Seat Belt Alert System With Ignition Control

“Seat Belt Alert System with ignition control”
ABSTRACT
Seat belts have proved to be one of the most effective safeguards against death
and injury in a vehicle crash. Efforts to encourage seat belt use span 30 years, yet in 2002
approximately one-quarter of drivers and front-seat passengers were still observed not to
be buckled up. The number was considerably higher for drivers with a high risk of crash
involvement; nearly 60 percent of drivers in high-speed fatal crashes were unrestrained
despite the fact that drivers and passengers can reduce their risk of dying in a crash nearly
by half simply by buckling up. Canada, many northern European countries, and Australia
can document belt use rates that exceed 90 percent.
Page 1
INTRODUCTION
Driving without fastening the seat belt was one of the most common traffic offences in
India. With 6,175 charges laid in the first six months, Young drivers were the least likely
to buckle up seat belt. In the year 2011 a survey conducted, it was found that 55%
university students did not consistently wear a seat belt._ We all thought on this careless
behaviour and came to a solution that can resolve this problem.We have decided to work
on this project that ensures that the driver wear’s his or her seatbelt properly and
compulsory.To do so we have decided to make the seatbelt assembly and use the sensor
and distance measuring device to wear the seat in properly Now-a-days vehicles are
getting way more faster and the passengers are getting way more less cautious about their
safety in the car in case of any
mishappening takes place. The passengers are getting careless and are not using safety
system like seat-belts provided for their protection in any mishappening. The passengers
do not feel the neccessity to tighten their seat belts that are meant for their protection.
1.1. Main Component of System
1)ECU
An engine control unit (ECU), also commonly called an engine control module (ECM), is
a type of electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal
combustion engine to ensure optimal engine performance. It does this by reading values
from a multitude of sensors within the engine bay, interpreting the data using
multidimensional performance maps (called lookup tables), and adjusting the engine
actuators. Before ECUs, air-fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle speed were
mechanically set and dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means.
If the ECU has control over the fuel lines, then it is referred to as an Electronic Engine
Management System (EEMS). The fuel injection system has the major role to control the
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engine's fuel supply. The whole mechanism of the EEMS is controlled by a stack of
sensors and actuators.
Fig.1.1.1 Engine Control Unit
2. Seat Belt Assembly

Two-point: Basically, two-point seat belts have two attachment points. But because of the
possibility of paralysis, two-point belts have been revised over the years.
Three-point: A three-point belt is similar to the two-point belt, but it's unitized. In case of
a collision, the three-point seat belt distributes the energy of the moving body in three
points: chest, pelvis, and shoulders.
Belt-in-Seat: Also called BIS, belt-in-seats are attached to the car seat rather than the
vehicle structure.
4-,5-, and 6-point belts: Typically found in child seats and race cars, these kinds of seat
belts can cause injuries when installed in vehicles that aren't meant to have them. They
can also cause paralysis if the car equipped with these kinds of belts doesn't have enough
strength to prevent roof collapse during vehicle rollovers.
Page 3
Fig.1.1.2 Seat Belt
3) Sensor
This extra-long-range SHARP distance sensor bounces IR off objects to determine
how far away they are. It returns an analog voltage that can be used to determine how
close the nearest object is. Comes with 6" long 6-JST interface wire. These sensors
are good for detection between 100cm-500cm (1-5 meters / 3-15 feet). The long range
makes them a good alternative to sonar sensors.
Fig.1.1.3 Distance Sensor
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2)Block Diagram
Fig.2.Block Diagram of Seat Belt Alert System With Ignition Control
3. Statistics For The Cause Of Accidents
Very year the lives of almost 1.24 million people are cut short as a result of
a road traffic crash. Between 20 to 50 million more people suffer non-fatal injuries, with
many incurring a disability as a result of their injury.Road traffic injuries cause
considerable economic losses to victims, their families, and to nations as a whole. These
losses arise from the cost of treatment (including rehabilitation and incident
investigation) as well as reduced/lost productivity (e.g. in wages) for those killed or
disabled by their injuries, and for family members who need to take time off work (or
school) to care for the injured.
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PROBLREM STATEMENT
To provide this system for more accuracy and proper wearing of seat belt with
Distance sensors at lowest possible cost.
Wearing a seat-belt reduces the risk of a fatality among front-seat passengers by

