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A.

James' theory of the self


 Divided a person’s mental picture of self into two categories: the “Me” and the “I”

1. The "Me" Self


o can be thought of as a separate object or individual a person refers to when describing
their personal experiences
o the "Me" part of self the "empirical me"
o the "Me" part of self is further divided into: the material self, the social self, and the
spiritual self
i. The Material self
 consists of things that belong to a person or entities that a person belongs to
like the body, family, clothes, money
 Body is the core of material self, second to the body is clothes, and the money
and family are critical parts of the material self.
ii. Social self
 social selves are who we are in a given social situation
 people change how they act depending on the social situation that they are in
 people had as many social selves as they did social situations they participated
in
 in a given social group, an individual's social self may be divided even further
iii. Spiritual self
 who we are at our core
 more concrete or permanen
 our subjective and most intimate self
 include things like their personality, core values, and conscience that do not
typically change throughout their lifetime
 involves introspection, or looking inward to deeper spiritual, moral, or
intellectual questions without the influence of objective thoughts
 understanding our spiritual selves is more rewarding than satisfying the needs
of the social and material selves
2. The “ I” Self
o knows who they are and what they have done in their life.
o the "I" part "the pure Ego"
o the "I" part of self was the thinking self, which could not be further divided
o The pure ego's perception of consistent individual identity arises from a continual
stream of consciousness
o the pure ego was similar to what we think of as the soul, or the mind
o The pure ego was not a substance and therefore could not be examined by science.
B. Conception of Self
Rogers identified one’s self-concept as the frame upon which personality is developed. It is the
purpose of each person to seek congruence (balance) in three areas of their lives. This balance is
achieved with self-actualization. As illustrated below, self-actualization deals with three areas such
as self-worth, self-image, and ideal self.

Self-actualization is impossible if these images (especially self-mage and ideal-self) don’t overlap.
This is so called “incongruent” view and the role of therapist is to transform this view to a congruent
one, both by adjusting person’s perception of self-image and self-worth as well as making an “ideal
self” more realistic. The self-actualization process will lead to increasing overlap between these
areas and will contribute to person’s satisfaction with life. Within Rogers’ schema each of the three
areas has specific tasks. Until a person succeeds in self-actualization, they will have issues and
remain out of balance in how they relate to their world.

o The perceived self is how one looks at oneself and how he or she thinks others look at him
or her.
o The real self of course is what we are intrinsically. It`s the self that feels most true to what
and who we really are; the honest self that leaves us most comfortable in our skin. It may
not be perfect, but it`s the part of us that feels most real. And it`s the one we need to learn
to love the most.
o The ideal self on the other hand, is the self that we think we want to be, that we strive to be,
and that we feel we are expected to be. This self is borne out of influences outside of us. It
is the self that holds values absorbed from others; a culmination of all those things that we
think we should be, and that we feel others think we should be.

C. Concept of Unified Self and Multiple Self


i. Unified Self
 Freud's model of the psyche
 the mind could be divided into three connected but distinct parts (I’d, Ego and
Superego)
 The id was the center of primitive, animalistic impulses for sex, food, and comfort,
following the guide of the pleasure principle
 the superego was the center of ethical imperatives, driven by the morality principle; and
the ego was the mediator between these two, driven by the rationality principle.
 The ego was the center of the self which coordinated the id and superego
 neurosis developed when the ego could not find a balance between them
 Freud also made an important division of the mind between its conscious and the
unconscious components. He argued that we have thoughts we are not aware of, and
that these thoughts play a role just as important as the ones we are aware of.
 Freud could be seen to “split the self” along two fault lines: into conscious and
unconscious, and into id, ego, and superego.
ii. Multiple Self
 Gergen argues that having a flexible sense of self that allows for multiple “selves” in
different contexts is socially adaptive:
“The individual has many potential selves. He carries within him the capacity to
define himself, as warm or cold, dominant or submissive, sexy or plain. The social
conditions around him help determine which of these options are evoked.”
 Postmodern psychology agrees with psychoanalysis in that it says that the human mind
has multiple, conflicting parts but disagrees that this is necessarily a bad thing.
 Argued that having multiple conflicting self (mask) might be healthy
 Multiple selfhood is part of what it means to be human, and forcing oneself to stick to
one self-concept may be unhealthy.

D. True Self and Fake Self


o True Self, as rooted from early infancy is called the simple being. The sense of based on
spontaneous authentic experience and feeling of being alive, having "real self".
o Fake Self, is our defense facade. Overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self.
Problem would be we might build false set of relationship through concealing a barren
emptiness behind an independent-seeming façade.

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