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Name: Ayanna Spence

Grade: 11U
Teacher: Mr Haughton
Subject: Biology
Date: September 13, 2019
 1. Define the term diseases:

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or

function of part or all of an organism, and that is not due to any external
injury. Diseases are often construed as medical conditions that are associated with specific
symptoms and signs.

2. Define and give examples of the following diseases:

Pathogens- A pathogen is a parasitic organism which causes disease in its host.

Example: Polio, Cholera, Ringworm, Malaria

Deficiency Diseases- Deficiency diseases are caused by the lack of an element in the
diet, usually a particular vitamin or mineral.

Example: Scurvy, Rickets, Kwashiorkor

Hereditary Diseases- Hereditary disease is a type of genetic disease caused by genetic

mutations that are hereditary (and can run in families).

Example: Sickle cell, Cystic fibrosis, Haemophilia

Physiological Diseases- Physiological diseases are caused by the malfunctioning of a

body organ.

Example: Diabetes, Hypertension

 3. Differentiate between treatment and control of each of the four main groups
diseases:

 Methods used to treat the different groups of diseases:

Types of disease Treatment Methods

Pathogenic diseases  Drugs and ointments to kill
pathogens, e.g. Antibiotics against
bacteria, antiviral agents against
viruses, anthelmintics against worms,
treatments of ready made antibodies,
antifungal and antibiotic ointments for
external use.
 Drugs to relieve symptoms, e.g.
aspirin to reduce fever.

Deficiency diseases  A diet rich in missing nutrient.

 Dietary supplements rich in the
missing nutrient.

Physiological diseases  Drugs to relieve symptoms as they

occur.

Hereditary diseases  Drugs to relieve symptoms as they

occur.
 No cure.
 Methods used to control the different groups of diseases:

Types of diseases Control Methods

Pathogenic diseases  Isolate and treat infectious
individuals.
 Set up immunisation programs.
 Eradicate vectors.
 Improve sanitation and sewage
treatment.
 Use condoms to control STDs.

Deficiency diseases  Improve nutrition within populations.

Physiological diseases
 Control diet, reducing intake of
carbohydrates (diabetes), salt and fat
(hypertension).
 Reduce obesity.
 Regular, moderate exercise.
 Regular check-ups with a doctor

Hereditary diseases  Genetic counselling to predict the

likelihood of offspring developing
disease.
4. Outline how diet and exercise can control physiological diseases such as
hypertension and diabetes:

Disease Control
Hypertension(high blood pressure)  Have a diet low in salt and fat
 Plenty of moderate exercise, e.g.
swimming, walking, aerobics to
reduce obesity, improve circulation,
maintain fitness.

Diabetes  Control your carbohydrate intake-

consume foods containing
polysaccharides rather than simple
sugars.
 Regular but moderate exercise to
increase muscular activity thereby
reducing blood glucose levels,
improve circulation, maintain fitness.
5. Explain what is diabetes and hypertension, clearly outline how these occur. (Include
insulin and glucagon)

 Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is
too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you
eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your
cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough or any insulin
or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your
cells. Glucagon is a hormone that raises a person's blood sugar (glucose). Like
insulin, glucagon is produced in the pancreas. In a person without type 1 diabetes, the
pancreas releases glucagon to ensure blood sugar does not drop too low. When a
person has type 1 diabetes, this doesn't happen. Over time, having too much glucose
in your blood can cause health problems. Although diabetes has no cure, you can take
steps to manage your diabetes and stay healthy.

 Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health
complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death.

Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood
vessels. This pressure depends on the resistance of the blood vessels and how hard the
heart has to work.
 6. Discuss the social, environmental and economical implications of diseases with
reference to both plants and animal diseases:

 Diseases within a population can cause loss of man hours, loss of productivity, loss
of earnings, reduced economy, reduced standard of living, increased demands on
health services, increased social unrest, increased crime and loss of human
resources.

Disease of livestock and agricultural crops results in loss of income, reduction in

food availability and a reduced standard of living.
7. State the causative agents of AIDS and Gonorrhoea include prevention, treatment and
control. State clearly at least three implications of STI’s.

Disease Causative Agents Prevention Treatment Control

AIDS – HIV – human  Use a new  Antiviral drugs to Treat all

acquired immunodeficiency condom delay onset of cases.
immune virus every time opportunistic Keep to one
deficiency you have infections, e.g. sexual
syndrome sex. AZT, DDI, partner.
 Tell your protease Use condoms.
sexual inhibitors. Trace all
partners if  Drugs to enhance sexual
you have the immune contacts of
system. infected
HIV.
 Drugs to treat persons.
 Use a clean
symptoms of Don’t use
needle.
opportunistic intravenous
 If you're infections. drugs.
pregnant,  No known cure.  Test all
get medical human
care right products to be
away. given
intravenously
for the AIDS
virus, e.g. a
whole blood,
plasma.
 No known
vaccine.
 Disease Causative Agents Prevention Treatment Control

Gonorrhoea Bacteria (Neisseria  Abstain from  Antibiotics  Treat all

gonorrhoeae) sexual specialised to cases.
destroy  Keep to one
intercourse. Neisseria sexual partner.
 Always use gonorrhoeae  Use condoms.
a condom dur  Trace and
ing vaginal, treat all sexual
contacts of
oral, or anal
infected
sexual persons.
intercourse.  No known
 Have a vaccine.
sexually
monogamous
partner who
doesn’t have
the infection.

