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REMAINDER THEOREMS
2x - y
x y 2x 2 xy y2
2x 2 2xy
- xy - y 2
xy y 2
2x2 xy y 2
Hence, = 2x - y
xy
2. Divide (3x2 + 5x - 2) by (x + 2)
3x - 1
x 2 3x 2 5x 2
3x 2 6x
-x -2
x 2
3x 2 5x y2
Hence, = 3x - 1
x2
5x - 2
2 x 3 10 x2 11x 6
10 x 2 15 x
- 4x - 6
- 4x - 6
10x 2 11x 6
Hence, = 5x – 2
2x 3
293
14x 2 19x 3
4. Find
2x 3
7x + 1
2x 3 14x 2 19x 3
14x 2 21x
2x - 3
2x - 3
14x 2 19x 3
Hence, = 7x + 1
2x 3
x 2 2xy y2
x y x 3 3x 2 y 3xy2 y3
x3 x 2 y
2x 2 y 3xy2
2x 2 y 2xy2
xy2 y3
xy2 y3
x3 3x2 y 3xy 2 y 3
Hence, = x2 2xy y 2
xy
6. Find (5x2 - x + 4) (x - 1)
5x + 4
x 1 5x 2 x 4
5x 2 5x
4x + 4
4x - 4
8
5x 2 x 4 8
Hence, = 5x + 4 +
x1 x 1
294
3x 2 4x 3
x 2 3x3 2x 2 5x 4
3x 3 6x 2
4x 2 - 5x
4x 2 8x
3x + 4
3x + 6
-2
3x3 2x 2 5x 4 2
Hence, = 3x2 4x 3
x2 x2
5x4 3x 3 2x 1 481
Hence, = 5x 3 18x 2 54x 160
x3 x3
295
EXERCISE 79 Page 175
Let f(x) = x2 + 2x - 3
x = 2, f(x) = 4 + 4 – 3 = 5
x = 3, f(x) = 9 + 6 – 3 = 12
x = - 1, f(x) = 1 - 2 – 3 = -4
x = - 2, f(x) = 4 - 4 - 3 = - 3
Thus, x2 + 2x - 3 = (x - 1)(x + 3)
Let f(x) = x3 x 2 4 x 4
If x = 1, f(x) = 1 + 1 – 4 – 4 = - 6
x = 3, f(x) = 27 + 9 – 12 – 4 = 20
If x = 1, f(x) = 2 + 5 – 4 – 7 = - 4
x = 2, f(x) = 16 + 20 – 8 – 7 = 21
x = 3, f(x) = 45 + 12 – 7 = 50
296
x = - 1, f(x) = - 2 + 5 + 4 – 7 = 0 hence, (x + 1) is a factor
x = - 2, f(x) = - 16 + 20 + 8 – 7 = 5
x = - 3, f(x) = - 54 + 45 + 12 – 7 = - 4
2x 2 3x 7
x 1 2x 3 5x 2 4x 7
2x 3 2x 2
3x 2 - 4x
3x 2 3x
- 7x - 7
- 7x - 7
x = 2, f(x) = 16 – 4 – 32 +15 = -5
x = 3, f(x) = 54 – 9 – 48 + 15 = 12
x = -1, f(x) = – 1 – 1 + 16 + 15 = 29
2x 3 x 2 16x 15 2x 3 x 2 16x 15
(x 1)(x 3) x 2 2x 3
2x - 5
x 2 2x 3 2x 3 x 2 16x 15
2x 3 4x 2 6x
5x 2 10x 15
5x 2 10x 15
297
5. Use the factor theorem to factorise x3 + 4x2 + x - 6 and hence solve the cubic equation
x3 + 4x2 - x - 6 = 0
x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 16 – 2 – 6 = 16
x = -1, f(x) = - 1 + 4 - 1 – 6 = - 4
from which, x = 1, x = - 2 or x = - 3
Let f(x) = x 3 2x 2 x 2
x = 3, f(x) = 27 – 18 – 3 + 2 = 8
from which, x = 1, x = 2, or x = - 1
298
EXERCISE 80 Page 177
(a) (x - 2) (b) (x + 1)
3 2 (4)(2) 2 = 12 – 8 + 2 = 6
2
i.e. the remainder is:
3 1 (4)(1) 2 = 3 + 4 + 2 = 9
2
i.e. the remainder is:
If a value for p is chosen which makes the remainder zero, then a factor (x – a) would exist.
4. Determine the factors of x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8 and hence solve the cubic
299
Remainder is ap3 bp2 cp d where a = 1, b = 7, c = 14, d = 8
from which, x = - 1, x = - 2 or x = - 4
If (x + 2) is a factor then x = - 2
i.e. - 8 - 4a – 14 + 10 = 0
from which, - 8 – 14 + 10 = 4a
i.e. 4a = - 12
and a = - 12/4 = - 3
300
Let p = -1, then remainder = 2(1)3 (1)(1)2 (7)(1) 6 = -2 - 1 + 7 + 6 = 10
2x 3 x 2 7x 6 2x 3 x 2 7x 6
The third root can be found by division, i.e.
x 1)(x 2 x2 x 2
2x - 3
x x 2 2x 3 x 2 7x 6
2
2x3 2x 2 4x
3x 2 3x 6
3x 2 3x 6
301