Steel Structures

M.Sc. Structural Engineering

SE-505

Plastic Analysis and Design of Structures

Lec. #3
Dr. Qasim Shaukat Khan
1
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis

The objective is to find out a mechanism (independent or

composite) such that M ≤ Mp throughout the structural element (or
at least at the selected points.
1. Determine the total degree of indeterminacy of the structure (I).
2. Determine the location of all possible hinges and thus the number
of possible hinges (H). Hinges may form at concentrated point
loads, connections, and points of zero shear in case of members
subjected to UDL.
3. The number of independent mechanisms (M) is calculated as
under:
M = H -I
2
Steel Structures
4. Independent mechanisms include beam mechanism, sway
mechanism, gable mechanism and joint mechanism.
5. Sketch each mechanism one by one and give convenient virtual
deformation (displacement or rotation) to any point, assuming all
the hinges of this mechanism to be just formed.
6. Calculate the external and internal works done. External work
done is equal to the load multiplied with its corresponding
deformation. Internal work will be done only at the plastic hinges
and calculated as the plastic moment multiplied with the rotation.

External WD (WE) = Ʃ load x virtual displacement

Internal WD (WI) = Ʃ Plastic moment at hinge x virtual hinge
rotation
3
Steel Structures
6. Using the principle of virtual work, evaluate the collapse load for
the mechanism under consideration.
WE = WI
7. Solve all the independent mechanisms and then form composite
mechanisms by combining two or more independent and other
composite mechanisms.
The composite mechanisms must be formed in such a way that
plastic hinges are eliminated reducing the internal work done and
hence the collapse load.
8. Find the smallest value of collapse load.
9. Check, M ≤ Mp at all sections, if possible.

4
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis

Example P P
A B D
C E

L/2 L/2 L/2

Determine the collapse Load.

5
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: P P
A B D θA is the virtual
displacement
C E
given by us other
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2 displacements
are as as a result
θL/2 of θA
Mech-1
θA θB I =1
θC=2θ No. of Possible
θ = θA = θB Hinges, H = 3
No. of
Mech-2 Independent
Mechanisms, M
=H–I=2

6
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
L
WE  Pθ
2
WI  0θ  2θ M P  θ M P
WI  3θ M P
Virtual Work Principle WI  WE
L
3M P θ  Pθ
2
6M P Same for other mechanism - 2
PC 
L 7
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Example: P P P
2m 2m 2m 5m 5m

2MP MP
I=2
Mech-1
No. of
Possible
Mech-2 Hinges, H = 5
No. of Independent
Mech-3 Mechanisms, M =
H–I=3

8
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
2θ
Beam Mechanism - 1

WE  P 2θ  Pθ  3Pθ θ θ/2

3θ/2
WI  2MP θ 2MP  3θ  M P  θ
2 2
WI  5.5MPθ
WI  WE
5.5MPθ  3Pθ
P 1.83MP 9
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
4θ
Beam Mechanism - 2
2θ
WE  P 2θ  P 4θ  6Pθ
θ

3θ

WI  2MP θ  2MP  3θ  M P  2θ
WI 10MPθ

WI  WE
10MPθ  6Pθ
P 1.67MP 10
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
5θ
Beam Mechanism - 3
θ
WE  P 5θ  5Pθ θ

2θ

WI  M P θ  M P  2θ  0
WI  3MPθ

WI  WE Final answer is the smallest

3MPθ  5Pθ
PC  0.6MP
P  0.6MP
11
 Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Example: 4P
P 4P
4.5m 4.5m 6m 6m 6m 6m

12Mp 14Mp 16Mp

4.5θ
I =2
Mech-1 H =5
θ θ

2θ M =3
6θ
Mech-2
θ θ
2θ
6θ
Mech-3
θ θ
2θ
12
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Beam Mechanism - 1
WE  4P4.5θ  18Pθ
WI  0 12MP  2θ 12MP θ
WI  36MPθ
WI  WE
36MPθ 18Pθ

P  2MP 13
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Beam Mechanism - 2
WE  4P 6θ  24Pθ
WI  12MPθ 14MP  2θ 14MPθ
WI  54MPθ
WI  WE
54MPθ  24Pθ
P  2.25MP 14
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Beam Mechanism - 3

WE  24Pθ
WI  14MPθ 16MP  2θ  0
WI  46MPθ
WI  WE
PC 1.92MP
46M P θ  24Pθ
P 1.92MP 15
Steel Structures
Total indeterminacy (I) for Rigid Frames
Real hinge

I for rigid frame = no. of closed

loops x 3 – Releases at the
bottom from fixed end – any
real hinge in the super structure