40–50% and of rear-seat passengers by between 25–75%.For this we have to
make a controlling system by which wearing seat belt is made as compulsory.
Reasons for accident
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OBJECTIVES
 The main objective of our system is to make people to wear seat belt compulsory .
Another one is to provide safety feature in the vehicles so that we can reduce
injuries due to accidents.
 As per the Government rule it should be done accordingly.
 People should wear Seat-belt properly, in this distance sensor increases the
accuracy of ignition control system.
 According to NHTSA, in 2015 over 21,000 lives were saved by seat belt use and
it can be continuously used by our system which is highly designed for the safety
purpose.
Page 7
METHODOLOGY
This control system can be made by using sensors todetect that the seatbelt is installed
successfully .These sensors are attached with driver seatbelt.The seat belt is placed
between the IR emitter and detector . The seat belt is teared horizontally at the center
after leaving some length this helps to receive IR rays from the emitter by the detector to
complete the circuit and it is encoded to RF circuit it converts it into radio frequencies .
the radio frequencies are transmitted through antenna.These radio frequencies are
received by a receiver and it is decoded to micro controller . Microcontroller is
programmed and it is connected with display to indicate to the passengers. Andmicro
controller is connected with ignition system this helps to start the car. And the distance
sensing element can be sens the distance from seat bet to the sterring if the range will be
under 1m then the sensor will be send signal to ECU and ECU get order to the staror to
start the vehicle only if the seat belts are installed perfectly
.
Study of different Research papers
Framing of project setup (Line diagram of the Model)
Dimensioning of frame, Specification of the

component for setting up a conceptual model
Assembling Of different components

compocomponents
Results & disscusion about the error in the

conceptual model
flow chart for working process
Page 8
HISTORY
Seat belts were invented by English engineer George Cayley in the mid-19th
century, though Edward J. Claghorn of New York, was granted the first patent (U.S.
Patent 312,085, on February 10, 1885 for a safety belt). Claghorn was granted United
States Patent 312,085 for a Safety-Belt for tourists, painters, firemen, etc. who are being
raised or lowered, described in the patent as "designed to be applied to the person, and
provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object."
In 1946, Dr. C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at Huntington Memorial

Hospital in Pasadena, California. In the early 1950s, Dr. Shelden made a major
contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came
about his from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the
emergency room. He investigated the early seat belts whose primitive designs were
implicated in these injuries and deaths. To reduce the high level of injuries he was seeing,
he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed steering wheels, reinforced
roofs, roll bars, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as the air
bag. Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle
Safety Act requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards.
The Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among
their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the
employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety
engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their
work was presented to Swedish manufacturer Volvo in the late 1950s, and set the
standard for seat belts in Swedish cars. The three-point seatbelt was developed to its
modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin for Volvo—who introduced it in 1959 as
standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin
demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted
occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the
belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted
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occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact. Bohlin was
granted U.S. Patent 3,043,625 for the device.
The world's first seat belt law was put in place in 1970, in the state of Victoria, Australia,
making the wearing of a seat belt compulsory for drivers and front-seat passengers. This
legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seatbelts, designed by Desmond Hemphill
(1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury
and death.The real breakthrough with modern seat belts came in 1958 when Swedish
engineer Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seatbelt. Up until this point, seat belts in
cars were two-point lap belts, which strapped across the body, with the buckle placed
over the abdomen. Volvo hired Bohlin in 1958 and he designed the seat belts we know
today through a three point seat belt that better protects the driver and passenger in an
accident. The three point design was created to help secure both the upper and lower
body. Better yet, this seat belt design was simple and effective, leading other car
manufacturers to borrow the design. When Bohlin passed away in 2002, Volvo
had estimated that the seat belt had saved more than one million lives in the four decades
since it was introduced.
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW
The emergence of service robots in early 90’s (Helpmate Robots and Robo-Caddy)
followed by the development of natural language interface through keyboard has
been given by Torrance in 1994. Speech recognition evolved as an upgradation of
the past work to communicate with machines but it lacked the standardization of
commands due to varying languages, pitch and accent of different users. Hence,
researchers proposed vision-based interface that included gesture recognition through
camera to provide geometrical information to the robots. They developed mobile
robot systems that were instructed through arm positions but those robot systems
couldn’t recognize gestures defined through specific temporal patterns. Other
limitation faced by the cameras was the poor illuminations at night and in foggy weather.
Motion technology facilitates humans to interact with machines naturally without

any interventions caused by the drawbacks of mechanical devices. Using the
concept of gesture recognition, it is possible to move a robot accordingly .Gyroscope and
Accelerometers are the main technologies used for human machine interaction that
offer very reasonable motion sensitivity, hence, are used in large array of different
applications .
A lot of work has been done on motion technology using accelerometers .In 2008,
Chinese traffic police system used two 3-axis accelerometers fixed on the back of
their arms that were synchronized with traffic lights. However, data could only be
extracted while the arms would be steady.
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5. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of our system is to make people to wear seat belt compulsory .
Another one is to provide safety feature in the vehicles so that we can reduce injuries due
to accidents.
As per the Government rule it should be done accordingly.
People should wear Seat-belt properly, in this distance sensor increases the accuracy of
ignition control system.
According to NHTSA, in 2015 over 21,000 lives were saved by seat belt use and it can
be continuously used by our system which is highly designed for the safety purpose.
Page 12
7. METHODOLOGY
This control system can be made by using sensors todetect that the seatbelt is installed
successfully .These sensors are attached with driver seatbelt.The seat belt is placed
between the IR emitter and detector . The seat belt is teared horizontally at the center
after leaving some length this helps to receive IR rays from the emitter by the detector to
complete the circuit and it is encoded to RF circuit it converts it into radio frequencies .
the radio frequencies are transmitted through antenna.These radio frequencies are
received by a receiver and it is decoded to micro controller . Microcontroller is
programmed and it is connected with display to indicate to the passengers. Andmicro
controller is connected with ignition system this helps to start the car. And the distance
sensing element can be sens the distance from seat bet to the sterring if the range will be
under 1m then the sensor will be send signal to ECU and ECU get order to the staror to
start the vehicle only if the seat belts are installed perfectly
.
Study of different Research papers
Framing of project setup (Line diagram of the Model)
Dimensioning of frame, Specification of the

