Substation Automation Products

Line distance protection REL670

Distance protection ZQDPDIS, FDPSPDIS, ZDNRDIR, PPLPHIZ

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1MRG005475

Section 4
Contents

 Distance protection in REL670

 Distance protection basic characteristic
 Impedance measuring zones, ZQDPDIS
 E
Example
l off zone settings
tti
 Directional measuring function, ZDNRDIR1
 Phase selector function, FDPSPDIS
 Impedance protection function, configuration

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Slide 2
 Section 4
Distance protection in REL670

ZDIR
ZM01 ZM03

PHS
ZM02 ZM04

ZM05

 FDPSPDIS (phase selection)  ZQDPDIS (zone 1 – zone 5 measurements)

 Detects the faulty loops
 Using impedance and current based algorithm (STCNDZ)
 Using current-based algorithm (STCNDLE)
 Detects presence in the load area (load encroachment)
 Using impedance based algorithm (STCNDZ)
 Using current-based algorithm (STCNDLE)
 Calculate the 6x5 impedance loops with
non-directional impedance characteristic
 ZDNRDIR (directionality)
 Detects the direction for all six loops (STDIRCND)
 Memory voltage is here

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Slide 3

Section 4
Distance protection in REL670

ZDIR
ZM01 ZM03

PHS
ZM02 ZM04

ZM05

PPL

 PPLPHIZ (phase preference logic)

 Used in isolated or high impedance earthed networks
 Used to trip only one of the faulty lines at cross country fault

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Slide 4
 Section 4
Distance protection basic
ZDNRDIR and d ZQDPDIS

Directionality Non directional

AND characteristic

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Slide 5

Section 4
Distance protection basic
C bi ti off di
Combination ti
directionall characteristic
h t i ti and
d lload
d area

Directional AND Load area

characteristic (in Phase selector)

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Slide 6
 Section 4
Distance protection basic characteristic
E
Examples
l

 PE or PP loops
 Shapes of characteristics decided by settings of ZQDPDIS (ZM), FDPSPDIS (PHS) and
ZDNRDIR (DIR)

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Slide 7

Section 4
Impedance measuring zones, ZQDPDIS

 ZQDPDIS blocks (ZM01, ZM02

…. ZM05)
 Measure the distance to the fault
 Measure different electrical
impedances (loops)
 ZM01, Zone1 is compensated
p for
the load current

 ZDRDIR block
 Directional criteria
 Voltage memory

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Slide 8
 Section 4
General – Distance protection

Considerations for settings of the distance protection

 Fault resistance
 Single end infeed (fault current from one side only)
 Double end infeed (fault current from two sides)
 Load current
 Remote station side infeed of fault current
 Mutual zero sequence connection at parallel lines

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Slide 9

Section 4
ZM - Phase to phase faults and settings
arc resistance
Reach (settings X1, R1)
((Setting
g RFPP))

L1 Z1

Reach (settings X1, R1) Rf

L2 Z1

L3 Z1

A.R. Van C. Warrington

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Slide 10
 Section 4
General – Distance protection, resistive 2 phase fault
Single end in feed
 Fault resistance increase at decreasing fault current
I Z1
L1

Z1
L2

R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
Z1 R1
L3 Z1
I
ZN
N R2

R3

R4

R5

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Slide 11

Section 4
ZM – PP loops (2-phase faults)

L1
jX
R1+j X1
RFPP
φ = tan-1 XR
(R1, X1)
2

RFPP
2

L2

R1+j X1
φ =LineAng
RFPP
R
2
RFPP
R1+
 ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance to the fault 2

 Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

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Slide 12
 Section 4
ZM – PP loops (3-phase faults)

L1
R1+j X1 RFPP
jX φ = tan-1 XR
2
(R1, X1)
L2
R1 j X1
R1+j RFPP RFPP
2 2

L3
R1+j X1
φ =LineAng
RFPP
R
2
RFPP
 ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance to the fault R1+
R1
2

 Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

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Slide 13

Section 4
Phase to Phase characteristic

Settings in PST for zones

 X1PP = X1
 R1PP = R1
 RFPP = RFPP

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Slide 14
 Section 4
ZM - Phase to earth faults and settings

Reach (settings X1, R1)

L1 Z1

L2 Z1
Rf

L3 Z1

N ZN

Neutral Impedance reach

(settings X0, R0) Fault resistance
(Tower foot res.
+arc resistance)
(Setting RFPE)

