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Investigating the Usability of UAV (Drone) Technology in the Logistics Industry

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 Investigating the Usability of UAV (Drone)
Technology in the Logistics Industry in Bahrain
Ali Kamali
I. A BSTRA CT
The use of UA Vs or what is known " Drone" by the
military has been greatly perceived as a great
application to meet the assigned objectives, but in the
logistics industry is still considered very much in its
infancy according to recent studies. However, many
organizations have already tested the technology in
order to achieve some objectives which have been
identified as the key factors to face the new
challenges in the logistics industry, especially for
delivery, as a way to provide cost savings & fast
delivery in the long term, especially after increasing
in fuel prices and getting traffic congestion more
difficult. In this paper, the author will investigate the
effect of drone technology in the logistics industry in
Bahrain, and its usability to make the logistics
operations more efficient after increasing fuel prices
in recent year, along with limit in land area and the
population growth in Bahrain. This paper explores
the primary research question: Could the logistics
industry in Bahrain benefit by pursuing an Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle " Drone" logistic concept to face the
new challenges? The pape r used the quantitative
approaches. The quantitative research includes
questionnaires that are dist ributed to respondents
who are running the logistics with rich experience in
the Kingdo m of Bah rain. The author selected the
Stimu lus Theoretical Framework as most appropriate
technology model for this research paper to analyze
the results based on the SEM technique.
II. KEYWORDS
Un manned Aerial Vehicle UA V, Logistics,
Technology Acceptance Model, The Stimulus
Theoretical Framework.
III. INTRODUCTION
The UA V or what is known " Drone" is considered
the key benefit of technology transformat ion in the
logistics industry in the 21st century as stated by [6].
Such the statement has been proved through various
investigations and experiments made by some
London South Bank University ( emails : alawi9999@yahoo.com, kamalia@lsbu.ac.uk, Tel +973 39683367)
organizations that the UAV could play an important
part in the logistics operations of the future. The
UA V technology in non-military aspects were
discussed in various studies starting in the last
century to replace the traditional methods in logistics
which could be used to reduce the fuel demand of
battlefield vehicles as stated by [3]. Furthermore,
some co mpanies have already realized that the UA V
is the only solution for the logistics delivery to
overcome the existing obstacles in terms of costs of
fuel and traffic jams like DHL and Ro lls-Royce, and
for that purpose they are working on the development
and commercialization of drone ship. However, most
of studies and articles that have been reviewed by the
author were not focusing on the usability of the UAV
technology, but they were basically d iscussing about
the idea and concept of UAV, even in big companies.
For example, [17] discussed the assumption about the
idea of the Drone technology how it can be
controlled, and [9] made the same argument by
raising some negative points of the Drone technology
without referring to its functionality and feasibility as
an important tool to be considered with the new
challenges in logistics operations. Moreover, the
world of transportation in the logistics industry is
growing, and companies are not just sitting around to
get information about the idea of the Drone
technology, but to have such the technology in a real
operation, and how the technology is able to change
the current process to become more autonomous and
efficient. To this end, this paper aims to investigate
the usability of the drone technology in Bahrain by
focusing on the main factors affecting its
implementation as the key part of the research
objective, and that requires key insight into the
political, cultural, and business structures in Bahrain
in order to understand the way that could help to
implement the Drone technology in the logistics
industry. The decision to undertake this research was
taken by the author to make a contribution to the
logistics strategy, especially after increasing oil
prices and traffic congestion has become increasingly
difficult for the logistics industry in Bahrain, along
with motivating co mpanies to think rationally about
such the new technology to increase the efficiency.