 Three implications of STI’s:

 Infertility (unable to have children)

 Increased risk for some types of cancer
 Death
8. Draw and annotate the stages in the life cycle of a mosquito. Include habitat and
mode of life of each stage.
9. Discuss the role of the mosquito as a vector in the transmission of pathogenic
diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, chikungungya and zik-v.

 Not all mosquitoes transmit diseases, but they can all be a nuisance. There
are many different species of mosquitoes with different preferences for climate
and breeding territory. Typically, mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water.
Mosquito larvae hatch from the eggs and remain in the water, feeding on tiny
organisms. Once they mature, adult mosquitoes leave the water to breed.
Some mosquitoes are vectors for diseases. This means they can transmit
diseases from one human or animal to another. Typically, the diseases are caused
by viruses or tiny parasites. For example, a mosquito that bites an infected human
or animal can pick up a virus along with the blood meal. The mosquito and virus
do not harm one another but the virus reproduces inside the mosquito. Later, the
mosquito can pass the viruses to other humans when biting them.
10. Collect, analyze data and the evidence of these diseases in the Caribbean:

More deadly than sharks, snakes or plague-bearing fleas, the deadliest creature on
earth is actually the mosquito.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mosquitos carry diseases which
cause several million deaths and hundreds of millions of cases every year.
Malaria is endemic in 91 countries, with about 40% of the world's population at risk -
up to 500 million cases occur every year, 90% of them in Africa, and there are up to
2.7 million deaths annually.

Dengue is the world's most important mosquito-borne virus disease, with 2500 million
people worldwide at risk of infection and 20 million cases a year in more than 100
countries.

In 1995, the worst dengue epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean for 15 years
struck at least 14 countries, causing more than 200 000 cases of dengue fever and
almost 6000 cases of the more serious dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Here are some diseases you can get from mosquitos in the Caribbean:

Malaria:

In 2016, 445,000 people died from malaria, a mosquito-borne disease.

There were an estimated 216 million cases of malaria in 91 countries, an increase of
5 million cases over 2015.

Although the African region carries a disproportionately high share of the total
number of cases, the disease also exists in the Caribbean and Latin America.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which is spread by

the Anopheles mosquito, of which there are over 40 varieties.
Antimalarial medicines can also be used to prevent malaria, however WHO has
noticed a growing resistance to anti-malarial medications.
A vaccine was recently developed called Mosquirix (RTS,S). In November 2016,
WHO announced that the vaccine would be rolled out in pilot projects in selected areas
in 3 countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.

Measures can also be taken to limit the spread of Dengue by keeping living spaces
clean, reducing the chance for the Anopheles mosquito to reproduce.

Dengue
According to WHO, the incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world
in recent decades from 2.2 million in 2010 to 3.2 million in 2015.
Severe dengue affects most Asian and Latin American countries and has become a
leading cause of hospitalization and death among children and adults in these regions.

One recent estimate indicates 390 million dengue infections per year, of which 96
million (67–136 million) manifest clinically (with any severity of disease).

Dengue is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito which is active in most tropical regions. It
can cause Dengue Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, a severe and sometimes fatal form of the
disease.

Measures can be taken to limit the spread of Dengue by keeping living spaces clean, reducing
the chance for the mosquito to reproduce.
Yellow Fever:

Many major cities of the world, especially in the Americas, are at risk of potentially
devastating epidemics of yellow fever because they are infested with Aedes aegypti
mosquitos which can transmit the disease.

A small proportion of patients who contract the virus develop severe symptoms and
approximately half of those die within 7 to 10 days.

Yellow fever is caused by the Flavivirus, which is spread by the Aedes

aegypti mosquito.
Vaccination is the most important means of preventing yellow fever, followed by
preventative measures to eradicate the mosquitos from living spaces .

Chikungunya:

Chikungunya or ChikV mostly occurs in Africa, Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
However a major outbreak in 2015 affected several countries in the Caribbean and
Latin America.

The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of infected mosquitoes,
namely the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos.

ChikV (Chikungunya) is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever frequently

accompanied by joint pain. Other common signs and symptoms include muscle pain,
headache, nausea, fatigue and rash.

Most patients recover but there the disease can be debilitating or even fatal for
vulnerable groups such as the elderly and small children.
There is no specific antiviral drug treatment for chikungunya and most health control
programmes focus on prevention measures.

Zik-V:

The Zika virus is also transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes species
mosquito, the same mosquitoes that spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.
An outbreak of the Zika virus was recorded in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the
Pacific Islands. Zika virus likely will continue to spread to new areas. In May 2015,
the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first
confirmed Zika virus infections in Brazil.

If symptomatic, symptoms are generally mild–fever, rash, joint pain, or red eyes.
Severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon and deaths have not been
reported.
11. Suggest appropriate methods of control of each stage of the life cycle of
mosquito:

Methods to control the mosquito include:

 Spraying oil onto still water breeding areas to interfere with the breathing of
larvae and pupae.
 Spraying adults with insecticides.
 Spraying breeding areas with insecticides to kill larvae and pupae.
 Draining breeding areas to kill larvae and pupae.
 Introducing fish, e.g. Tilapia, into breeding areas to eat larvae and pupae.
12. Collect and place in your project at least one newspaper article on diseases
studied or vectors. Write or type a one page refection on how this assignment
has helped you and what you will implement.
 Reflection

With completing my biology project on “Disease and Man” I was able to benefit
from a variety of new things learnt. As well as refresh my memory on things I
already knew.