An Approach Monitoring State Estimation of Power

Flow the using Weighted Least Square

Mochammad Apriyadi Hadi Sirad
Department of Electrical Engineering
Khairun University
Ternate, Indonesia
apriyadisirat@unkhair.ac.id
Andi Nur Putri
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Patria Artha
Makassar, Indonesia
khaulahputri@gmail.com
Rosihan Aminuddin
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Patria Artha
Makassar, Indonesia
rosihanaminuddin@gmail.com

Abstract - This study aims to analyze the results of
measurements of Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) and detect bad
measurement on the bus by using State Estimation. The research
was conducted at Load Control Unit (UPB) PT. PLN (Persero)
Sulselrabar. The data used in the analysis were data of channel
impedance, and the results of RTU measurements, including data
about bus, voltage, MVAR injection, and load data in the electric
system of Sulselrabar. The results reveal that from 378 buses in
the system, 22 buses can be monitored via the RTU, and 30 buses
can be estimated by using the estimation method with Weighted
Least Square (WLS). Based on the results of state estimation, bad
measurements occurs on buses 27 and 29, with error levels of
0.0575 and 0.0871 respectively.
Keywords : Monitoring System, Remote Terminal Units, State
Estimation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the electric power system operation, the system
conditions change suddenly, usually occurs due to
disturbance such as a short circuit in the power system, but it
also caused the release or the addition of load suddenly. Due
to changes in operating conditions of the system, then the
system state will change from the old condition to a new
condition. One of the monitoring function is to analyze the
security of a power system that is by the way the monitor
power flow quantities and voltage on each bus. With a
simple measurement of the quantities can easily be compared
to the limits the ability of electric power system elements,
where the results can be used to anticipate the action that
needs to be done before disturbances develop into serious.
However in the monitoring system there are problems
especially regarding the accuracy of the measurement system
tranducer), measurement errors are often unreadable
naturally on a series-a series of measurements as well as the
mistakes that shipped due the problem of data
communication. The other errors that may arise is the
measurement of the loss of data caused by disconnecting the
communication between the control center with remote
terminal unit that caused only part of the network can be
monitored by the operator [1].
Power distribution systems are moving toward a new
destination which brings into focus the reliability and
quality of power delivered to the customers. Nowadays
smart grid trend calls for the modern approaches of power
system operation and control [2]. It has been recently sensed
that the automation process which mainly strives for a deep
decrease in interruption time and its coming forth
economical consequences seems to be imperative. This time
can be minimized depending on the distribution system
structure and topology, fault detection capability, and the
possibility of reconfiguration process via some maneuver
operations which are all dependent on the remote terminal
unit (RTU) locations in the network [3]. Power users
currently consists of various backgrounds ranging from
business to households, industries. This load variations
cause fluctuations in the quality of the power distribution
network of buses. Power quality determined from high to
low power factor on the bus. Indeed, the power factor on a
bus getting closer value to one, then the quality of the bus
power the better. To know the power factor on a bus takes a
sensor whose price is quite expensive. To overcome this, the
installation of sensors can be replaced with the use of
methods state estimation [4].
II. STATE ESTIMATION
The process of monitoring the flow of power and voltage
in distribution system is very important. By knowing the
value of measurement from any sensor, voltage conditions
each bus can be monitored. When the condition of the bus is
on the conditions outside the limits of the desired
(overvoltage / undervoltage), then the operator can
immediately fix the bus. However, various problems
appearing in the process of monitoring system of electric
power. Most problems that arise there on the transducer from
the sensor measurements. Because the transducer is an
electronic device that reads data, certainly has the value
error. The longer this error value will be even greater when
the sensor is used continuously. This led to the age of
limited-use of the transducer [5].
State estimators in power systems are currently used to,
for example, detect faulty equipment and to route power
flows. It is believed that state estimators will also play an
increasingly important role in future smart power grids, as a
tool to optimally and more dynamically route power flows.
Therefore security of the estimator becomes an important
issue. The estimators are currently located in control centers,
and large numbers of measurements are sent over
unencrypted communication channels to the centers. We here
study stealthy false-data attacks against these estimators. We
define a security measure tailored to quantify how hard
attacks are to perform, and describe an efficient algorithm to
compute it. Since there are so many measurement devices in
these systems, it is not reasonable to assume that all devices
can be made encrypted overnight in the future. Therefore we
propose two algorithms to place encrypted devices in the
system such as to maximize their utility in terms of increased
system security. We illustrate the effectiveness of our
algorithms on two IEEE benchmark power networks under
two attack and protection cost models [6].
Power flow is a most basic study when we are going to
do an analysis on a power system. The flow of power is a

