DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG

GRADUATE SCHOOL

Course Code: ED 213

Course Title: Philosophy and Principles of Curriculum Education
Term: 1st Semester SY 2019-2020
Topic: REACTION PAPER
Student: Sheryl D. Aguilar
Instructor: Prof. Marilyn Pasion

When we think about teaching we should talk about curriculum and for this
we need to know the definition of the word and it is defined by John Kerr as “all the
learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in
groups or individually, inside or outside the school”. The career of teaching implies
very important aspects, but the main one is working on curricula if we want our
students to reach the learning process in the best way, and to accomplish it, we
must take into account so many aspects but some of them are the importance of
knowing our students, writing accurate objectives and also planning the class.

The only way to get familiar with the students is by knowing them. If we
know their likes and dislikes, their strength and their weakness, we can use it to
help them understand what is difficult to them and also to get profit of subjects that
are not a problem to them. Another aspect is being informed of the environment in
which they live. This is something that not every teacher takes into consideration,
but it is essential. For instance, when we are planning the homework that we are
going to assign them, we should think if the students are going to be able to do it
or not, if they can get the materials, the sources and even the technological
equipment if they will need it. Although this is not directly related with the
development of curricula, I personally believe that if we as teachers know our
students the most, the results are going to be better than the ones that we’ll get if
we just teach.

By the moment in which we start at planning the lesson, the first step to do
is writing the objectives, and to do this in the right way, we need to study very well
which is exactly the objective that we need according to the method, the topic and
the goal that we want the students to accomplish. The objectives are classified into
learning outcomes and the learning outcomes are divided into three categories,
cognitive, psychomotor and affective. The cognitive includes the objectives related
to knowledge, which are the most commonly used by teachers, and useful tool to
apply to use these objectives is the Bloom’s Taxonomy which is a method of
classification on differing levels of higher order thinking, and it classifies the
process of learning in six levels, for example some verbs to use in the objective if
we want the student to apply something are make and use. The psychomotor
includes objectives that require basic motor skills and/or physical movement such
as construct. Finally, the affective domain includes objectives pertaining to
attitudes, appreciations, values and emotions.

In fact being a teacher implies analyzing everything specially related with

curricula. If we pay special attention to the tasks when we are planning even
though all the time that we need to expend to work in that, such as warm up,
objectives, activities, vocabulary, materials, skills, strategies and assessment, we
can be almost sure that we will get good results. However these results not only
depend on our work when planning and when teaching the class, because the
students are the ones who decides if they learn or not, and to achieve this we need
to get their interest which is very important and we can do it by applying the warm
up in the right way.

As a conclusion, all the subjects related with curriculum development are

going to be in our everyday as future professionals in teaching. That´s why it is
very important for us to involve with the issues related with the teaching career
since we are going to be dealing with objectives, students, and lesson plans.
 DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LAOAG
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Course Code: ED 213

Course Title: Philosophy and Principles of Curriculum Education
Term: 1st Semester SY 2019-2020
Topic: CURRICULUM APPROACH- BEHAVIORAL CLIPPINGS
Student: Sheryl D. Aguilar
Instructor: Prof. Marilyn Pasion

BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
The behavioral approach is based on the concept of explaining behavior
through observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to
behave differently or suffer illnesses. The main categories of behaviorism are:

Classical Behaviorism:
Initiated arguably by John B. Watson, with his publication of "Psychology as the
Behaviorist Views It" (often referred to as the behaviorist manifesto), who described his
behaviorist approach in psychology as "a purely objective experimental branch of natural
science". More on Classical Behaviorism

Methodological Behaviorism:
Methological behaviorism is based on the idea that all types of psychological research are
based to a greater or lesser extent on observing behaviors; the closest insight, some may
argue, we currently have into someone's psychological make-up. More on Methodological
Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism:
Radical behaviorists would claim that all our actions can be explained in terms of
environmental factors. This is a somewhat extreme view in that it ignores biological and
cognitive influences, particularly given research that has found genetic factors to play a
part in disorders such as schizophrenia and depression and the success of cognitive
treatments such as rational emotive therapy (RET). Popular holders of the radical
behaviorism approach were J.B. Watson, and Skinner, but psychologists today widely
acknowledge the importance of cognitive and biological factors in explaining disorders and
behavior. More on Radical Behaviorism

What does it assume?

1. Behaviorists assume that we can understand people by observing their behavior.
This contrasts with the cognitive approach which looks at thought processes and
other unobservable activities.
 2. Behavior can be observed in terms of responses to certain stimuli. For example,
a person being asked to hold a book (stimulus) would respond by holding the book.
This Stimulus-Response Theory forms the basis of conditioning, which suggests
learning in humans and animals can take place through the association of a response
with particular stimuli.

3. Behaviorism also assumes that we are born as a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and so
equal at birth. It is environmental factors rather than genetic or biological
differences that make us behave differently. Behaviorism very much represents the
nurture aspect of the nature-nurture debate.

A "behavioral approach" consists of manipulating the environment in such a way that the
probability of the target behavior is adjusted as desired. To increase that probability the
principle of reinforcement is employed. To decrease the probability the principle of
punishment is employed. To eliminate a behavior the principle of extinction is used.
Following is an example of each.

REINFORCEMENT

Your employer has been having trouble getting sufficient staffing on weekends. She
announces a new policy that weekend volunteers will be paid triple wages to work.
Employees now negotiate with each other about whose turn it is to work.

The change in the environment was the new policy. The reinforcement was the triple
wages. This is an example of organizational behavior management.

PUNISHMENT

A credit card company has had an increase in the number of late payments. It announced
that the new late payment fee is being increased to the maximum allowable limit. The
number of late payments decreased.

The change in the environment was the change in the late payment charges. The
punishment was the payment of the larger fee. This also is an example of an organizational
behavior management application.