I  553  4 1
I  70

16
Steel Structures

Elimination of Hinges in Mechanism Method

Combined mechanisms are obtained in such a way that
number of plastic hinges are reduced.
There are two different ways in which hinges can be
eliminated:
1. If all members of the joint rotate through same
angle in different direction in mechanisms to be
added.
2. When a member rotates by equal amount but in
opposite direction in the mechanisms to be
combined.
17
Steel Structures
Joint Mechanism: It can only form if more than 2
members are meeting at a joint. Joint mechanism shows the
rotation of a joint w.r.t the structure.
2MP

Hinge will be in MP
column as its MP is
Now this joint smaller
can rotate

2MP 4MP
Hinge may not form in
MP this column although it
is the weakest, as it
can’t take moment

18
Steel Structures
Joint Mechanism (contd…)
Location of hinge depends on loading and end conditions of other
members.
100kN
A
Let, MP = 100 kN-m 2MP 4MP
B

MA = 100 x 4 = 400 kN-m = 4MP 3MP 4m

Hinge will form in member AB

although its strength is greater
than other members.

Joint mechanism determines location of hinges at joint of more

than two members.
19
Steel Structures
Joint Mechanism (contd…)

θ
θ

θ
θ

θ
θ

CCW rotation of joint CW rotation of joint

20
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Example: Calculate the collapse load
Solution: P P

I 3 P 2m 2m 2m
H6 2MP
M  63  3
4m MP MP 4m
2 Beam mechanism and
1 sway mechanism
Joint mechanism is not
required as no joint is
having more than 2
members.
21
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mec Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
h of
# Mech
M P θ 
2θ P 2θ 
1 Beam θ/2
2MP 1.5θ
θ Pθ
1.5θ  0.5MPθ 1.5MP
 3Pθ
 4.5MPθ
M P θ 
4θ P 4θ 
2 Beam 2MP 3θ
θ 2θ P 2θ 1.5MP
3θ
 6Pθ  M P 2θ
 9MPθ
22
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mec Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
h of
# Mech
4θ P P
P
3 Sway
θθ
θ P 4θ 4MP θ 1.0MP
θ

4.5MPθ 
Mech 1 4θ 3Pθ 
4 θ/2
4MP θ -
+ 1.5θ
θ
4Pθ  0.93MP
Mech 3
θ MPθ - MPθ
θ
7Pθ
 6.5MPθ
23
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech
6Pθ  13MPθ 
5 Mech 2 4Pθ  MPθ - MPθ 1.10MP
+  11MPθ
10Pθ
Mech 3

Right hinge at the joint can’t be eliminated because column and beam are
rotating in opposite directions.
PC  0.93MP 24
 Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
1.5P
Example: Calculate the collapse load
Solution:
P
I  3m+r-3j=3*8+6-3*8  6 MP
H  12
0.8MP 1.8P 0.8MP 4m
M  12  6  6
2 Beam mechanism and 2P 2MP
2 sway mechanism
2 Joint mechanism 1.7MP 1.7MP 4m

Consider 1 hinge at the

junction of 2-members
and equal to no. of
4m 4m
members at other joints. 25
Steel Structures 26
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech

θ θ 0.8MPθ 
1 Beam 2θ M P 2θ
4θ 1.5P 4θ
 0.8MPθ
 6Pθ 0.6MP
 3.6MPθ

2MP θ 
2 Beam 1.8P 4θ 2MP 2θ
 7.2Pθ 1.11MP
θ
4θ
θ
 2MP θ
2θ
 8MPθ
Steel Structures
27
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech
4θ

θ
3 Sway θ
θ
θ
of top 0.8MP 4θ
P 4θ
story 0.8MP

Sway 4θ
of P 4θ 
4 1.7MP 4θ
bottom 2P 4θ 0.567MP
story θ θ
 12Pθ  6.8MPθ
θ θ
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech

0.8MPθ 
5 Left θ

Joint 2MPθ 
Mech θ θ
0 1.7MPθ

Clockwise  4.5MPθ

6 Right θ

Joint θ

Mech θ
0 4.5MPθ 
These joint mechanisms are fictitious & don’t occur independently, will
occur in some combination
28
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech
3.6MPθ 
θ
θ
3.2MPθ 
6Pθ 4Pθ
7 1+3 0.8MPθ - 0.52MP
 10Pθ 0.8MPθ
 5.2MPθ
θ
θ 5.2MPθ 
8 7+4 10Pθ 12Pθ 6.8M θ 
P 0.545MP
 22Pθ 12M θ
P
θ θ

