‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٠٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٤٠‫א‬Kto writecolour
 K١٩٥٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬stationary phase‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mobile ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬phase
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 J   J  J   J

W–‫א‬ ƒ
Gas Liquid Chromatography (G.L.C)–‫א‬ o
W–‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
H.P.L.CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
W–‫א‬ ƒ
Gas Solid Chromatography (G.S.C)–‫א‬ o
W–‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 WE–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



y ،z ، x
x
y

z

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFE
 x F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE–F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Plane Chromatography‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
retardation factor‫א‬RfK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.qualitative analysis‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rf =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Paper ChromatographyW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥F‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
E ‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 AEF
‫א‬‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE١٧F‫א‬BEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F

 Thin Layer Chromatography‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ƒ א‬
K‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K110
Klocating reagent‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬،20-30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (hydrophobic)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KRf‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Rf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Gas Chromatography (GC)‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 W
١٩٥٥‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  .Gas Solid Chromatography (G.S.C) 
–‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
.Gas Liquid Chromatography (G.L.C)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K50-350 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K1000  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١ 
‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬septum‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ 
 

 
 
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
 
   
‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .peak
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
Kcarrier gasEF‫א‬‫• א‬
Kinjection port‫א‬ •
KEcapillary columnpacked columnF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬Detector •
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 


 ‫א‬
‫א‬
EF 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬
 WCarrier GasE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K   J
K  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WSample Injection Port‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Packed Column Injection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬٠{١‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Capillary Column Injection‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E٢–٠{١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬split less‫א‬‫א‬split‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSplit Injection‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬septumE٢–٠{١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٠–٠{١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WThe Column‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 Packed Columns ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K٣ – ٢‫א‬٣ – ١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Capillary Columns‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬         
 E٢١F‫א‬
K15-600.1-0.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K0.25-5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W–‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K J J J J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ ƒ
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 JW‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WPolar Liquids‫א‬Ei
F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E200oCFE60-250oC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNon-polar Liquids‫א‬Eii
E٠300oC‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WSpecial Liquids‫א‬Eiii
‫א‬KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
C C
  Ag
 WColumn Performance‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬(i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
number of ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬theoretical plates (n)
 

 
 

 W       
 
 tR       
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F
2
⎛ tR ⎞
  n = 16 ⎜ ⎟
⎝w⎠
KtR‫א‬w‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬
 H‫א‬
- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

L L ( w )2
  H = =
n 16 t R
 K‫א‬WL
K‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 WVanDeemter Equation
2νDG 8 k d f2 ū
H = 2λdp +  +· ·
ū Π2 (1+Ќ)2 DL
 W
 K‫א‬Wνλ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WH
 K‫א‬Wdp
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wū
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDL
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Wdf
 K‫א‬Wk
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B −

 H = A + −
+ C u
u
 WE‫א‬‫א‬FA‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬FB‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬FC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٢٣F‫א‬u‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬KK
B
‫א‬‫א‬ H = A+ −
+ Cu -
u

Cu −

A
B
u−

‫ א‬u u
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬
A, B, C‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬C‫א‬uKUop
 K‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Eii
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
2 ( t 2 − t1 )
 R =
w1 + w 2
 
 
 
- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  t2
 t1 
 
 
 W1W2
 
RE٢٤F   
 R ≥ 1.5 ‫א‬
(ii)Kn‫א‬‫א‬i)‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
n‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 ‫א‬E٢٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
250oC‫א‬‫א‬K H50oC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K+450 oC J100
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦F‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬       
         
      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 6
 W60oC‫א‬
1 234     
 
 
 
 
 W140oC‫א‬
 
1 2 3 4 5 6
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
123456   
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WDetectorE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WKatharometerEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ei
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE٢٩FE٢٨F‫א‬K(R2, R1)K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
N2

‫א‬ N2 N2+x ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F
 
 
 
  

R2  R1     
 
 R4   R3      
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬       
 E٢٩F
 W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Rf1 = Rf2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F2EN2 + xFF1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴Rf1 ≠ Rf2KEN2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WFlame Ionisation Detector‫א‬Eii
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٣٠F‫א‬200‫א‬
 
 
   

 

        

 ‫א‬

            