The author conducted this research using the
positivism approach as a research paradig m through a
survey using the quantitative method, As stated by
[16], the positivism approach is practical to view
reality as objective and something that can be
measured and uncovered by a neutral researcher.
Equally important, the author used SEM technique as
the theoretical framework hypothesized to examine
how well the framework fits to the data, in order to
answer the research question. Furthermore, SEM is a
technique used by a researcher to effectively assess
the relationships among both manifest (i.e., observed
variables) and latent (i.e. unknown variables), or
construct, for the purposes of testing complex
theoretical models or confirming the factor structure
of an instrument [29].
IV. RELATED WORK
The history of an Unmanned Aerial Veh icle (UA V)
began in 1849 when balloons with booms were used
by US military to attack the city of Venice [25]. Fro m
that time and throughout the 20th & 21st century, the
Drone technology has become a vital military
resource and proved its accuracy in many instances
[2]. In a report published by [19], the UA V systems
market could be reached up to $6.34 billion by 2022.
The drone technology is known as a class of aerial
vehicles known as UA V’s (Un manned Aerial
Vehicles), and it takes to the air without human
pilots, and it refers to a flying robot. Furthermore, the
drone is integrated with GPS to guide and track
delivery or movement through the software-
controlled flight plans [1]. In the current market,
competition has increased as a result of wider access
to new technologies, and many organizations have
started to consider any new technology to replace the
traditional methods to face new challenges in
world wide markets, and Logistics as an essential
component of supply chain management has been
given more attention in this regard as it is known a
basis on which companies drive business growth and
profitability. Furthermore, business leaders have
realized that they can't achieve any business
objectives without enhancing the logistics operations
by reducing their costs through adopting new
technologies being experimented more efficient than
the existing ones [10]. To this end, the Drone
technology is considered an alternative opportunity
for the transportation and delivery sector in the
logistics industry because it is a very flexible
technology enables reach any areas and tightly-
squeezed in locations that are quite a bit harder to
reach with the existing transportation methods [10].
Furthermore, the Drones are faster than any ground
delivery vehicles that can able to improve efficiency
in terms of increasing the no of package delivery per
mile/Km. In one of special report published by
Smithsonian with the title " Future of Energy", they
measured and compared the speed of package
delivery between a Drone & Truck, they found that
small package deliveries with large drones have
higher emissions per package than trucks, and vice
versa [26]. Also, the Drone technology can avoid any
traffic jams and allow faster delivery than the
traditional delivery process. As reported by [14], due
to increased traffic congestion, the speed, efficiency,
flexib ility and financial viab ility of the traditional
delivery process is not sustainable in the long-term.
He added, for that reason retailers and logistics
industries must work out how delivery fits into the
future, and Drones may appear to be the most
efficient mode of delivery transportation that able to
overcome many hurdles of the existing problems.
Moreover, [11] reported the same situation, giv ing
examples of Google & A mazon "they are used as
part of assembly lines to rapidly transport packages,
loading trucks/cargo ships, etc. They now form an
integral component of big e-commerce companies
like Google and Amazon and are used to improve
delivery times" He added, the Drone technology is
the best method fit for the delivery tasks, and can be
used to automate the logistics component of stocking
and handling inventory. However, there are some
disadvantages in the Drone technology that could
make it difficult to use. As stated by [31], the biggest
hurdle for using Drones in logistics when using it for
delivery to homes, apartment buildings and
commercial p roperties, wh ich each have their own
problems to solve for a successful delivery. For
instance, it could be shot down, hacked, and/or
thieved. Also, the technology requires skilled
technicians, and that needs for professional to deal
with its technical issues. Security is another concern
with Drones, as many countries may prohibit other
than military bodies to use it. Finally, using Drones
means workers may lose their jobs, and many
warehouse jobs will no longer be existed [27].
The Drone is able to provide traffic congestion relief
to densely populated cities, which is the likely impact
on logistics as rated by DHL [18]. The company
"DHL" conducted numerous studies about the
usability of drones and concluded that the Drone
technology could provide relief for inner cit ies,
taking traffic off roads and reducing congestion,
along with support intra-plant transport as well as
supplier to plant emergency deliveries. Inside the
warehouse is another area of opportunity for drones
[22]. The drone technology is also considered to help
companies to lower their overall costs, especially the
costs related to fuel and human resource which are
used with truck vehicles in the traditional delivery
method, and reducing such remarkable costs is the
more mainstream power operations for the corporate
sustainability goals . In a report published by [34],
they stated there is expectations the increasing use of
Drones by commercial sectors in the logistics
industry in coming years as an alternative solution for
the growth of fuel in the world. In a case study
conducted in the Pharmaceutical Industry by [20],
they found that the costs of delivery were reduced to
120% after imp lementing the Drone technology, the
costs of delivery were reduced to 6.571,00 euros after
it was 16.359,00 euros with p ickup vans, and the time
frame with Drones was much better comparing to
Van trucks, and companies could generate
considerable profit of 38.429,00 euros during same
