Al4(OH)8Si4O10 » 2(Al2O3.2SiO2) + 4 H2O
formation of metakaolinite. Removal of structural
H2O.

600 – 900 Decomposition of metakaolinite to mixture of free Al2O3.2SiO2» Al2O3 + 2SiO2

and reactive oxides

600 – 1000 Dissociation of limestone and formation of CaCO3» CaO + CO23CaO+2SiO2+Al2O3» 2(CaO.SiO2) +
intermediate products CS and CA CaO.Al2O3

800 –1300 Binding of lime by CS and CA with the formation CaO.SiO2+CaO » 2CaO.SiO2 2CaO+CaO+Al2O3»
of C2S, C3A and C4AF.Formation of belite and 3CaO.Al2O33CaO+CaO+Al2O3+Fe2O3» 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
liquid phases such as aluminate and ferrite melt

1250 – Further binding of lime by C 2S to form 2CaO.SiO2+CaO » 3CaO.SiO2

1450 C3S.Completion of reaction and recrystallisation
of formed phases.

Cooling Crystallisation of liquid phase into mainly

1300 – aluminate and ferrite
1240

Common Control factors and their influence on the property of Clinker and Cement

Parameter Empirical Limiting Preferable Range Effects

Formula Range

(SM) - Silica S / (A+F) 1.9 – 3.2 2.3 – 2.7 A higher SM :

Modulus
- Result in harder burning and high fuel
consumption.
- Tends to cause unsoundness or free
CaO
- Causes difficulty in coating formation
and hence the radiation from kiln shell
will be very high.
- Reduces the service klife of
refractories.
- Results in slow setting and hardening
of the cement.
(AM) Alumina A/F 1.5 – 2.5 A higher AM :
Modulus.
- Imparts harder burning and entail
higher fuel consumption.
- Increases the proportion of C 3A and
reduces C4AF.
- Increases both C3S and C2S
- Reduces the liquid phase and Kiln
output.
- Tends to render quick cement setting
and strong at early ages.
- Increases viscosity of the liquid phase
at constant temperature.
- If AM is too low and raw mix is without
free silica, clinker sticking and balling is
high.

(LSF) – Lime 100 C / (2.8S 0.66 – 0.92 – 0.96 A higher LSF :

Saturation +1.65A +0.35F) 1.02
Factor. when AM is >0.64 - Makes it difficult to burn the raw mix.
- Tends to produce unsound cement, i.e.
100C / ( 2.8 S + high amount of free CaO presence.
1.1 A + 0.7 F ) - Increases the C3S content.
when AM < 0.64 - Reduces the C2S content
- Causes slow setting with high early
100 (C+0.75 M) / strength.
2.8S + 1.18 A
+0.65 F when M
< 2.0

100 ( C + 1.5M) /
2.8 S + 1.8
A+0.65 F when M
> 2.0

Free Silica in Sf 0–3% As low as possible A higher SF :

different forms.
- Increases the power and fuel
consumption.
- Causes difficulty in coating formation.
- Deteriorates the refractory lining.
- Increases the radiation from the kiln
shell.
- Increases the kiln exit gas
temperature.

Magnesium M 0 – 5% 0–2% A higher Ml:

Oxide (MgO)
- Reduces viscosity and surface tension
of Clinker liquid and increase ionic
mobility.
 - Favors the dissolution of C2S and free
CaO at higher temperature and lets
C3S forms more quickly.
- Tends to ball easily in the burning
zone, which affects the kiln operation.
- Leads to unsoundness by forming
periclase crystals when M > 2.0%
- Increases C3S and melt but has no
effect on C2S(M < 2 %)
- Volume instability when 2>M>6

Titanium Oxide TiO2 0 – 4% 1.5 – 2.0% A higher TiO2 :

(TiO2)
- Results in sharp reduction in C 3S
content with equal gain in C3S content
and appreciable variations in other
phases.
- Reduces viscosity and surface tension
of the melt.
- Reduces grain sizes of alite and belite.
- Causes slower setting and lower early
strength.
- Forms darker color clinker.

Manganese Mn2O3 0 – 4% 1.5 – 2.0 % A higher content :

Oxide
- Reduces the viscosity of the melt.
- Reduces the size of the alite crystals.
- Reduces early strength.

Strontium SrO 0–4% 0.5 – 1.0 % A higher content :

Oxide
- Accelerates the combination reaction of
CaO in solid phase.
- Lowers the apperance temperature of
the liquid.
- Decreases hydraulic strength.
- Tends to release free CaO by the
destruction of C3S.