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Slide 15

Section 4
ZM – PE loops (phase-earth faults)
jX
Z1 =R1+j
R1 j X1 (2R1+R0
3 ,
2X1+X0
3
)
L1

RFPE

N
α = tan -1
2X1+X0
2R1+R0

(R0+j X0) - (R1+j X1) R

RFPE
ZN =
3
2 (R1+j X1) + (R0+j X0)
Zloopset =
 Z measures the ohm/loop impedance to the fault 3
Z0 - Z1 ZN
 Test equipment must be set in ohm/loop! ZN = KN =
3 Z1

Z0 - Z1
KN =
3Z1

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Slide 16
 Section 4
Phase to Neutral characteristic

Settings in PST
 X1PE = X1
 R1PE = R1
 X0PE = X0
 R0PE = R0
 RFPE = RFPE

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Slide 17

Section 4
General – Distance protection, bolted fault

X Line in impedance plane  Distance protection measures an impedance

ZL = RL + jXL  The impedance is a vector in the impedance
XL plane
Measured impedance  At a bolted fault (metallic)
(F lt resistance
(Fault i t Rf
Rf=0)
0) th
the measurementt (th
(the
Zm = ZLf distance) is proportional with the line impedance
to the fault

RL

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Slide 18
 Section 4
General – Distance protection, resistive fault

Line in impedance plane  Distance protection measure the sum of the

X
impedance to the fault and the fault resistance
ZL = RL + jXL
 The impedance is a vector in the impedance
XL plane
Rf

M
Measured
d iimpedance
d

Zm = ZLf + Rf

R
RL

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Slide 19

Section 4
General – Distance protection, resistive fault

X Ledning
Line ip
impedansplan
in impedance plane
p
 Distance protection measure the sum of the
ZL=RL+jXL impedance to the fault and the fault resistance
Mätt impedans
Measured impedance  The impedance is a vector in the impedance
XL Zm=ZLf+Rf plane

Rf

R
RL

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Slide 20
 Section 4
General – Distance protection, resistive fault

Single end in feed

 Fault resistance increase at decreasing fault current
I Z1
L1

Z1 Tower Footing Resistance

L2

R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R1
ZN
Z1
L3
Z1
R2
N
I ZN
R3

R4

R5

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Slide 21

Section 4
General – Distance protection, resistive fault

Double end current infeed

 Enlargement of the fault resistance
 E.g. Source A and B equally strong

X Ledning
Line i impedansplan
in impedance plane
ZL=RL+jXL
XL UA IA  ZL(IA IB)Rf
Mätt impedans
Measured impedance
Zm=ZLf+Rf
Rf
UA I I
Zm  ZL A B Rf
IA IA

UA  I
Zm  ZL1 B Rf
R IA  IA 
RL

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Slide 22
 Section 4
General – Distance protection, load current

The measured fault resistance Overreach!

can also have a phase shift
due to the load current
There is a risk that zone1 RF
operates for a fault outside the
zone

I A  IB ZLA
ZM  ZL  I A   RF
IB

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Slide 23

Section 4
General – Distance protection, load current

A Import
B
Export
ZL

U
Um Um
Z< Z< No compensation

Export Dynamic
X
Import
compensation X

ZL

The overreach is
compensated in the distance
protection algorithm for ZM01

R R

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Slide 24
 Section 4
General – Distance protection

Underreach
Enlargement of the impedance due side
infeed of fault current from other sources UA IA  ZA I Z
IA  ZA (IA IB IC) Z
A A

A UA I I I
B Zm  ZA  A B C  Z
Z< IA IA

C
UA  I I 
Zm  ZA 1 B C  Z
IA  IA 
May limit the possibility for the distance
protection to be used as Remote backup

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Slide 25

Section 4
Example of ZM settings

Z1 = (3,2+j36) Ω
Ip Z0 = (13+j145) Ω

1200 A/1 A
TRIP/CLOSE
Bus A

Bus B

Is 400 kV/100 V

 Settings of Z zones
 Z1 = 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
 Z2 =125% of line (fw) 400 ms
 Z3 = 150% off liline ((rv)) 800 ms
 Z4 = 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms
 Z5 = OFF

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Slide 26
 Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Settings are in primary, so there is no
need to convert primary settings into
secondary.
secondary

