Series and parallel circuit

Chapter 1 –INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1.1 ABSTRACT
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution
boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.
Wiring is subject to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sizes are
specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restrictions on
the environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight
and chemicals.
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building's wiring system are subject to
voltage, current and functional specification. Wiring safety codes vary by locality, country or region.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is attempting to harmonies’ wiring standards amongst
member countries, but significant variations in design and installation requirements still exist.

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

Homes typically have several kinds of home wiring, including Electrical wiring for lighting and power
distribution, permanently installed and portable appliances, telephone, heating or ventilation system control, and
increasingly for home theatre and computer networks. [1]
Safety regulations for wiring installation vary widely around the world, with national, regional, and municipal
rules sometimes in effect. Some places allow the homeowner to install some or all of the wiring in a home; other
jurisdictions require electrical wiring to be installed by licensed electricians only.
Typical featuresEdit

Single-phase ~230 V/40 A/9 kW fuse box for apartment rewiring. Each appliance and each room are highlighted into
autonomous circuits - this apartment has 14 individual circuits. A relay is used to control the light fixtures in a large
room.

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 Series and parallel circuit

In new home construction, wiring for all electrical services can be easily installed before the walls are finished. In
existing buildings, installation of a new system, such as a security system or home theatre, may require additional
effort to install concealed wiring. Multiple unit dwellings such as condominiums and apartment houses may have
additional installation complexity in distributing services within a house.

Services commonly found include:

1] Power points (wall outlets)

2] Light fixtures and switches
3] Telephone
4] Internet
5] Television, either broadcast, cable, or satellite

High-end features might include:

1] Home theater
2] Distributed audio
3] Security monitoring
4] Security CCTV
5] Automation
6] Energy management

Power and telecommunication services generally require entry points into the home and a location for connection
equipment. For electric power supply, a cable is run either overhead or underground into a distribution board in
the home. A distribution board, or circuit breaker panel, is typically a metal box mounted on a wall of the home. In
many new homes the location of the electrical switchboard is on the outside of the external wall of the garage.
How services are connected will vary depending on the service provider and location of the home.

The following home services are supported by discrete wiring systems [2]
1 Information and Communications

2 Entertainment

3 Energy Management

4 Security and Safety

5 Digital Home Health

6 Aged and Assisted Living

7 Intelligent Lighting and Power.

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 Series and parallel circuit

 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
 an element in a camera or microscope

 The Objective, a 2008 science fiction horror film

 Objective pronoun, a personal pronoun that is used as a grammatical object
 Objective Productions, a British television production company
 Goal, a result or possible outcome that a person or a system desires

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 Series and parallel circuit

Chapter 3–PROJECT

Chapter 4
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

4.1 ADVANTAGES
Parallel Circuit:
 Every unit that is connected in a parallel circuit gets equal amount of voltage.
 It becomes easy to connect or disconnect a new element without affecting the
working of other elements.
 If any fault happened to the circuit, then also the current is able to pass through
the circuit through different paths.
Series Circuit:
 Series circuits do not overheat easily. This makes them very useful in the case
of something that might be around a potentially flammable source, like dry
plants or cloth.
 Series circuits are easy to learn and to make. Their simple design is easy to
understand, and this means that it’s simple to conduct repairs .
 we can add more power devices, they have a higher output in terms of voltage .
 The current that flows in a series circuit has to flow through every component
in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the
same current.

4.2DISADVANTAGES
Parallel Circuit:
 It requires the use of lot of wires.

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 Series and parallel circuit

 We cannot increase or multiply the voltage in a parallel circuit.

 Parallel connection fails at the time when it is required to pass exactly same amount of
current through the units.
Series Circuit:
 If one point breaks in the series circuit,the total circuit will break.
 As the number of components in a circuit increases ,greater will be the circuit
resistance.

4.3APPLICATIONS
A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries, where
several cells connected in series are used to obtain a convenient operating voltage.
Two disposable zinc cells in series might power a flashlight or remote control at 3
volts; the battery pack for a hand-held power tool might contain a dozen lithium-ion
cells wired in series to provide 48 volts.
Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple units trains. For
example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in
series (total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for
train lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.
Series resistance can also be applied to the arrangement of blood vessels within a
given organ. Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The total resistance is the sum of the
individual resistances, as expressed by the following equation: Rtotal = Rartery +
Rarterioles + Rcapillaries. The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by
the arterioles.
Parallel resistance is illustrated by the circulatory system. Each organ is supplied by
an artery that branches off the aorta. The total resistance of this parallel arrangement is
expressed by the following equation: 1/Rtotal = 1/Ra + 1/Rb + ... 1/Rn. Ra, Rb, and Rn are
the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total
resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.

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 Series and parallel circuit

Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS, FUTURE SCOPE& REFERENCES

5.1CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we were able to determine the total current flowing through
a series circuit and parallel circuit, the voltage across each resistors and the current
flowing through aseries circuit and parallel circuit; to investigate the relationship
between the voltages across each resistor and the parallel circuit

5.2FUTURE SCOPE

1. Trying to run circuits without clocks. Clocking is the major source of power loss in
a circuit and there is research currently trying to figure out to build circuits and
operate gates without clocks.

2. Understanding the human brain and trying to model circuits in an analogous way.

3. Carbon Nanotubes and Organic FET's.

4. 3D fabrication. Designing chips in stacks one over another.

As I said I am still in the course of learning, so this answer is certainly not a complete
one. But as I keep learning I will try to make sure that this answer is periodically
updated.

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 Series and parallel circuit

5.3REFERENCES
[1]www.wikipedia.com

[2]www.youtube.com

WEEKLY WORK / PROGRESS REPORT

Details of 16 Engagement Hours of the Student

Regarding Completion of the Project
Timing Sign
Week
Date Duration Work/Activity Performed of
No. From To
in Hours Guide
Discussion and Finalization of the
1. 01
Project Title

Preparation and Submission of

2. 02
Abstracts

3. 02 Literature Review

4. 02 Collection of Data

5. 02 Collection of Data

6. 01 Discussion and Outline of Content

7. 02 Rough Writing of the Projects Contents

Editing and Proof Reading of the

8. 01
Contents

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 Series and parallel circuit

9. 02 Final Completion of the Project

Seminar Presentation, Viva-Vice,

10. 01
Assessment and Submission of Report

NOTE: Weekly Report content can vary based on Project type, Subject, Department of student.
DO NOT KEEP THIS LINE IN REPORT.

Name & Signature of Project Guide

Prof. XYZ

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