time period. In Bahrain and other GCC countries,
fuel prices have been increased to become higher by
50%. As reported by [13], Petrol prices in Bahrain
have been increased for the second time within two
years. The first time the price was increased in 2016,
and the government of Bahrain decided to remove
gasoline subsidies as part of its new cost-cutting
procedures. Moreover, the new procedure has
affected both individuals and business sectors as the
car is the primary transport method used in Bahrain.
Furthermore, the cost-cutting procedure has put
companies in more difficult situations since Bahrain
is known for its limited land and high population
density. The population density in Bahrain is 2062
per Km2 (5,340 people per mi2 ), and the total land
area is 760 Km2 (293 sq. miles) for the total
population of 1,586,093 in 2018 [35].
V. RESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY
In order to ensure an approp riate conceptual
frame wo rk to wo rk for this research paper, the study
used primary sources in a form of "user survey" in
obtaining the perceptions of the usability of the Drone
in the logistics industry in Bahrain. The research
approach was chosen to better d irect the research
to ward s achieving it s object ives. The research
approach is the main method for data collection [24].
A. The Quantatative
A survey questionnaire was designed to gather
informat ion on the factors determined the usability of
Drones in Bahrain through closed-ended questions
using the Likert-type and nominal scales (See
Appendix). The questionnaires were distributed to the
respondents to a total of 50 o f the respondents. It
consists of users with different genders with different
qualifications, in different logistics functions, along
with rich experience in the logistics industry. The
questionnaires were distributed to some respondents
by hand personally and others via email. Then, after
the respondents have completed the questionnaires,
they were collected personally. The questionnaires
were written in English.
This paper analyzed the technology acceptance
model and theories leading to a theoretical
framework for the usability of Drones in the logistics
function. To this end, the author selected the most
appropriate model to achieve the research objectives
fro m the survey approach. The Stimu lus Theoretical
Framework [15] was selected as the new model in the
field of investigating a new technology in business.
The variables wh ich were determined are explained
below, along with the hypotheses conducted for the
study.
The Stimu lus Theoretical Framework was developed
by [15] as an extended model to the previously
established models in the field of technology
adoption. [5] developed the first model known TAM
used the two cores TAM variables (Perceived
Usefulness & Perceived Ease of Use). Perceived
Usefulness refers to the degree to which one believes
that using a particular information technology or
system can enhance his/her job performance. On the
other hand, Perceived Ease of Use refers to the
degree to which one believes that a particular
informat ion technology or system is easy to use. He
then merged both variables to Intention and Attitude
towards using a particular system. After that, other
researchers and scholars developed other models in
order to add more variables and factors for predicting
informat ion technology adoption for a new system
emerged in the market, in order to distinguish why
the new system may be acceptable or unacceptable
and take up suitable measures by explanation besides
providing prediction. For examp le, [8] developed a
model known as Task-Technology Fit (TTF) to
investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of the
system. [33] developed the Unified Theory of
Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to
predict users’ behavioral intention by adding four
factors as performance expectancy, effort expectancy,
social influence and facilitating conditions. For the
model which was selected in this research as shown
in Figure 1, it was main ly developed to investigate
the design and security as the stimulus that represent
the novelty technology of the single platform E-
payment System, and its features and capabilit ies,
while the perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness are merged to the model as the organism
that represents the motivation to use the system that
leads to consumers’ reaction to use the system.
Furthermore, the author added two more factors to
the Stimulus Theoretical Framework to measure the
technology from its relevancy & expectancy (Job
Relevance & Performance Expectency), which are
listed in Table 1. The justification for using this
model based on the follo wing reasons:
VI. EMPIRICA L RESULTS
 The functionality of the drone technology depends
on its design, and whether the design of the system A. Demographic Result
fit for Bahrain's business environment
 The security issues related to the Drones, Bahrain As indicated in Table 2, 50 users participated in the
is a small country and security is the main issue survey, and yielding a response rate 100% were
and concern fro m both the government & business usable. A majority of the respondents 29 (58%) were
perspective. According to [23], Trust, security, and male and 21 (42%) were female. Participants with
privacy are still considered to be problems and less than university degree were only 6 (12%), with
obstructions for the continued use of IS. university degrees 33 (66%), and with higher degrees
 Job Relevance factor was included to judge the 11 (22%). With regard to experience in logistics,
effects of using the system on the user's job [33]. participants with experience between 1 to 5 years
were 4 (8%), between 5 to 10 years were 27 (54%),
 Performance Expectancy to measure how the drone
and with more than 10 years were 19 (38%).
technology can help users attain gains in job
performance [32].
TABLE 2 VARIABLES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
And then we predict the above factors with the
factors Perceived Usefulness & Perceived Ease of
Description Frequency Percentage
Use towards the Intention of use the technology in Male 29 58%
the logistics industry in Bahrain.
Gender