component for setting up a conceptual model
Assembling Of different components

compocomponents
Results & disscusion about the error in the

conceptual model
Fig.7. flow chart for working process
Page 13
8. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORK
Fig.8. Block Diagram
The whole DASs would be working on the DASS circuit shown in figure 9. Inputs to
Arduino ATmega2560 microcontroller would be from load cell, photoresistor sensor and
wheel speed sensor. After processing the inputs as shown in flow charts microcontroller
would give different outputs. Microcontroller would be controlling and giving outputs to
devices.
wheel speed sensor would give speed of vehicle by calculating r.p.m of the wheel. For
detecting whether seat belt is installed or not, photoresistor is placed. When person
buckle up the seat belt, output is high, otherwise it is low. LEDs are installed in every
circuit wherever sensor gives feedback. So it became easy to trace the faults.
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Electronic actuated motorized valve mounted on inlet manifold would be used to control
the flow by quality or quantity governing. The microcontroller would be receiving
feedback from different sensors. Other output devices are display screen and audio
system.
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COMPONENT DISCRIPTION
1. Control unite ;
Arduino:
Fig no 3.2: Arduino:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.
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The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.
"Uno" means "One" in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The
Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino
boards.
Technical Specifications:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-9V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) (0.5 KB used by

boot loader)
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Power:
Page 17
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery
can be inserted in the Ground and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable.
If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN.The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
 5V.The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
 3V3.A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GROUND. Ground pins.
Memory:
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB utilized for the boot loader). It likewise has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be perused and composed with the
EEPROM library).
Info and Output:

Each of the 14 computerized sticks on the Uno can be utilized as an info or yield,
utilizing pin Mode advanced Write, and computerized Read capacities. They work at 5
volts. Each stick can give or get a most extreme of 40 mA and has an inside draw up
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resistor (disengaged as a matter of course) of 20-50 kOhms. Furthermore, a few pins have
specific capacities:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to get (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
information. These pins are associated with the comparing pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be designed to trigger a hinder on a low
esteem, a rising or falling edge, or an adjustment in esteem. See the connect Interrupt
() work for subtle elements.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Give 8-bit PWM yield with the simple Write () work.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins bolster SPI
correspondence utilizing the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is an inherent LED associated with advanced stick 13. At the point
when the stick is HIGH esteem, the LED is on, when the stick is LOW, it's off. The
Uno has 6 simple data sources, marked A0 through A5, each of which give 10 bits of
determination (i.e. 1024 distinct qualities). As a matter of course they measure from
ground to 5 volts, however is it conceivable to change the upper end of their range
utilizing the AREF stick and the simple Reference () work. Furthermore, a few pins
have particular usefulness:
 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Bolster I2C (TWI) correspondence utilizing the Wire
library.
There are several different sticks on the board:

 AREF.Reference voltage for the simple sources of info. Utilized with simple
Reference.
 Reset. Convey this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Commonly used to add a
reset catch to shields which obstruct the one on the board.
Correspondence
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The Arduino Uno has various offices for speaking with a PC, another Arduino, or
different microcontrollers. The ATmega328 gives UART TTL (5V) serial
correspondence, which is accessible on computerized pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial correspondence over USB and shows up as
a virtual com port to programming on the PC. The '8U2 firmware utilizes the standard
USB COM drivers, and no outside driver is required. Be that as it may, on Windows, an
.info record is required. The Arduino programming incorporates a serial screen which
permits straightforward printed information to be sent to and from the Arduino board.
The RX and TX LEDs on the board will streak when information is being transmitted
through the USB-to-serial chip and USB association with the PC (yet not for serial
correspondence on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library takes into consideration serial correspondence on any of the
Uno's computerized pins.
The ATmega328 additionally underpins I2C (TWI) and SPI correspondence. The
Arduino programming incorporates a Wire library to rearrange utilization of the I2C
transport; see the documentation for points of interest. For SPI correspondence, utilize the
SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be customized with the Arduino programming (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (as per the microcontroller on your board).
For subtle elements, see the reference and instructional exercises. The ATmega328 on the
Arduino Uno comes preburned with a boot loader that permits you to transfer new code
to it without the utilization of an outer equipment software engineer. It imparts utilizing
the first STK500 convention (reference, C header records).
You can likewise sidestep the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these guidelines for subtle elements.
The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is accessible. The ATmega8U2 is stacked with a
DFU boot loader, which can be actuated by associating the patch jumper on the back of
Page 20
the board (close to the guide of Italy) and afterward resetting the 8U2. You can then
utilize Atmel's FLIP programming (Windows) or the DFU software engineer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to stack another firmware. Or, on the other hand you can utilize the ISP
header with an outside software engineer (overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this
client contributed instructional exercise for more data.
Programmed (Software) Reset:

Instead of requiring a physical press of the reset catch before a transfer, the Arduino Uno
is planned in a way that permits it to be reset by programming running on an associated
PC. One of the equipment stream control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is associated
with the reset line of the ATmega328 by means of a 100 nanofarad capacitor. At the point
when this line is attested (taken low), the reset line drops sufficiently long to reset the
chip. The Arduino programming utilizes this capacity to permit you to transfer code by
basically squeezing the transfer catch in the Arduino condition. This implies the boot
loader can have a shorter timeout, as the bringing down of DTR can be all around
composed with the begin of the transfer.
This setup has different ramifications. At the point when the Uno is associated with either
a PC running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time an association is made to it from
programming (by means of USB). For the accompanying half-second or thereabouts, the
boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is modified to overlook twisted information
(i.e. anything but a transfer of new code), it will block the initial couple of bytes of
information sent to the board after an association is opened. On the off chance that a draw
running on the load up gets one-time setup or other information when it first begins,
ensure that the product with which it conveys holds up a moment in the wake of opening
the association and before sending this information.
The Uno contains a follow that can be sliced to debilitate the auto-reset. The cushions on
either side of the follow can be patched together to re-empower it. It's marked "RESET-
EN". You may likewise have the capacity to cripple the auto-reset by associating a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this discussion string for points of interest.
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USB Over current Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that shields your PC's USB ports from shorts
and over current. Albeit most PCs give their own particular inside assurance, the circuit
gives an additional layer of security. On the off chance that more than 500 mA is
connected to the USB port, the wire will naturally break the association until the short or
over-burden is expelled.
Physical Characteristics
The greatest length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches separately, with the
USB connector and power jack reaching out past the previous measurement. Four screw
gaps permit the board to be connected to a surface or case. Take note of that the
separation between computerized pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even several of
the 100 mil dividing of alternate pins.
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Fig. Circuit diagram

REALY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one
direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the
same input have no effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where
interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the
relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset
when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to
the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single
coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.
Types of relay-
Page 23
1.1.1 Electromagnetic Relays
These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and magnetic components, and
have operating coil and mechanical contacts. Therefore, when the coil gets activated by
a supply system, these mechanical contacts gets opened or closed. The type of supply
can be AC or DC.
1.1.1.1 DC vs AC Relays
Both AC and DC relays work on the same principle as electromagnetic induction, but the
construction is somewhat differentiated and also depends on the application for which
these relays are selected. DC relays are employed with a freewheeling diode to de-
energize the coil, and the AC relays uses laminated cores to prevent eddy current losses.
Fig. DC vs AC Relays
The very interesting aspect of an AC is that for every half cycle, the direction of the
current supply changes; therefore, for every cycle the coil loses its magnetism since the
zero current in every half cycle makes the relay continuously make and break the circuit.
So, to prevent this – additionally one shaded coil or another electronic circuit is placed in
the AC relay to provide magnetism in the zero current position.
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1.1.1.2 Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays
Fig. Attraction Type Relays
These relays can work with both AC and DC supply and attract a metal bar or a piece of
metal when power is supplied to the coil. This can be a plunger being drawn towards the
solenoid or an armature being attracted towards the poles of an electromagnet as shown
in the figure. These relays don’t have any time delays so these are used for instantaneous
operation.
Induction Type Relays
These are used as protective relays in AC systems alone and are usable with DC systems.
The actuating force for contacts movement is developed by a moving conductor that may
be a disc or a cup, through the interaction of electromagnetic fluxes due to fault currents.
Page 25
Fig.Induction Type Relays
These are of several types like shaded pole, watt-hour and induction cup structures and
are mostly used as directional relays in power-system protection and also for high-speed
switching operation applications.
1.1.1.3 Magnetic Latching Relays
These relays use permanent magnet or parts with a high remittance to remain the
armature at the same point as the coil is electrified when the coil power source is taken
away.
1.1.2 2. Solid State Relays
Solid State uses solid state components to perform the switching operation without
moving any parts. Since the control energy required is much lower compared with the
output power to be controlled by this relay that results the power gain higher when
compared to the electromagnetic relays. These are of different types: reed relay coupled
SSR, transformer coupled SSR, photo-coupled SSR, and so on.
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Fig.Solid State Relays
The above figure shows a photo coupled SSR where the control signal is applied by LED
and it is detected by a photo-sensitive semiconductor device. The output form this photo
detector is used to trigger the gate of TRIAC or SCR that switches the load.
1.1.3 3. Hybrid Relay
These relays are composed of electromagnetic relays and electronic components. Usually,
the input part contains the electronic circuitry that performs rectification and the other
control functions, and the output part include electromagnetic relay.
1.1.4 4. Thermal Relay
These relays are based on the effects of heat, which means – the rise in the ambient
temperature from the limit, directs the contacts to switch from one position to other.
These are mainly used in motor protection and consist of bimetallic elements
like temperature sensors as well as control elements. Thermal overload relays are the best
examples of these relays.
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1.1.5 5. Reed Relay
Fig.Reed Relay
Reed Relays consist of a pair of magnetic strips (also called as reed) that is sealed within
a glass tube. This reed acts as both an armature and a contact blade. The magnetic field
applied to the coil is wrapped around this tube that makes these reeds move so that
switching operation is performed.
Based on dimensions, relays are differentiated as micro miniature, subminiature and