•ZM01 is switched On

•Directional is set FW

0,85(3,2+j36)
•0 85(3 2+j36) = (2
(2,72+j30,60)
72+j30 60) Ω

•0,85(13+j145) = (11,05+j123,5) Ω

•PP and PE Loops are On

•Trip time = 0 s

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Slide 27

Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Set RFPE = 25 ohms and
RFPP = 15 ohms

•Minimum operating current

•Keep according to default
values
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Slide 28
 Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms

Set primary nominal rated references

(base values)

1200 A/1 A

400 kV/100 V

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Slide 29

Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms

All settings for ZM1

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Slide 30
 Section 4
Settings for ZM02, 125% of line (fw) 400 ms
Communication zone

•ZM02 is switched On

•Directional is set FW

•1 25(3 2+j36) = (4,0+j45,0)

•1,25(3,2+j36) (4 0+j45 0) Ω

•1,25(13+j145) = (16,25+j181,25) Ω

•1,5 times the settings of ZM01

•PP and PE Loops are On

•Trip time = 0,400 s

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Slide 31

Section 4
Settings for ZM03, 400% of line (fw) 1000 ms
Remote Back up zone

•ZM03 is switched On

•Directional is set FW

•4,0(3,2+j36)
•4 0(3 2+j36) = (1+j144,0)
(1+j144 0) Ω
•4,0(13+j145) = (1+j181,25) Ω
•R1 and R0 are set low as the line angle
not is consistent (line angle almost 90
degrees)

RFPP and RFPE = 300 Ω

•RFPP

•PP and PE Loops are On

p time = 1,0
•Trip , s

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Slide 32
 Section 4
Settings for ZM04, 10 % of line (rv) 800 ms
Back up zone for the busbar protection

•ZM04 is switched On

•Directional is set RV

0,1(3,2+j36)
•0 1(3 2+j36) = (0,32+j3,6)
(0 32+j3 6) Ω

•0,1(13+j145) = (1,3+j14,5) Ω

•RFPP 40 Ω and RFPE = 60 Ω

•PP and PE Loops are On

•Trip time = 0,800 s

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Slide 33

Section 4
Settings for ZM05, 130 % of zone 2 (rv)
Reverse zone used for communication scheme (blocking or
weak-end-infeed

•ZM05 is switched On

•Directional is set RV

•1,3
1 3 (4
(4,0+j45,0)
0+j45 0) = (5,2+j58,5)
(5 2+j58 5) Ω

•1,3(16,25+j181,25) = (21,13+j235,62) Ω

•130 % of Zone2 RFPP and RFPE

•PP and PE Loops are On

•Trip time = Off, 60,0 s

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Slide 34
 Section 4
Directional function
Settings for ZDNRDIR1

• Set correct base values

• Keep default unless network

calculations suggest different
settings

Arg Neg Res = 115

• In case of series compensated
lines ArgNegRes should be set to
25o 130 degrees

FW

15o Arg Dir = 15

RV

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Slide 35

Section 4
The hidden link…..

ZM01

PHS

STCNDZ
ZM02

STCNDLE

ZDIR

ZM03

 A ”hidden” characteristic ”AND” between FDPSPDIS and ZMQPDIS, through the STCNDZ
and STCNDLE signals
 FDPSPDIS settings should be calculated to cover ALL zones connected to STCNDZ
 Otherwise,, characteristic can be different from the expected
p one!

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Slide 36
 Section 4
Phase Selector with load encroachment
Quadrilateral characteristic FDPSPDIS

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Slide 37

Section 4
Basic settings for phase selector – FDPSPDIS

 Set correct Base values

 Settings for control of the loop selection for

zones (information available in both
STCNDZ and STCNDLE signals)

 Keep default settings unless system studies

suggest different values

 Minimum operating current

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Slide 38
 Section 4
Settings of FDPSPDIS

 Settings should be calculated in a such way that they cover all the zones
connected to STCNDZ
 G
Ground
d faults
f l (L1N,
(L1N L2N,
L2N L3N – PE loops)
l )
 LN characteristics of FDPSPDIS must cover LN characteristic of the largest zone

 2 phase faults (L1L2

2-phase (L1L2, L2L3
L2L3, L3L1 – PP loops)
 LL characteristic of FDPSPDIS must cover LL characteristics of the largest zone

 3-phase
p faults ((L1L2L3 – PP loops)
p )
 L1L2L3 characteristics of FDPSPDIS selector must cover L1L2L3 characteristics of
the largest zone

 To manage this we must understand the 3 characteristics of PHS

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Slide 39

Section 4
FDPSPDIS LN characteristic ohm/loop domain

X
2 X1+X0
3 PHS.
NO !!
Zn Max
X

RFRvPE 60 Deg.
Deg

R
60 Deg.
RFFwPE

- 2 X1+X0
3
YES !!