Female 21 42%

Total 50 100%
Less than University Degree 6 12%
Undergraduate 33 66%
Education

Postgraduate 11 22%

Total 50 100%
1 to 5 Year 4 8%
5 to 10 Year 27 54%
Experience in Logistics

More than 10 Year 19 38%

Total 50 100%

B. Descriptive Statistics of Variables ( Constructs )

Fig. 1 The Technology M odel Developed For this Research
TABLE 1 THE LIST OF PROPOSED HYPOTHESIS
DEVELOPED FOR THIS RESEARCH
As Table 3 indicated, the mean and standard
deviations of the constructs calculated together based
on their respective reliab ility values, and the
reliability values range found between 0,909 for
Design and 0,970 for Security.
The Cronbach’s alpha (α) is a popular method for
testing the reliability of the constructs (group of
factors/variables) as cited by [7] the closer the
Cronbach’s α value is to 1.00, the greater the
reliability of the items in the instrument, and should Perceived Usefulness, and Job Relevance showed
not be below 0.70, which has also been proved. significant impact on Intention to adopt and use the
technology with β = 0,291 (p < 0,05), β = 0,275 (p <
TABLE 3 DESCRIPTIVE OF THE MAIN VARIABLES 0,05), and β = 0,268 (p < 0,05) respectively, hence
giving support for H6, H8, and H9, and R2 explained
Variables Mean SD Reliability (α)
(38%) of the variab ility by the five factors.
Design 3,02 1,33 0,909
Table 5 presents the final hypothesis results for both
Security 2,90 1,41 0,970
Eas of Use 3,41 1,26 0,963
constructs and observed variables. The model
Usefulness 3,18 1,32 0,953
indicates that 7 out of the 10 hypotheses were
Job Relevance 3,45 1,27 0,943 positively significant, and had a statistically
Performance Expectency 3,33 1,31 0,911 significant positive impact on the behavioral
Intention to Adopt 3,19 1,33 0,924 intention to accept the drone technology in the
The survey based on Scale 1= strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree logistics industry in Bah rain.