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process of channeling the power of active power or both reactive (MVAR). This research requires a power flow data
reactive power from the source to the load. In the distribution as the data that will be used as reference material research of
of power is itself conducting media such as cable is required. monitoring system. Includes power flow calculations flow
Due to the cable impedance value, this led to the distribution and system voltage on certain specific buses or terminal.
of power within a certain voltage level will be Single phase representation has always done since the
mengahasilkan a drop voltage or voltage drop when passing system is considered balanced.
through the cable. Not just cable, some equipment such as
transformer will cause drop voltage when the current is
passed. So the main purpose of this power flow analysis is Start
[7]:
a. Know the flow of reactive power and active power on Read all measurement
every channel. values
b. Check the level of voltage and voltage level setting.
c. Knowing the magnitude of the voltage drop in the value of
the channel. Early prices x = x0
III. WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE
Weighted Least Square (WLS) is a classical method of
state estimation is most widely used in the conduct of state Count (z1-f1(x))
estimation. State estimation of power system is an algorithm For i=1…Nm
to determine the State of the system from the system model
one electricity network and redundant measurement system.
State estimation nonlinear measurement model is defined: Calculate the matrix
…………………….(1) H as a function of x
z = m - dimensional measurement vectors;
x = n - dimensions (n < m) declared vectors (magnitude
and phase angle of the voltage); Count HTR-1H-1
h(x) = vector nonlinear functions with regard to the
measurement of untukmenyatakan (m-vector);
m-zero dimension means the measurement error of Count
vector functions;
m = number of measurements
n = number of state variables
The problem is to determine the most suitable x estimate
model of measurement. Static electricity-powered bus Calculate price max
network statedari N dinotasikan by a-dimensional vector x,
i = 1…Ns
n = 2N-1, consists of the bus daritegangan N and N-1 corner
of the bus voltage.
State estimation problem can be formulated as a finish
minimization of weighted least square function issue (WLS)
….(2)
or for that matter the residual vector Update price x
…………...(3) X=x +
where r = z-h (x) is the vector of residual; Nonlinear
measurement function is defined as .
Fig 1. Flow diagram State Estimation with WLS [8]
.…(4)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and R is the weighting matrix of the diagonal elements are
South Sulawesi's electrical system which is managed by
often chosen as a measurement of the error variance, i.e.:
PT. PLN (Persero) Region Sulselrabar comprises 37 buses
and 44 branches terinterkoneksi channel through the
transmission network with the working voltage 150, 70 and
……………..(5) 30 KV. Sulselrabar electrical monitoring system using
SCADA system that uses Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). The
algorithm for unconstrained minimization problem is a following data Carriers Substation and RTU placement on
numerical iterative procedures in which the objective the Electrical System of South Sulawesi. RTU data installed
function J (x) is usually approached with the quadratic on the observation aircraft carrier PT PLN persero
model. Sulselrabar system. The number of buses that can be
Data obtained from the Unit load settings (UPB) dimonitoring through the control center is 30 buses that are
measurement results using a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), present in the system. The data of each bus is shown in real
which consists of the data load, Active Power (MW) and time via Human Mechine Interface (HMI) and recorded in
the master station every 15 minutes. Buses that can be read 14 0.9425 -8.9867
on the master bus station is located in the substation which is 15 0.9441 -9.1298
connected to the master station.
Table 1. RTU conditions attached 16 1.0027 -8.6182
(Mains substation connected to a Master Station) 17 0.9946 -0.6826
No Substation RTU Condition 18 0.9919 -3.2702
1 Bakaru RTU S900 Good 19 1.0294 -3.396
2 Pembangkit Bakaru RTU S900 Good
3 Tello 150 RTU S900 Good 20 1.0316 3.254
4 Tello 70 RTU S900 Good 21 1.0105 3.7263
5 Tello 30 RTU S900 Good
6 Pembangkit Sengkang RTU S900 Good 22 1.009 0.4216
7 Pembangkit Suppa RTU S900 Good 23 0.9474 -6.1418
8 Panakkukang SICAM PAS Good
24 0.9458 -7.1664
9 Pare – pare RTU S900 Good
10 Pangkep RTU S900 Good 25 1.0053 -8.2773
11 Bontoala RTU S900 Good
26 1.0032 -8.2779
12 Borongloe RTU S900 Good
13 Tallo Lama RTU S900 Good 27 0.9935 -8.782
14 Mandai RTU S900 Good 28 1.0295 -9.8085
15 Daya RTU S900 Good
16 Bone RTU S900 Good 29 1.0371 -10.0593
17 Barru RTU SCOUT Good 30 1.0355 -9.6376
18 Pinrang RTU S900 Good
19 Sidrap RTU S900 Good
State Estimation using WLS can be run by entering all of
20 Soppeng RTU S900 Good
21 Polmas RTU S900 Good the information in the form of a data channel, the impedance
22 Takalar RTU S900 Good data bus and data measurements in Matlab program that was
23 Sungguminasa RTU S900 Good created earlier. Enter the value of the voltage measured on
24 Bosowa RTU S900 Good several buses. In this case use the data bus from 37 9 voltage
25 Majene RTU S900 Good bus in the system. Comparison of the results of the
26 Tanjung Bunga RTU S900 Good estimation of power flow data with PLN can be seen in the
27 Maros Remote Station Good table below.
28 Tonasa Remote Station Good
29 Bulukumba RTU S900 Good
Table 3. Comparison of the results of Power Flow
30 Jeneponto RTU D20 Good
data with WLS
Program State Estimation using Least Square Weight Bus V State V power flow Error
(WLS) can be run on this research by inserting the following estimation PLN
measurement values: 1 1.015 1.0150 0.0000
1. Voltage : 8 Measurement 2 1.0057 1.0330 0.0273
2. P injection : 11 Measurement 3 1.009 1.0370 0.0280
3. Q injection : 11 Measurement 4 1.0044 0.9990 0.0054
4. Real Power : 41 Measurement 5 0.998 0.9920 0.0060
5. Reactive Power : 41 Measurement
6 0.9997 0.9920 0.0077
Table 2. The results of the simulation Weight Last Square 7 0.9711 0.9860 0.0149
8 0.9649 0.9650 0.0001
Bus V (pu) Angle degree 9 0.9493 0.9810 0.0317
1 1.015 0
10 0.946 0.9670 0.0210
2 1.0057 2.1423
11 0.9445 0.9860 0.0411
3 1.009 1.7435 12 0.9449 0.9510 0.0063
4 1.0044 -0.8074
13 0.9447 0.9870 0.0445
5 0.998 -1.3344
6 0.9997 -1.0031 14 0.9425 0.9730 0.0289