The easiest way is to use the non-directional characteristic of FDPSPDIS

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Slide 40
 Section 4
FDPSPDIS LL and LLL characteristic ohm/phase
d
domain
i

X YES !!
X1
PHS. X
Zn Max 4 X1
3

Zn Max 0,5xRFFwPPxK3=
X1xK3
0,5xRFRvPP 60 Deg. 2 RFFwPP
3

R 4 RFFwPP
60 Deg. 3
0 5 RFF PP
0,5xRFFwPP

2
- X1 K3 =
√3

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Slide 41

Section 4
FDPSPDIS LL and LLL characteristic ohm/phase
d
domain
i
X
X1
PHS.
NO !! X
Zn Max 4 X1
3

Zn Max 0,5xRFFwPPxK3=
0,5xRFRvPP
, 60 Deg. 2 RFFwPP
X1 K3
X1xK3
3

R 4 RFFwPP
60 Deg. 3
0,5xRFFwPP
,

2
- X1 K3 =
√3

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Slide 42
 Section 4
Conclusion on FDPSPDIS settings

OK☺ OK☺ OK☺

 FDPSPDIS settings should be done according to User’s guide formula

 Can graphically be verified using the informal EXCEL tool given to course participants

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Slide 43

Section 4
FDPSPDIS settings to cover largest Zone
Single phase fault

X 0  X1
XN 
3

U Ln
ZPHS Ln 
I Ln

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Slide 44
 Section 4
FDPSPDIS settings to cover largest Zone
Phase to phase fault

ULm  ULn
ZPHS Lm  Ln 
 2 I Ln

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Slide 45

Section 4
FDPSPDIS settings to cover largest Zone
Three phase faults

ULm  ULn
ZPHS Lm L 
L  Ln
 2 I Ln

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Slide 46
 Section 4
FDPSPDIS settings to cover largest Zone

 FDPSPDIS settings must cover the largest

zone
 Calculated by the Excel sheet

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Slide 47

Section 4
FDPSPDIS settings for the load area

RLdFw

ArgLd ArgLd

ArgLd ArgLd
RLdRv

FDPSPDIS settings
g defining
g the “load cutting
g area”

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Slide 48
 Section 4
FDPSPDIS load area for PE loops

Ohm/loop domain

ArgLd ArgLd

RLdRv RLdFw
ArgLd A Ld
ArgLd

LN faults

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Slide 49

Section 4
FDPSPDIS load area for PP loops

Ohm/phase domain
Ohm/phase domain

A Ld
ArgLd ArgLd

RLdRv RLdFw
ArgLd
g ArgLd

LL faults L1L2L3 faults

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Slide 50
 Section 4
Real FDPSPDIS characteristic: PE Loops

Ohm/loop
p domain

LN faults

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Slide 51

Section 4
Real FDPSPDIS characteristic: PP Loops

Ohm/phase domain Ohm/phase domain

LL faults L1L2L3 faults

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Slide 52
 Section 4
FDPSPDIS can trip

FDPSPDIS can be set for impedance

start over current start or both
start,
OperationZ< On/off
OperationI> On/Off

FDPSPDIS can be seen as a non

directional zone, with 3 different
characteristics:
h t i ti
 PE Characteristic, LN faults
 PP Characteristic,
Characteristic LL faults

 PP Characteristic, L1L2L3 faults

In
I some application,
li ti ttypical
i l remote
t
back-up applications, FDPSPDIS can
be set to trip if the fault is measured
within the characteristics
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Slide 53

Section 4
A32 – Impedance protection set-up

ZM01
ZM04

PHS

ZM02
ZM05

ZDIR
ZM03

ZM 05 set in reverse
direction, used in blocking
scheme, week end infeed
and current reversal logic

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Slide 54
 Section 4
A32 – Connections to TRIP function

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Slide 55

Section 4
A32 – Connections to TRIP function

Delayed Zone Trip

Trip Circuit CB

Zone 1 Trip

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Slide 56
 Section 4
Distance protection

 Time for exercise 1 and 2

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Slide 57

Section 4

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Slide 58