miniature relays. Also, based on the construction, these relays are classified as hermetic,
sealed and open type relays. Furthermore, depending on the load operating range, relays
are of micro, low, intermediate and high power types.
Relays are also available with different pin configurations like 3 pin, 4 pin and 5 pin
relays. The ways in which these relays are operated is shown in the below
figure. Switching contacts can be SPST, SPDT, DPST and DPDT types. Some of the
relays are normally open (NO) type and the other are normally closed (NC) types.
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Fig. Relay pin configurations
These are some of the different types of relays that are employed in most of the electronic
as well as electrical circuits. The information about the different types of relays serves
readers’ purpose and we hope that they will find this basic information very useful.
IR SENSOR :
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are
sensing and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared portion is
divided into three regions: near infrared region, mid infrared region and far infrared
region.
The wavelengths of these regions and their applications are shown below.
 Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors, fiber optic

 Mid infrared region — 1400 nm to 3000 nm — Heat sensing
 Far infrared region — 3000 nm to 1 mm — Thermal imaging
The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light.
Page 29
For optical sensing and optical communication, photo optics technologies are used in the
near infrared region as the light is less complex than RF when implemented as a source of
signal. Optical wireless communication is done with IR data transmission for short range
applications.
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.
The working of any Infrared sensor is governed by three laws: Planck’s Radiation law,
Stephen – Boltzmann law and Wien’s Displacement law.
Planck’s law states that “every object emits radiation at a temperature not equal to 00K”.
Stephen – Boltzmann law states that “at all wavelengths, the total energy emitted by a
black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature”. According to
Wien’s Displacement law, “the radiation curve of a black body for different temperatures
will reach its peak at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature”.
The basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit
an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the
signal is received at the infrared receiver.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and
signal processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used
as infrared sources. The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are
vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared
radiation or to limit the spectral response. Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and
Silicon are used to focus the infrared radiation. Infrared receivers can be photodiodes,
phototransistors etc. some important specifications of infrared receivers are
photosensitivity, detectivity and noise equivalent power. Signal processing is done by
amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.
1.1.6 Types of IR Sensors
Infrared sensors can be passive or active. Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared
detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and detects energy
emitted by obstacles in the field of view. They are of two types: quantum and thermal.
Thermal infrared sensors use infrared energy as the source of heat and are independent of
wavelength. Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common types
of thermal infrared detectors.
Quantum type infrared detectors offer higher detection performance and are faster than
thermal type infrared detectors. The photosensitivity of quantum type detectors is
Page 30
wavelength dependent. Quantum type detectors are further classified into two types:
intrinsic and extrinsic types. Intrinsic type quantum detectors are photoconductive cells
and photovoltaic cells.
Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
Infrared sources include an LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include
photodiodes or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by
an object and falls on the infrared detector.
1.1.7
1.1.8 IR Transmitter
Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations.
Hence, they are called IR LED’s. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the
radiation emitted by it is invisible to the human eye.
The picture of a typical Infrared LED is shown below.
Page 31
There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths, output
power and response time.
A simple infrared transmitter can be constructed using an infrared LED, a current limiting
resistor and a power supply. The schematic of a typical IR transmitter is shown below.
When operated at a supply of 5V, the IR transmitter consumes about 3 to 5 mA of

current. Infrared transmitters can be modulated to produce a particular frequency of
infrared light. The most commonly used modulation is OOK (ON – OFF – KEYING)
modulation.
IR transmitters can be found in several applications. Some applications require infrared

heat and the best infrared source is infrared transmitter. When infrared emitters are used
with Quartz, solar cells can be made.
Page 32
1.1.9 IR Receiver
Infrared receivers are also called as infrared sensors as they detect the radiation from an
IR transmitter. IR receivers come in the form of photodiodes and phototransistors.
Infrared Photodiodes are different from normal photo diodes as they detect only infrared
radiation. The picture of a typical IR receiver or a photodiode is shown below.
Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage, package, etc.
When used in an infrared transmitter – receiver combination, the wavelength of the
receiver should match with that of the transmitter.
A typical infrared receiver circuit using a phototransistor is shown below.
Page 33
It consists of an IR phototransistor, a diode, a MOSFET, a potentiometer and an LED.