7 0.9711 -4.5744 15 0.9441 0.9690 0.0337

8 0.9649 -6.9246 16 1.0027 0.9920 0.0026

9 0.9493 -12.5648 17 0.9946 1.0130 0.0211
10 0.946 -8.0084 18 0.9919 1.0000 0.0294
11 0.9445 -9.0192 19 1.0294 1.0130 0.0186
12 0.9449 -9.2728 20 1.0316 1.0090 0.0015
13 0.9447 -9.0783
 21 1.0105 0.9900 0.0190 V. CONCLUSION
22 1.009 0.9600 0.0126 From the results it can be concluded that the analysis of
35 buses that were analyzed, then state estimation by using
23 0.9474 0.9590 0.0132 the Least Square method of Weight (WLS) can show the
24 0.9458 0.9600 0.0453 value of voltage and rotor angle estimation to 30 bus.
Comparison of the results of power flow state estimation
25 1.0053 0.9920 0.0112
with PT PLN in the range 0000 on bus 1 to the highest
26 1.0032 0.9870 0.0065 achieving 0.0871 error on bus 29. Two buses that have a
27 0.9935 0.9720 0.0575 value of error exceeded the tolerance i.e. bus to 27 with the
error reached 0.0575 and bus to 29 with error = 0.0871.
28 1.0295 0.9940 0.0355
Measuring errors or bad measurement can be caused by a
29 1.0371 0.9500 0.0871 breakdown in the communication from the substation to the
30 1.0355 0.9940 0.0415 parent control center or not terkalibrasinya measuring
instrument that is in the parent post. So the error information
Based on the chart above, showing that a comparison of in the control center.
the results of power flow state estimation with PT PLN in
the range 0000 on bus 1 to the highest achieving 0.0871 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
error on bus 29. With the value of the specified error [1] I. Robandi, “Modern Power System Design: Optimasi,
tolerance of 0.05 results of state estimation there are two Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithm Genetic
measurements that do not meet, where there are error = Algorithm,” Publisher Andi, Yogyakarta, 2006.
0.0575 on 27 and bus error = 0.0871 on bus 29. [2] D. Li, R. Li, Y. Sun, and H. Chen, “WAMS/SCADA
This is one indication of the occurrence of bad
hybrid system state estimation algorithm with double
measurement on bus 27 and 29. Bad measurement can occur
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analysis and action kurektif are applied on an electrical
[4] A. B. Setyarso, O. Penangsang, and R. S. Wibowo,
system.
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Fig. 2 Human Machine Interface Mains Substation Tello [8] D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, Modern power system
analysis. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
The RTU types widely used in electrical monitoring
system Sulselrabar is a kind of RTU S900. Based on the
results of the research in the UPB, i.e. data obtained in the
result of measurement 22 bus from 30 existing bus and 23
channels from the channel 44 on show on Human-Machine
Interface as in the picture above.