We need not to combine mech – 1 & 4 as no hinge will be eliminated. 29

Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)
Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC
# of
Mech
12MPθ 
θ
4.5MPθ 
22Pθ 0
9 8+5 2 0.8MPθ - 0.523M P
θ θ  22Pθ
θ
21.7M Pθ
 11.5MPθ
11.5MPθ 
10 9+6 θ
4.5MPθ 
22Pθ 0.50M P
θ 2 0.8MPθ -
θ θ
21.7MPθ
θ
 11MPθ

30
Steel Structures
Mechanism Method of Analysis
Solution: (contd…)

Mech Type Shape of Mech WE WI PC

# of
Mech

2θ 7.2Pθ  8MPθ 
22Pθ  11MPθ 
11 10 + 2 θ
θ 2θ
2 2MPθ 0.514MP
2θ 29.2Pθ
15MPθ

PC  0.50MP
31
Steel Structures
Gable Mechanism
θ

Gable Mechanism
If an angle θ is
known we cannot
• One hinge forms at crown and two at the beam joints. determine other
angles by some
• Somewhat similar to sway mechanism. simple method.
For this we need
• wind ward side column does not move. to understand
Instantaneous
• The hinge formed at the crown sinks the frame. Center of Rotation

• Gable mechanism is separate/independent mechanism.

32
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity

• In columns axial force is present simultaneous with

moments.
• In beams of frames, smaller axial force in addition to
moment may be present.
• Stresses are consumed by axial force hence plastic
moment capacity reduces.

33
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
P/A Fy Fy Fy
(-) (-)
(-) (-) (-)
(-)
+ =

(+) (+) N.A

(+) (+) (+)

Fy Fy
Due to axial Elastic
compression, P Partially Inelastic
Inelastic
Due to sagging
moment
34
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Fy Fy Fy

(-) (-) (-) Fy

Fy
= yo + (-)
yo (-) (+)

(+)
N.A (+)
(+)

Fy Fy (c) (d) (e)

(b)
Contribution of
Contribution of moment. Upper Axial force
area is equal to lower area
35
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity (contd…)
Case-I N.A Is Within The Web
Applicable for smaller values of axial load, P.
From diagram “d”

P  t w  2yo  Fy
P
yo 
2t w Fy
d -2tf
If yo  Then N.A. is with in Web
2
36
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Case-I N.A Is Within The Web (contd…) Dia: (e)

Reduced moment FY x Area of Distance between

capacity, MPC = diagram on top or x centers of comp. &
bottom tension area.

MPC = FY (Z for total section – Z for central portion of 2yo height)

  t w (2y o)2 
MPC  Fy   Zx  MP is full plastic
4
 

 Fy  Z x  t w y o
2
 moment capacity in
the absence of Axial
force
 M P - Fy t w y o
2

37
Steel Structures

 Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment Capacity

 Case-I N.A Is Within The Web (contd…)
P 2
MPC  M P - Fyt w 2 2
F
4t w y
2
P
 MP -
4t w Fy
M PC  1- P2
MP 4t w Fyz Fy 
P2 A2
 1-  2
4t w Fy z  Fy  A 38
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Case-I N.A Is Within The Web (contd…)
2
M PC A  P
2
(1)  1-   Q Py  A Fy
MP 4t w z  Py 
Py = Max. axial compressive load in the absence of bending moment
& buckling
If P = 0, P/Py = 0 then MPC/MP = 1, MPC = MP
d  2tf
Eq: 1 is applicable when y o 
2
OR P  Fy.t w .2yo  Fy.t w d- 2tf  39
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity (contd…)
Case-II N.A Is Within The Flange
Applicable when P is high and M is less.
Fy Fy

(-) (-)
yo
= +

(-)
yo
(+) (+) N.A

Fy Fy (d) (e)
40
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Case-II N.A Is Within The Flange (contd…)

Lever arm in  d  2yo d

the diagram  2y o  yo 
2 2
P A d
Let “A” be the total area of section
yo   
P  FyA  bf  d  2yo 
2b f Fy 2b f 2
d A  P
 FyA bf d  2yobf  yo   1 
2 2b f  Py 
1  P 
yo   bfd  A  If yo = d/2, 1-P/Py=0
2b f  Fy 
 so P/Py = 1 41
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Case-II N.A Is Within The Flange (contd…)


b f d 2 bf (2y o )2 
M PC  Fy   
 4 4 
 b d2 P  2
d A 
 Fy   f  b f   1   
 4  2 2b  Py   
  f   
 A2  P 
2

Ad  P   Z

 Fy   1   1   
 4b f  Py  2  Py  Z
 
42
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Case-II N.A Is Within The Flange (contd…)