TABLE 5 FINAL RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

C. Regression Analysis

As presented in Table 4, the summary of regression

results :

TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF REGRESSION RESULT S

Endogenous Exogenous F Value R2 Adjusted R2

Design
Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease of Use 223,33* 0,85 0,83
Security
Design
Perceived Ease of Use 219,88* 0,72 0,69
Security
Security
Perceived Ease of Use
Intetion to Adopt/Use Perceived Usefulness 161,98* 0,42 0,38
Job Relevance
Performance Expectency
*p < 0,05

The regression results indicated Design and

Perceived Ease of Use have significant impact on
Perceived Usefulness with β = 0,265 (p < 0,05) & β =
0,251 (p < 0,05) respectively, but β = 0,107 (p <
0,05) for Security, thus the test showed support for
hypothesis H1& H7, but not H3, and R2 explained
(83%) by the three factors, even though Security did
not add a significant contribution. As for Perceived
Ease of Use, Both Design and Security have a
significant impact with β = 0,268 (p < 0,05) and β =
0,270 (p < 0,05) respectively, hence giving support
for H2 & H4 o f the test, and R2 exp lained (69%) by
the two factors. As for Intention to adopt and use the
drone technology, both Security and Performance
Expectency showed not to be significantly predict ive
with β = 0,103 (p < 0,05) and β = 0,109 (p < 0,05)
respectively, hence H5 & H10 showed no support in
the study. However, Percieved Eash of Use,
Fig. 2 Detailed Results of the Analysis
VII. DISCUSSION & LIMITATION
This research presents the results of the study of
behavioural intention to use the UAV technology,
which is known as Drone in the logistics industry.
The author used the Stimulus Theoretical Framework
by adding two factors to test the hypothesis related to
the research question. The is the first paper conducted
to investigate and theorize the important predictors
for adopting the drone technology in Bahrain. The
regression analysis results of R2 ranged between a
high of 83% and a lo w of 38% for all factors. 7 out of
the 10 hypotheses were only supported the study. The
findings in general supported the original model
proposed by [15] about the security issues with the E-
payment system, but in this research the model used
the same concept to test different technology with the
same concerns. Furthermore, two out of the 3
hypotheses which were rejected belong to Security,
and the respondents did not believe the level of
security found in Drones in association with
Usefulness and Intention to use, and they thought
such the technology is difficult to be authorised by
the government, and/or it may be stolen or hacked,
especially if it is in a small size, thus, that could
affect the intention of use by the respondent. The
results related to Security in this study are in line
with the results of research conducted by [30] about
the security concerning any new technology. Job
Expectancy was also not significantly predictive to
User's intention to use the technology, and that might
be due to uncertainty about such the new technology
in Bahrain, and the respondents were not sure
whether it can help them attain gains in their job
performance, however, such the results are not
consistent with [4]. Ho wever, Security is found
significant impact on Ease of Use, and the results are
consistent with [12]. W ith regard to the role of
perceived usefulness, the results indicated significant
impact of perceived usefulness and Ease of Use on
the drone adoption, and the results are consistent with
the previous research [28]. The respondents believe
the drone is relevant to the logistics industry, and that
was proved through the results which indicated
significant impact on Intention to use the technology.
Moreover, the result suggests that perceived ease of
use has been identified as an important factor in
perceived usefulness. This hypothesis test was drawn
fro m the orig inal TAM. The finding is consistent
with previous researches [21].
The results of this study provide several theoretical
contributions to the UAV system. First, the study
presents empirically tested and reliable constructs
which were found significant in predicting intention
to use the system if the security issues overcome and
that requires the government's feedback and answers,
along with more details about how Drones should be
used and how it can add value to the logistics
industry in a country like Bahrain. Moreover,
organization management teams must take more
initiat ive to have more informat ion about the UAV
system in other companies around the world, and
read more updates about it in order to be well
familiar about its usability in the logistics systems.
As with any research, this research has several
limitat ions. The study has relied primarily on samples
drawn specifically fro m the logistics industry, thus, it
is not certain whether the results obtained can be
generalized to professional level jobs in other
industries as the UAV systems are used by various
sectors such as Civil Defense, Medical Emergency
Services, and others. Next, using such technology
requires the approval fro m the ministry of interior in
Bahrain, but the researcher did not engage them to
get their view about using UAV in Bah rain.
However, in future research their roles are strongly
recommended and must be considered.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The contribution of this research can be considered
an added value to the existing literature, based on the
model that was determined for the adoption of the
UA V technology, which have a wide variety of
cultural and security factors to consider. Moreover,
this research addresses the adoption of technology in
a voluntary setting rather than mandatory, which has
not been fully addressed in previous studies, but with
the growing of technology, organisations are strongly
recommended to think of any new systems meet the
new business environment. Also, this research can be
a great reference for researchers and practitioners
alike, which will enable them to be familiar with
current issues with respect to the users' point of view
about the drone technology, hence they can find more
solutions to make it usable in Bahrain.
The findings of this study are believed to assist
Bahrain and other countries with similar
characteristics across key variables in UAV adoption.
Thus, and as directions for future research,
comparative studies can be conducted to compare the
findings of this research with other developing
countries that already started to implement the drone
technology like UA E. By conducting a similar study
in other countries, especially those that share basic
characteristics with Bahrain, the findings might be
compared to the results of this study and affirm or
extend its results.
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 A PPENDIX

