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AIM: To study and learn the properties of Digital storage oscilloscope.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Digital storage oscilloscope.

THEORY:

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE:-


A digital oscilloscope is an instrument which stores a digital copy of the waveform in the digital memory
which it analyses further using digital signal processing techniques rather than using analogue
techniques. It captures the non-repetitive signals and displays it consciously until the device gets reset. In
digital storage oscilloscope, signals are received, stored and then displayed. The maximum frequency
measured by digital oscilloscope depends upon two things: one is sampling rate of the scope, and the
other is the nature of the converter. Converter is either analogue or digital. The traces in digital
oscilloscope are bright, highly defined, and displayed within seconds as they are non-stored traces. The
main advantage of the digital oscilloscope is that it can display visual as well as numerical values by
analyzing the stored traces.
The displayed trace on the flat panel could be magnified and also we can change the brightness of the
traces, and minute detailing can be done as per requirement after an acquisition.
There is a small screen, which shows input voltage on a particular axis for the period of time. Even it
could display three-dimensional figure or multiple wave forms for comparison purpose by doing some
changes. It has an advantage that it can capture and store electronic events for the future purpose. The
digital oscilloscopes are widely used today because of its advanced features of storage, display, fast traces
rate and remarkable bandwidth.

Since the waveform is stored in a digital format, the data can be processed either within the oscilloscope itself, or
even by a PC connected to it.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
1) The objective of observing a signal on the oscilloscope screen is to make voltage and time measurements.
2) These measurements may be helpful in understanding the behavior of a circuit component, or the circuit itself,
depending on what has to be measure.
3) The oscilloscope screen consist of the grids which can be external or internal to the screen of CRO, which
divides both the horizontal axis (voltage) and the vertical axis (time) into divisions which will be helpful in making
the measurements.
4) These values are determined by two variables namely the time/div and the volt/div both of which can be
adjusted from the relevant buttons available on the front panel of the oscilloscope.

Measurement of A.C. voltage:

Measurement of peak-to-peak voltage and peak voltage:


1. To measure the ac. voltage of sinusoidal waveform. The input ac. signal is applied from the signal generator to
a channel of CRO. The voltage/div switch (Y-plates) and time base switch (X-plates) are adjusted such that a
steady picture of the waveform is obtained on the screen.
2. The vertical height (l) that is peak-to-peak height is measured. When this peak-to-peak height (L) is multiplied
by the voltage/div (voltage deflection sensitivity ‘n’) we get the peak-to-peak voltage (2Vo). From this we get
the peak voltage (Vo). The rms voltage Vrms is equal to Vo/ 2. This rms voltage Vrms is verified with rms
voltage value, measured by the multimeter.
Measurement of D.C. voltage:
The trace(horizontal line) is adjusted such that it lie on the X-axis of the screen. The dc input voltage to be measure
is then fed to the input channel of the CRO in the dc mode. The shift of trace from the horizontal line occurs which
gives the measure of the magnitude of the dc voltage.

Measurement of frequency:
▪ Using time-period:
Suppose that the time period of the input signal is T. As we know frequency is the reciprocal of time period.
Then, the frequency of the signal =1/T

Measurement of phase difference:


If two or more signals are being monitored simultaneously, a time delay may occur between the signals (that is one
signal may lead the other or vice-verse), called as phase difference. Two waves that have the same frequency, have
a phase difference that is constant (independent of t).
When the phase difference is zero, the waves are said to be in phase with each other. Otherwise, they are out of
phase with each other.
If the phase difference is 180º (radians), then the two signals are said to be in anti-phase. If the peak amplitudes of
two anti-phase waves are equal, their sum is zero at all values of time, t.

The phase difference is expressed in terms of radians or degrees. In Dual Mode, the phase difference can be
calculated as follows it depicting the two signals having the same frequency:

The phase difference between the signals can also be determined in XY mode of the dual slope oscilloscope. In the
XY mode, the x-axis data is taken on one channel, y-axis data is taken on the other. In that way, Channel I is related
with Channel II which is presented by means of graph, so that the variation of a signal with respect to another can
be observed. In XY mode, the two signals having a constant phase difference.

Advantages of digital oscilloscopes

Digital oscilloscopes provide a large number of advantages over their analogue predecessors. Using he
power of current day digital processing techniques, the performance can be considerably enhanced.
• Storage capability: As the waveforms are stored in memory to enable them to be processed, modern
digital oscilloscopes are by their very nature also storage scopes and this enables even transient
waveforms to be captured and displayed as needed.
• Accuracy: Using digital technology, the accuracy of digital oscilloscopes is far higher than it was
possible to achieve with analogue scopes. Often digital markers can be placed on a waveform to measure
the exact voltage at a particular point.
• Flexibility & functionality: Using digital techniques it is possible to programme in a very high level of
functionality into a digital scope.

CONCLUSION:
From the above study we can say that the oscilloscope is an extremely versatile
instrument as it can be used to measure both steady and time-dependent voltages,
frequency, time duration, phase difference, and harmonic distortion.

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