Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Abstract- In 1899, Nikola Tesla, who had devised a type Referring to Fig. 1, the capacitor 1C forms
of resonant transformer called the Tesla coil, achieved two resonant circuits: one with the primary coil 1P,
a major breakthrough in his work by transmitting and another with the secondary coil 1S. The voltage
100 million volts of electric power wirelessly over a is supplied by the Neon sign transformer 1T.
distance of 26 miles to light up a bank of 200 light
The spark gap 1SG consists of two
bulbs and run one electric motor. Tesla claimed to
have achieved 95% efficiency, but the technology had electrodes separated by a gap, filled with an inert
to be shelved because the effects of transmitting such gas. When high enough voltage is applied across it,
high voltages in electric arcs would have been a spark forms, ionizing the gas, and allowing
disastrous to humans and electrical equipment in the conduction.
vicinity. This technology has been languishing in As the voltage across the gap 1SG
obscurity for a number of years, but the advent of increases, the charge across the capacitor 1C also
portable devices such as mobiles, laptops, increases. When the gap sparks, the capacitor
smartphones, MP3 players, etc warrants another look discharges into the primary and the secondary.
at the technology.
Thus, the voltage “bounces” back and forth at an
We propose the use of a new technology,
based on strongly coupled magnetic resonance. It extremely high rate. When the rate of discharge
consists of a transmitter, a current carrying copper between the capacitor 1C and primary 1P, matches
coil, which acts as an electromagnetic resonator and a that of the capacitor and secondary 1S, the two
receiver, another copper coil of similar dimensions to circuits are said to be "in resonance". The voltage
which the device to be powered is attached. The rises to such high levels that it is discharged
transmitter emits a non-radiative magnetic field through the discharge terminal in the form of an
resonating at MHz frequencies, and the receiving unit electric arc.
resonates in that field. The resonant nature of the Tesla used these coils to conduct
process ensures a strong interaction between the
numerous innovative experiments. In 1899, he
sending and receiving unit, while interaction with rest
of the environment is weak.
achieved a major breakthrough in his work at
Colorado by transmitting 100 million volts of
Keywords – wireless energy transfer; near field; electric power wirelessly over a distance of 26
evanescent wave, magnetic resonance; self-resonance miles to light up a bank of 200 light bulbs and run
one electric motor. He claimed to have achieved
I. A BRIEF HISTORY 95% efficiency. The method he used to wirelessly
transmit electricity was the employment of the
In 1891, Nikola Tesla invented a type of earth's own resonance with its specific vibrational
resonant transformer called the Tesla coil, which frequency to conduct AC electricity via a large
was used to generate very high voltage, low electric oscillator at about 7.8 Hz.
current, and high frequency alternating electricity. However, there were several safety
He experimented with a large variety of coils and hazards that were needed to be considered. A Tesla
configurations, one of which is as: Coil produces high voltage electric arcs. These arcs
cause permanent damage to electrical devices on
contact. Many devices can also be damaged without
being directly struck by the arc, due to the sheer
amount of voltage being transferred. Tesla coils
also destroy hearing aids and cardiac pacemakers in
their vicinity. For all the above reasons, this
technology has been languishing in obscurity and
not much research has been carried out in the field
Fig. 1. Basic configuration of Tesla coil.
of wireless energy transfer.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Sahil Sapre. Downloaded on January 18, 2010 at 07:56 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
However, the advent of a number of III. EVANESCENT WAVE COUPLING
portable entertainment and communications devices
warrants another look at this technology. We An evanescent wave is a damped wave,
propose the use of a technology, which uses the whose power exponentially decays with an increase
phenomenon of electromagnetic resonance for in distance. Evanescence basically means ‘tending
energy transfer. The idea is to use two copper coils, to vanish’. The wave is most intense within a
one at the transmitting end connected to the power distance of one-third wavelength from an
supply, and the other at the receiving end, which is electromagnetic source.
strongly coupled to the magnetic field of the first. Evanescent wave coupling is
For strong coupling to take place, the receiving coil accomplished by placing two or more
must be within the near field region of the electromagnetic elements close together so that the
transmitting coil. evanescent field generated by one element does not
decay much before it reaches the other element.
II. NEAR FIELD INDUCTIVE COUPLING Referring to Fig. 3, in evanescent wave
coupling, both the transmitter and receiver emit
Unlike the previously used far field evanescent waves of the same frequency. However,
electromagnetic waves, we propose the use of near they are traveling in opposite directions. This forms
field inductive coupling through magnetic a standing wave, which facilitates efficient transfer
resonance. A near field is the region around the of energy between the transmitter and receiver.
source of electromagnetic radiation within a radius Initially, the energy is being transmitted from the
r << λ, where λ is the wavelength of the transmitted transmitter to the receiver. As the receiver utilizes
wave. The total energy per unit area at a distance r this energy, the standing wave collapses. This
from the transmitter is proportional to 1/r2. Since process repeats itself and the energy is transferred
the receiver is within a very small radius of the in bursts.
transmitter, most of the transmitted energy appears
at the receiving end. Thus, losses are less.