THE UAV (DRONE) IN LOGISTICS - SURVEY

The UA Vs ( Drone) in Logistics - Survey

Researcher: A li Mohamed Abbas Kamali (al awi9999@yahoo.com)

Part 1: Design Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
The design of Drone can help the 1 2 3 4 5
delivery process faster.
I don't find any difficulty in using any 1 2 3 4 5
new technology if its design fits the
business requirements.
My work involves learn ing about the 1 2 3 4 5
new technology and how it is made.
I enjoy working with any new 1 2 3 4 5
technology in my field.
Part 2: Percei ved Usefulness Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
The system helps me to accomplish my 1 2 3 4 5
work more qu ickly co mpared to traditional
services.
I am ab le to improve my performance and 1 2 3 4 5
save money when I use the system
The system helps to increase the 1 2 3 4 5
effectiveness of users when using the
service.
Using Drones could save me time. 1 2 3 4 5
I find using new technology useful in my 1 2 3 4 5
life
Part 3: Percei ved ease of use (PEOU) Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
Doing what I want is easy on the Drones 1 2 3 4 5
Using Drone systems is clear and 1 2 3 4 5
understandable .
Using the Drone is flexib le to interact 1 2 3 4 5
with
It is easy to become skillful at using 1 2 3 4 5
Drones
Part 4: Intention to use the technol ogy Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
I plan to use Drones in the near future 1 2 3 4 5
I am interested in using Drones 1 2 3 4 5
I am very likely to use Drones in the near 1 2 3 4 5
future
Part 5: Job Relevance Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
The system is totally co mpatible with my 1 2 3 4 5
job
I would be ab le to use the system 1 2 3 4 5
reasonably well on my o wn.
Using Drones is the best option in the 1 2 3 4 5
current logistics business environment
Part 6: .Performance Expectancy Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
 Disagree Agree
I feel the system is trustworthy and meet 1 2 3 4 5
the job's expectations.
I feel the system can meet the business 1 2 3 4 5
objectives.
I feel the system can enhance my 1 2 3 4 5
performance.
Part 7: Security Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
I feel secure using the new technology 1 2 3 4 5
I have trust in the new technology to 1 2 3 4 5
protect my in formation
I feel the government will authorise to use 1 2 3 4 5
Drones in business.
I think using Drones will not be easy for 1 2 3 4 5
hacking or stealing.
I feel the environment in my country is 1 2 3 4 5
totally safe and secure.
 Biography

Ali Kamali is a Bahraini cit izen and he is a researcher in the supply chain management studies. He has
a PhD in Business Information System fro m London South Bank Un iversity in the UK. He is a member
of the Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS) in the UK. His research and publication
interests include Information Systems and studies for improving the supply chain systems in firms
working in Bahrain.

Email: alawi9999@yahoo.com
Linkedin : www.lin kedin.co m/dr-ali-kamali-25604450

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