When the phototransistor receives any infrared radiation, current flows through it and
MOSFET turns on. This in turn lights up the LED which acts as a load. The
potentiometer is used to control the sensitivity of the phototransistor.
Page 34
1.1.10 Principle of Working
The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained

using the following figure. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode;
together they are called as Photo – Coupler or Opto – Coupler.
When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation
reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver,
the output of the sensor is defined.
1.1.11 Obstacle Sensing Circuit or IR Sensor Circuit
A typical IR sensing circuit is shown below.
Page 35
It consists of an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an IC Operational amplifier and

an LED.
IR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An IC Op – Amp
is used as a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the output of the
sensor according to the requirement.
When the light emitted by the IR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an
object, the resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the input of
the op – amp is at threshold value set by the potentiometer. The other input to the op-amp
is from the photodiode’s series resistor. When the incident radiation is more on the
photodiode, the voltage drop across the series resistor will be high. In the IC, both the
threshold voltage and the voltage across the series resistor are compared. If the voltage
across the resistor series to photodiode is greater than that of the threshold voltage, the
output of the IC Op – Amp is high. As the output of the IC is connected to an LED, it
lightens up. The threshold voltage can be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer
depending on the environmental conditions.
The positioning of the IR LED and the IR Receiver is an important factor. When the IR
LED is held directly in front of the IR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. In
this case, almost the entire radiation from the IR LED will fall on the IR receiver. Hence
there is a line of sight communication between the infrared transmitter and the receiver. If
an object falls in this line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the receiver either by
reflecting the radiation or absorbing the radiation.
1.1.12 Distinguishing Between Black and White Colors
It is universal that black color absorbs the entire radiation incident on it and white color
reflects the entire radiation incident on it. Based on this principle, the second positioning
of the sensor couple can be made. The IR LED and the photodiode are placed side by
side. When the IR transmitter emits infrared radiation, since there is no direct line of
contact between the transmitter and receiver, the emitted radiation must reflect back to
the photodiode after hitting any object. The surface of the object can be divided into two
types: reflective surface and non-reflective surface. If the surface of the object is
reflective in nature i.e. it is white or other light color, most of the radiation incident on it
will get reflected back and reaches the photodiode. Depending on the intensity of the
radiation reflected back, current flows in the photodiode.
If the surface of the object is non-reflective in nature i.e. it is black or other dark color, it
absorbs almost all the radiation incident on it. As there is no reflected radiation, there is
no radiation incident on the photodiode and the resistance of the photodiode remains
higher allowing no current to flow. This situation is similar to there being no object at all.
Page 36
The pictorial representation of the above scenarios is shown below.
The positioning and enclosing of the IR transmitter and Receiver is very important. Both
the transmitter and the receiver must be placed at a certain angle, so that the detection of
an object happens properly. This angle is the directivity of the sensor which is +/- 45
degrees.
The directivity is shown below.
In order to avoid reflections from surrounding objects other than the object, both the IR
transmitter and the IR receiver must be enclosed properly. Generally the enclosure is
made of plastic and is painted with black color.
Page 37
SOFTWARE DESIGN (CAD MODEL)
What is cad?
Computer aided design is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis or optimization of an engineering design. CAD software is used to
increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communication through documentation and create a database for manufacturing. CAD
output is often in the form of electronic files for print, manufacturing or other
manufacturing processes.
The technical and engineering drawings and images must convey information such as
materials, processes, dimensions and tolerances according to application-specific
conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D)
space or curves, surfaces and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space. CAD is also used to
produce computer animation for the special effects used in, for example, advertising and
technical manuals.
Page 38
CAD is an important industrial art and is the way projects come true. It is extensively
used in many applications, including automotive, ship building and aerospace industries,
and in industrial design. The CAD process and outputs are essential to successful
solutions for engineering and manufacturing problems.
CAD software helps us explore ideas, visualize concepts through photorealistic

renderings and movies and simulates how the design project will perform in the real
world.
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems (or workstations) to aid in
the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.[1] CAD software is used
to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create a database for
manufacturing.[2] CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining,
or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD (for Computer Aided Design and
Drafting) is also used.
Its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation,