Another advantage of using near fields is
that energy is available to the receiver only if the
energy is tapped, and this is sensed by the
transmitter by means of answering electromagnetic Fig. 3. Propagation of energy using a standing wave.
near fields emanated by the receiver. This is
different from the far field, which draws energy
constantly from the transmitter, whether it is IV. TRANSMITTER CIRCUITRY:
immediately received, or not. This non-radiative
energy transfer is mediated through evanescent
waves.
The theoretical realization of the scheme,
Fig. 2, consists of two self-resonant coils. One coil
(the source coil 2S) is coupled inductively to an
oscillating circuit; the other (the device coil 2D) is
coupled inductively to a resistive load.
Fig. 4. Transmitter
513
Authorized licensed use limited to: Sahil Sapre. Downloaded on January 18, 2010 at 07:56 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
signal to a high frequency directional ultrasound inductance is zero since it is canceled by its
wave. We plan to use a similar phase shift network counterpart.
to increase the input frequency. This will limit the To calculate the self-resonant frequency of
wavelength of the transmitted waves to the near- the coil, we use an adaptation of the formula for
field region. helical antennas found in the section on slow wave
structures in [16].
514
Authorized licensed use limited to: Sahil Sapre. Downloaded on January 18, 2010 at 07:56 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
We envision the creation of wireless REFERENCES
electricity ‘livespots’, where one can walk in and
[1] Nikola Tesla, ‘Colorado Springs Notes 1899-1900’.
charge any device wirelessly. To make such [2] Aristeidis Karalis, John D.Joannopoulos, and Marin Soljacic,
livespots feasible, we contemplate the creation of ‘Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer’,
separate charging zones in commercial 2008.
establishments like cafés, restaurants, and malls [3] L. Ka-Lai, J.W. Hay, and P.G.W. Beart, ‘Contact-less power
transfer’, US patent number 7,042,196, issued in
similar to smoking or Wi-Fi zones. May 2006.
In an office, all computers can be powered [4] N. Tesla, ‘Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy’, U.S.
by an overhead transmitter, thus eliminating the patent number 1,119,732, issued in December 1914.
tangles of power cords that exist now. [5] L. Oliver Duffy, ‘Earth's Magnetic Field, Resonance and Us’
[6] University of California, Santa Cruz: ‘Tesla Coil Outreach
We can also get rid of separate chargers Program’.
for different equipments, and bring a level of [7] Arthur Charych, ‘System and method for wireless electrical
standardization and convenience. power transmission’, U.S. patent number 6,798,716.
With the proliferation of this technology, [8] Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J, Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner,
Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Dipak L. Sengupta, ‘History of
we foresee a day when wireless electricity will be Wireless’.
so ubiquitous that governments can provide [9] Coilcraft, Illinois ‘Measuring Self Resonant Frequency’.
transmitters at regular intervals so that most citizens [10] Rafif E. Hamam, Aristeidis Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos,
can harness it. Marin Soljačić, ‘Coupled-mode theory for general free-space
resonant scattering of waves’.
[11] Anatoly A. Barybin, Victor A. Dmitriev, ‘Modern
VI. DRAWBACKS Electrodynamics and Coupled-Mode Theory: Application to
Guided-Wave Optics’, Rinton Press July 2002.
In a world without wires, ‘energy theft’ [12] Constantine G. Kakoyiannis, Penelope Gika, Philip
will become a possibility. However, since we are Constantinou, ‘Compact Antennas with Reduced Mutual
using near field magnetic resonance, which works Coupling for Wireless Sensor Networks’, National Technical
University of Athens.
at a distance upto 10 meters, the chances of this [13] Nigel P. Cook, Lukas Sieber, Hanspeter Widmer, ‘High
happening are rather unlikely. Efficiency and Power Transfer in Wireless Power Magnetic
Also, there will be a need for Resonators’, U.S. patent number 2009/0072629, issued in May
standardization of equipment. Retrofitting old 2009.
[14] Ka-Lai, L., Hay, J. W. and Beart, P. G. W. “Contact-less
equipment with receivers or purchasing new power transfer.” U.S. patent number 7,042,196, issued in May
equipment will be expensive. 2006. (SplashPower Ltd., www.splashpower.com)
Public awareness about the safety of using [15] Jackson, J. D., ‘Classical Electrodynamics’, Wiley, New
this technology will have to be created before it York, 1999.
[16] S Ramo, J R Whinnery and T D Van Duzer, ‘Fields and
becomes widespread. waves in Communication Electronics’
515
Authorized licensed use limited to: Sahil Sapre. Downloaded on January 18, 2010 at 07:56 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.