M PC Ad  P  A  P 
2
2
 1  1
MP 2 Z  Py  4b f Z  Py 

P  Fy.t w d  2tf 
d
This eq is valid for: yo   t f and
2
 
M PC A  
P 2
P  A 
 d 1  1   (2)
MP 2Z   Py  2b f  Py  
  43
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity

Actual Curve, Eq:2

1.0

P P 8 MPC

P
 0.2
 1 for
Py Py 9 M P Py

Actual Curve, Eq:1

P
Py
 0.2 P M PC
 1 for
P
 0.2
2Py MP Py
M PC 1.0
MP 44
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Actual curve is difficult to use so specifications allow to
approximate the original equations by approximate equations.

For P/Py = 0.2 draw Hz. Line. Where this line cuts the original
curve join that point with 1.0 value point on both axis. Then
equation can be made for the straight lines.
AISC Interaction Equations

Pr 8  M rx Mry  Pr
  1.0 For  0.2
Pc 9  M cx M cy  Pc
45
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
Pr M rx M uy Pr
   1.0 For  0.2
2Pc M cx M cy Pc
Pr = required factored axial compressive strength (LRFD)
= required allowable axial compressive strength (ASD)

Pc = design axial compressive strength (LRFD) = cPn

= allowable axial compressive strength (ASD) = Pn / 

Mr = required factored flexural strength (LRFD)

= required allowable flexural strength (ASD)

46
Steel Structures
Mc = design flexural strength (LRFD) = bMn
= allowable flexural strength (ASD) = Mn / 

c = resistance factor for compression = 0.9

b = resistance factor for flexure = 0.9

c = safety factor for compression = 1.67

b = safety factor for flexure = 1.67
Mt = Required nominal flexural strength for no axial load
= MPC/b
Pu
Suppose  0.2
cPn
Pu 8 M PC
 1.0
cPn 9 bMP
47
Steel Structures
Influence of Axial Force On Plastic Moment
Capacity
After simplification
 Pu 
MP  M t   0.889
 cPn 
 Pu  Approximate
Zx  Z t   0.889 interaction
 cPn  equations to
Pu reduce the
For  0.2 trials
cPn
 Pu 
Z x  Z t  0.5 1.00 
 cPn  48
Steel Structures
Design Procedure For Column (beam column)
M P req
1. Select section without considering the axial force. Zt 
0.9Fy
2. Calculate cFcr &  cPn for the trial section. Also calculate
Pu/  cPn and decide which interaction equation is
applicable.
3. Find out increased value of Z. Because due to axial force
there is reduction in plastic moment capacity so we need to
calculate the reduction.
4. Select section for this plastic section modulus.
5. Apply interaction equations. If L.H.S < 1.01, section is O.K.
If too much less than 1.0 , the section is uneconomical.

49
Steel Structures
Example:
Design a beam column having required plastic moment of 300
kN-m and an axial force (factored) of 500 kN. A-36 steel is to
be used. Fy = 250 MPa. Effective length, KL = 2.0m
Solution:
W 360 x 79
M P req 300106 LP = 2.44m > Lu = 2.0 m
Zt  
0.9Fy 0.9 250 In this way bracing is not required. In
beams we can provide bracing but in case
 1333103 mm3 of column it may be difficult .
From beam selection table Trial Section W 360 x 79
W 530 x 66 A = 10,100 mm2 rx = 150mm, ry = 48.8mm
LP = 1.60m < Lu = 2.0 m KLu/rmin = 2000/48.8 = 41 < 200 O.K.
[Not better as a column]
50
Steel Structures
Solution:
cFcr  205.82MPa
205.82 10,100
c Pn   2079kN
1000
Pu 500
  0.24  0.2
cPn 2079
New value of “Z”
 Pu 
Z  Zt   0.889
 cPn 
In this equation we can use the original
value of Z. 51
Steel Structures
Solution:
Z  1333103 0.24  0.889
 1506103 mm3
Now select the section according to this
new value of Z
W 360 x 91, A = 11,500mm2,
Z = 1671 x 103 mm3, bMP = 376 kN-m
rx = 152 mm, ry = 62.2 mm, Lp = 3.11 m
LP > Lu. Check local stability yourself.

KL u
 33  c Fcr  212.38MPa
rmin
52
Steel Structures
Solution:
212.3811500
c Pn   2442kN
1000
Pu 500
  0.205 0.2
cPn 2442
Pu 8 M ux
  0.914  1.01
cPn 9 bMnx

Final Selection: W 360 x 91

53
Concluded

54