or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA)
or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical
drawing with the use of computer software.
CAD software for mechanical design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the
objects of traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphicsshowing the overall
appearance of designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the
manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space.
CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications,

including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural
Page 39
design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer
animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called
DCC digital content creation. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that
even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of
by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been
a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both
hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES:
Manufacturing processes are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a
final product. The manufacturing process begins with the creation of the materials from
which the design is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing
processes to become the required part. Manufacturing processes can include treating
(such as heat treating or coating), machining, or reshaping the material. The
manufacturing process also includes tests and checks for quality assurance during or after
the manufacturing, and planning the production process prior to manufacturing.
Page 40
Metal cutting:
Metal cutting or machining is the process of by removing unwanted material from a block
of metal in the form of chips.
Page 41
Sawing:
Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through various types of
metal, including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with the action that takes
place during the cutting process, which manages to keep both the metal and the blade
from becoming too hot. A cold saw is powered with electricity and is usually a stationary
type of saw machine rather than a portable type of saw.
Page 42
The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often constructed of high speed steel.
Steel blades of this type are resistant to wear even under daily usage. The end result is
that it is possible to complete a number of cutting projects before there is a need to
replace the blade. High speed steel blades are especially useful when the saws are used
for cutting through thicker sections of metal.
Along with the high speed steel blades, a cold saw may also be equipped with a blade that
is tipped with tungsten carbide. This type of blade construction also helps to resist wear
and tear. One major difference is that tungsten tipped blades can be re-sharpened from
time to time, extending the life of the blade. This type of blade is a good fit for use with
sheet metal and other metallic components that are relatively thin in design.
WELDING:
Welding employs pinpointed, localized heat input. Most welding involves ferrous-based
metals such as steel and stainless steel. Weld joints are usually stronger than or as strong
as the base metals being joined.
Page 43
Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture of automobile
bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works, tanks,
furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building.
Operation:
Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a few are
considered here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known as shielded
metal arc welding (SMAW) or stick welding.
In this process an electrical machine (which may be DC or AC, but nowadays is usually
AC) supplies current to an electrode holder which carries an electrode which is normally
coated with a mixture of chemicals or flux. An earth cable connects the work piece to the
welding machine to provide a return path for the current. The weld is initiated by tapping
('striking') the tip of the electrode against the work piece which initiates an electric arc.
The high temperature generated (about 6000oC) almost instantly produces a molten pool
and the end of the electrode continuously melts into this pool and forms the joint.
Page 44
The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the work piece while
moving the electrode along the joint.
Page 45
In the shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW) the 'stick' electrode is covered with
an extruded coating of flux. The heat of the arc melts the flux which generates a gaseous
shield to keep air away from the molten pool and also flux ingredients react with
unwanted impurities such as surface oxides, creating a slag which floats to the surface of
the weld pool. This forms a crust which protects the weld while it is cooling. When the
weld is cold the slag is chipped off.
The SMAW process cannot be used on steel thinner than about 3mm and being a
discontinuous process it is only suitable for manual operation. It is very widely used in
jobbing shops and for onsite steel construction work. A wide range of electrode materials
and coatings are available enabling the process to be applied to most steels, heat resisting
alloys and many types of cast iron.
Drilling:
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting
off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.
Page 46
Operation:
The geometry of the common twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it has straight
cutting teeth at the bottom – these teeth do most of the metal cutting, and it has curved
cutting teeth along its cylindrical surface. The grooves created by the helical teeth are
called flutes, and are useful in pushing the chips out from the hole as it is being
machined. Clearly, the velocity of the tip of the drill is zero, and so this region of the tool
cannot do much cutting. Therefore it is common to machine a small hole in the material,
called a center-hole, before utilizing the drill. Center-holes are made by special drills
called center-drills; they also provide a good way for the drill bit to get aligned with the
location of the center of the hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and
sizes; here, we will only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.
Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel, Titanium Nitride
coated steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard inserts, e.g. carbide or CBN
inserts, are used.
In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while those for
cutting hard and brittle materials have larger point angle.
Page 47
If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is large, then we need a special
guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such operations are called
gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of few mm or more, and L/D
ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of guns.
Drilling is not useful for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since the tool may
break and get stuck in the work piece; - Usually, the size of the hole made by a drill is
slightly larger than the measured diameter of the drill – this is mainly because of
vibration of the tool spindle as it rotates, possible misalignment of the drill with the
spindle axis, and some other factors.
For tight dimension control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is slightly smaller
than required size (e.g. 0.25 mm smaller), and then use a special type of drill called a
reamer. Reaming has very low material removal rate, low depth of cut, but gives good
dimension accuracy.
Page 48
Grinding:
Grinding, an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool, is
capable of making precision cuts and producing very fine finishes. The grinding head can
be controlled to travel across a fixed workspace or work piece can be moved while the
grind head remains in a fixed position.
A precision grinding machine consists of a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the

required speed (which is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating)
and a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece.
The way the abrasive grains, bonding material, and the air gaps are structured, determines
the parameters of the grinding wheel, which are
 Abrasive material.
 Grain size.
 Bonding material.
 Wheel grade and Wheel structure.
Page 49
PROCESS SHEET
SR. PROCESS MACHINE ELAPSED TIME