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  300V
 
‫א‬        
 ‫א‬E٣٠F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬N2‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬N2‫א‬x‫א‬
HHH‫א‬⇐HH(x)‫א‬‫א‬
 KH
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(x)‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
N2+x
 
 N2    N2    
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١F   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ƒ
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
 WElectron Capture Detector‫א‬‫א‬Eiii
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOrgano halogens
 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

3H63Ni‫א‬‫א‬EFβ‫א‬
 KE٣٢F‫א‬
 

          

3
H63Ni‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬        
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬β‫א‬EF‫א‬ ƒ
 N2 + β → N2+ + e-
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EF‫א‬20-50 ƒ
K ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

e- + AB ⇋ AB-
e- + AB ⇋ A + B-
‫א‬(e- )‫א‬100¸000‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٣F
 
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬KE٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬R.T
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R.T
      
 ‫א‬E٣٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RT
 K(GC/MS interface)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬Ei
  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٣٥F‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Eii
 KE٣٦F‫א‬
 EF
 
 W½H    


A = W½ * h
 ‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 
 
  
 h    EF
    
 
   W        
 A =1/2 W * h
 E‫א‬F‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KE،٣٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eiii
∴E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(ii)(i)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬
 KE٣٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F
 WInternal addition ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 y‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
  K
E٣٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 x
y       
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

x‫א‬EAxLAy Fy‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  Ax A 
y

 
 x     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K،
140-250oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬1966‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬Khigh performance‫א‬‫א‬high pressure‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬modern detectors‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬505
E F‫א‬،EF
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Cs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Cm‫א‬‫א‬
Cs
K=  
Cm
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  J
  KEF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WPumps‫א‬K١
 W
 KL100.1iii)EiiK‫א‬Ei
 K‫א‬E iv
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
isocratic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬separation and resolution

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬R.T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kelution
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kgradient elution‫א‬‫א‬
 Wgradient elution‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E٤١F‫א‬





‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F
W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
A B C D
   ‫א‬   
 
 KE٤٢F‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬Ei 
 
A B C
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬          
 ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E٤٣F‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Eii 
 W‫א‬
A B C D

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬          
        
 ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬A, B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eiii
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A B CD
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬          
        
 ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤F
 WInjection System‫א‬K٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬valve system‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Load‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬inject‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
       
 W    W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     
 W ‫א‬‫א‬W     
 Adsorption ColumnsWEF‫א‬‫א‬Ei
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KSiOH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Partition ColumnsWEFEii
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
K =Cs/Cm
 
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬chemicaly bonded stationary phases
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١–
  Si − OH + Cn H2n+1OH → Si − OCnH2n+1 + H2O
 ٢–
  Si − OH + (CH 3 )2 − Si (Cl ) − C10 H 21 → Si - O - Si(CH 3 )2 − C10 H 21 + HCl 
 Size Exclusion Columns‫א‬‫א‬(iii 
Kporous and non-ionic‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WIon Exchange Columns‫א‬‫א‬Eiv
R-SO3H+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FR-NH2-(CH3)3-Cl-
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬guard columns‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Klike separates like‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬number of theoretical plates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬
Z‫א‬
ELF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥F
 
 

W
R.T        
 
nRTE٤٥F
(n)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(w)‫א‬RT‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
(RT)2
n = 16[ ]
w
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 h (H.E.T.P)‫א‬
(L)‫א‬
h=
N
‫א‬two peaks‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦F‫א‬‫א‬R, resolution
 R = 2 (tb - ta) 2∆t
  (wa + wb) = (wa + wb)

- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 WaWb
 ta
       
tb         
R‫א‬E٤٦F
R=1.25‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K190–380 nm ‫א‬F ƒ
Kmonochromator‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬F ƒ
 ‫א‬

(U.V) 

Io  I    ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٧F
 
- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٨F‫א‬
 xH

 ‫א‬      
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٨F
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬O2‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.programmed temperature‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R.T‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬R.T‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRf .٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 KE    E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬E    ‫א‬‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬E    ‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬E   ‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬E    ‫א‬‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬E   K‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬E   K‫א‬‫א‬E
 
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 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK٢
 KRf‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL‫א‬‫א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬Kπ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RfK٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
     E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
     K‫א‬‫א‬E 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
    K‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬E

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