Chromium Cr2O3 0–2% 0.3 – 0.5 % A higher content :

Oxide
- Reduces viscosity and surface tension
of the clinker liquid.
- Forms alite rapidly and increases its
crystals.
- Decomposes C3S into CaO free and
C2S.
- Increases the stability of A and
decreases that of F.
- Increases the initial hydraulic activity.
Alkalies K2O + Na2O 0–1% 0.2 – 0.3 % A higher content :

- Improves the burnability at lower

temperature and deteriorates at higher
temperature.
- Increases liquid and coating formation.
- Lowers the solubility of CaO in the
melt.
- Breaks down the alite and belite
phases.
- Creates operational problems like
coating and jamming in preheaters.
- Will lead to expansion when total alkali
level > 0.60% in cement.

Sulfur Su 0–4% 0.5 – 2.0 % A higher content :

compounds
- Acts as an effective mineraliser and
modifier of the alkali – recycles by
forming less volatile compounds.
- Lowers the appearance temperature of
liquid phase by 100oC, decreases its
viscosity and surface tension and
increases ionic mobility of oxides.
- Increases belite formation.
- Decomposes alite at 1250oC if high
alkali sulphate are present.
- When SO3. 2.5 – 4 % , causes sulphate
expansion.
- Improves burning of raw mix at lower
temperature and deterioate the same
at higher temperatures.
- Decreases hydraulic and mechanical
strength.

Phosphorous P2O5 0–1% 0.3 – 0.5 % A higher content :

Pentoxide
- Accelerates the clinkerisation reaction.
- Reduces the intensity of internal cycle.
- Reduces early strength.
- Reduces C3S content.

Fluoride F 0 – 0.6 % 0 .03 – 0.08 % A higher content :

- Lowers the temperature of C 3S

formation.
- Decreases the mechanical strength of
the clinker.

Chloride Cl 0 – 0.6 % 0 – 0.015% A higher content :

 - Operational and process related
problems expected.
- Increases liquid formation and melting
point of the absorbed phase is
drastically changed.
- A bypass system is required if value
>0.015%

Legend: Alite: Tricalcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO 2) Belite: Dicalcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2) C – CaO Calcium Oxide; A – Al2O3
Aluminium Oxide; F – Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide; S – SiO2 Silicon Di Oxide

Typical Analysis of Gypsum:

Designation Gypsum I Gypsum II

Loss % 22.30 12.80

SiO2 % 1.30 9.20

Al2O3 % 0.71 2.60

Fe2O3 % 0.30 0.95

CaO % 30.60 30.30

MgO % 0.05 0.50

SO3 % 45.50 37.20

K2O % 0.08 1.18

Na2O % 0.20 0.97

TiO2 % 0.01 0.88

Cr2O3 % 0.01 0.16

Mn2O3 % Nd 0.64

P2O5 % Nd 1.52

Cl % Nd 0.16
 F% Nd 0.35

Total % 101.06 99.61

Based on the availability of different types of raw material components, a composite Raw Mix design is made (Raw Meal)
which should have the following resultant chemical composition. With this composition high quality Type I OPC - Clinker
can be manufactured, which will have the composition as mentioned in the table below.

Parameters Raw Meal Composition Clinker Quality

SiO2 % 13.6 – 14.2 21.0 – 22.0

Al2O3 % 3.2 – 3.6 4.75 – 5.25

Fe2O3 % 2.2 – 2.6 3.60 – 4.0

CaO % 43.0 – 43.80 65.0 – 67.0

MgO % 0.60 – 1.20 1.20 – 1.60

K2O % 0.15 – 0.25 0.60 – 0.80

Na2O % 0.03 – 0.06 0.12 – 0.22

SO3 % 0.03 – 0.06 0.30 – 0.60

Chlorides % 0.008 – 0.02 0.01 – 0.03

Loss On Ignition % 35.0 – 36.0 0.15 – 0.35

Lime Saturation Factor 96 + / - 1 95 +/- 1

Silica Modulus 2.45 +/- 0.10 2.50 +/- 0.10

Alumina Modulus 1.45 +/- 0.05 1.4 +/- 0.05

Tri Calcium Silicates – C3S NA 60 +/- 2

Di Calcium Silicates – C2S NA 18 +/- 2

Tri Calcium Aluminate – C3A NA 7 +/- 1

Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrite – NA 12 +/-1
C4AF