NO. /METHOD
1. Base frame Chop saw machine 20 minutes

cutting
2. Welding Electrode 45 minutes
Welding
3. Cutting Chop saw machine 20 minutes
4. Press fitting Hammering 10 minutes
5. Press fitting Hammering 10 minutes
Welding
7. Drilling Radial drilling 15 minutes

machine
8. Fitting Welding and 30 minutes

fasteners
Welding
10. Fitting Electrode 20 minutes
Welding
Page 50
PROJECT PLAN
C June July august Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Search for
project topic
Literature
Review
Background
Study
Mathematical
calculations
Software design
Fabrication
Publication
Page 51
10. ADVANTAGES
1]The system brings more safety to drive occupants of the vehicle
2] The system provides option of coming out of vehicle without ignition being turned off
3] Compulsion to wear seat belt
4] Insurance of driver safety
5] Less no. of injuries to the passenger of the car in an accident
6] No. of deaths due to seat belt use will be less.
7] Increase the passenger safety.
11. DISADVANTAGES
1] If any circuit is get damaged then we have to change whole system
2] so the maintenance is costly
3] system requires more accurate handling.
Page 52
13. CONCLUSON
The road accidents are now proving to be one of major losses of human resources
although the accident are not fully solved but the losses from the accident can be avoided
by wearing the seat belts. By ensuring the seat belt it can be used very effective in
saving the man life.
Page 53
14. References
[1] World Health Organization, "Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for
Action," Geneva, WHO, pp. 1-3, 2009.
[2] Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES), 2011 IEEE International Conference
Author(s) Huiwen Guo
[3] U LEVY, "Seat belt detection system for vehicle," USA, US2007195990-A1[P], 23
Aug, 2007.
[4]International Journal of Scientific and Research

Publications, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014
[5]Article showing that seat belt reduces fatal injuries.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gopinath-MundeGopinath-Mundes-death-rear-
seat-belts-HarshVardhan/articleshow/36069870.cms? As per TOI article published on Jun
5, 2014.
[6] Ontario Ministry of transportation rules.

http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/safety/safe-drivingpractices.shtml
Page 54

Seat Belt Alert System With Ignition Control

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“Seat Belt Alert System with ignition control”

involvement; nearly 60 percent of drivers in high-speed fatal crashes were unrestrained

can document belt use rates that exceed 90 percent.

1.1. Main Component of System

Fig.1.1.1 Engine Control Unit

2. Seat Belt Assembly

Fig.1.1.2 Seat Belt

Fig.1.1.3 Distance Sensor

Fig.2.Block Diagram of Seat Belt Alert System With Ignition Control

3. Statistics For The Cause Of Accidents

Wearing a seat-belt reduces the risk of a fatality among front-seat passengers by

Reasons for accident

Framing of project setup (Line diagram of the Model)

Dimensioning of frame, Specification of the

Assembling Of different components

Results & disscusion about the error in the

In 1946, Dr. C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at Huntington Memorial

Motion technology facilitates humans to interact with machines naturally without

Framing of project setup (Line diagram of the Model)

Dimensioning of frame, Specification of the

Assembling Of different components

Results & disscusion about the error in the

8. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORK

Fig.8. Block Diagram

Fig no 3.2: Arduino:

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-9V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) (0.5 KB used by

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Info and Output:

There are several different sticks on the board:

Programmed (Software) Reset:

USB Over current Protection

Fig. Circuit diagram

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

1.1.1 Electromagnetic Relays

1.1.1.2 Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays

Fig. Attraction Type Relays

Induction Type Relays

Fig.Induction Type Relays

1.1.1.3 Magnetic Latching Relays

1.1.2 2. Solid State Relays

Fig.Solid State Relays

1.1.3 3. Hybrid Relay

1.1.4 4. Thermal Relay

1.1.5 5. Reed Relay

Based on dimensions, relays are differentiated as micro miniature, subminiature and

Fig. Relay pin configurations

 Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors, fiber optic

1.1.6 Types of IR Sensors

The picture of a typical Infrared LED is shown below.

When operated at a supply of 5V, the IR transmitter consumes about 3 to 5 mA of

IR transmitters can be found in several applications. Some applications require infrared

A typical infrared receiver circuit using a phototransistor is shown below.

It consists of an IR phototransistor, a diode, a MOSFET, a potentiometer and an LED.

1.1.10 Principle of Working

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained

1.1.11 Obstacle Sensing Circuit or IR Sensor Circuit