Theoretical framework

Behavioral theories (or behaviorism) focus on how people learn to behave in

particular ways. Behaviorism was born from two main schools of thought: Classical

conditioning, whereby a person learns to associate two previously unrelated stimuli

(e.g., Pavlov’s famous experiments in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a

bell with food). In terms of smoking, a person can learn to associate smoking with

other feelings and events (such as being in a stressful situation or having a coffee)

and these situations then automatically induce cravings and ‘cue’ his or her smoking

behavior. Operant conditioning, which posits that behavior is shaped by its

consequences (i.e., reward or punishment). When nicotine is inhaled, it causes a rapid

release of dopamine, in turn causing feelings of pleasure that reward and reinforce the

behavior. This pleasure and reinforcement drive the process of addiction. Behavioral

modification approaches to smoking cessation are underpinned by these principles.

Behavioral approaches to cessation focus on changing habits and patterns that cue

smoking, replacing smoking with a different, more desirable behavior, rewarding

abstinence, and emphasizing the immediate and longer-term benefits of quitting. A

review of behavioral interventions for smoking cessation found that most report

moderate success in quitting at six months.

Social cognitive theory, an extension of social learning theory, posits that

people learn from one another through observation, instruction, or modelling. It

expands on behaviorism by explaining behavior as a product of reciprocal interactions

between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. An important tenet of

social cognitive theory is self-efficacy, or the belief or expectation a person has that

he or she can successfully perform a task. Social cognitive theory posits that self-
efficacy is fundamental to any behavior change. Several studies have shown a positive

relationship between self-efficacy and changes in smoking behaviors. Social learning

theory forms the basis of cognitive behavioral therapy, which considers that people’s

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can interact with and influence each other to

maintain problem behaviors. Cognitive behavioral approaches to smoking cessation

aim to break the situational and emotional connections that have been established

with smoking. Behavioral strategies target the pleasurable associations and situational

cues that reinforce and maintain smoking, while cognitive strategies target the

cognitions and emotions that may also play a role in the person’s tobacco use (for

example, the person may believe he or she does not have any control over smoking,

or perceive that it helps with coping).

These two theories of Behavioral and social are relevant to this study. It

discusses here why they used smoke to relieve their stress. Some peoples used

cigarettes or vape just for curiosity like for example most of teenagers try to taste

cigarettes or vapes, what is it feel when they smoke. In terms of smoking, a person

can learn to associate smoking with other feelings and events (such as being in a

stressful situation or having a coffee) that’s the behavioral theory for Social cognitive

an extension of social learning theory, posits that people learn from one another

through observation, instruction, or modelling. It expands on behaviorism by explaining

behavior as a product of reciprocal interactions between cognitive, behavioral, and

environmental influences.

Behavioral strategies target the pleasurable associations and situational cues

that reinforce and maintain smoking, while cognitive strategies target the cognitions

and emotions that may also play a role in the person’s tobacco use (for example, the
person may believe he or she does not have any control over smoking, or perceive

that it helps with coping).

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual model using the Input, Process, Output (IPO) system approach is

drawn from the preceding conceptual framework which depicted in the form of

Paradigm which represents the following:

The first box shows the input which includes the profile of the respondents in

terms of Age, Sex, Civil Status, Preferred way smoking of the respondents and Level

of the stress of the respondents.

The second box represents the process which includes the Validation of

Research Instrument, Data gathering formulation, Distribution of Research

Instruments and Application of Appropriate Treatment.

The third box depicts the output showing the result of the study which

determined the relationship between the preferred way smoking of the respondents

when they are grouped according to their demographic profile.

The feedback is the arrow connecting the output back to input that signifies the

continuity of the process and the relationship among variables which indicates a never-

ending process.
  Demographic Profile of
the respondents in terms
of:
1. Age
2. Sex Process
3. Civil Status
 Validation of
 Preferred way of smoking
Research
of the respondents.
Instruments
 Data Gathering
 Level of stress of the
Formulation
respondents.
 Distribution of
Research
Instruments and
 Application of
appropriate
Statistical treatment.

F
E Output
E
D
Determined the Relationship
B between the preferred way
smoking of the respondents
A when they are grouped
C according to their
demographic profile.
K

Figure 1. A conceptual Model of the “PREFERRED WAY OF SMOKING IN

RELATION TO STRESS LEVEL OF SMOKERS “