Inter-Services Intelligence - Wikipedia

1/17/2019 Inter-Services Intelligence - Wikipedia
Inter-Services Intelligence
The Inter-Services Intelligence (Urdu: ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات‬, abbreviated as
Inter-Services Intelligence
ISI) is the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan, operationally responsible
(ISI)
for gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from
around the world. As one of the principal members of the Pakistani intelligence ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات‬
community, the ISI reports to the Director-General and is primarily focused on
providing intelligence for the Government of Pakistan.
The ISI consists primarily of serving military officers drawn on secondment

from the three service branches of the Pakistan Armed Forces (Army, Air
Force, and Navy) and hence the name "Inter-Services". However, the agency
also recruits many civilians. Since 1971, the ISI has been headed by a serving
three-star general of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime
Minister on recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff, who recommends
three officers for the job. The ISI is currently headed by Lieutenant-General
Asim Munir who was appointed Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence
on 1 October 2018.[2] The Director-General reports directly to both the Prime Logo of the Inter-Services
Minister and the Army Chief. Intelligence
Intelligence agency overview
The ISI gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it supported the
Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War in
Formed January 1,
then Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. During the war, the ISI worked in
1948
close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States to Headquarters Islamabad,
train and fund the Mujahideen with American, Pakistani, and Saudi funds. Pakistan[1]
33°42′14.3″N
After fall of the Soviet Union, the ISI provided strategic support and 73°04′47.0″E
intelligence to the Afghan Taliban and the 055 Brigade of Al-Qaeda against the
Annual budget Classified
Northern Alliance during the Afghan Civil War in the 1990's.[3][4]
Intelligence Lt. Gen. Asim
agency executive Munir,
Director-
Contents General of ISI
History
Organization
Departments
Director-Generals
Headquarters
Recruitment and training
Major operations
Functions
Methods
By country
Afghanistan
Bosnia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence 1/27
India
Pakistan
Libya
Iran
Iraq
France
Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
United Kingdom
United States
Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

Reception
U.S. government
Indian government
Controversies
Support for militants
Hizbul Mujahideen
Al-Badr
Al-Qaeda
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Jammu and Kashmir
Haqqani network
Nepal
Attacks on journalists
Equipment
Losses
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
History
The Inter-Services Intelligence was created in 1948 following 1947–48 Pakistan-India war which had exposed weaknesses
in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and
Military Intelligence (MI).[5] The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services, and to
specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.[5] The ISI was the
brainchild of the former British Indian Army Major General Sir Robert Cawthome, then Deputy Deputy Chief of Staff of
the Pakistan Army and selected Colonel Shahid Hamid to set up the agency. Initially, the ISI had no role in the collection
of internal intelligence, with the exception of the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.[5] The recruitment and expansion
of the ISI was managed and undertaken by Naval Commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan, who was tenuring as Deputy
Director of Naval Intelligence and played a pivotal role in formulating the procedures of the ISI. Following the 1958 coup
d'état, all national intelligence agencies came under the direct control of the President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, came to mean
the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.[6] After Chief of
Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq seized power on 5 July 1977 and became the Chief Martial Law Administrator, the ISI was
expanded on collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and

Pakistan Peoples Party.[7] The Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s saw the
enhancement of covert operations of the ISI. A special Afghanistan section
(called the SS Directorate) was created under the command of Brigadier
Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. A number
of officers from the ISI's Covert Action Division received training in the United
States and many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to
guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan
Mujahideen. In September 2001, Pervez Musharraf appointed a new Director
General for ISI, Lieutenant General Ehsanul Haq who was later replaced by the
Lieutenant General Shuja Pasha. Some analysts (mainly Indian) believe that
the ISI provides support to militant groups, though according to other
analysts, these allegations remain unsubstantiated with evidence.[8][9] General
Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian Muslims despite a UN
arms embargo, supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang, rebel Muslim groups
in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.[10] National
Intelligence Directorate (NID) was formed in 2014 in order to pool and share
intelligence gathered by over 30 of Pakistan's intelligence agencies to combat General Ayub Khan, arriving to take
terrorism in Pakistan effectively.[11] command of the Pakistan Army in
1951
Organization
The ISI is headed by a Director-General, who is traditionally a serving Lieutenant-General (Three-star general) in the
Pakistan Army. Three Deputy Director-Generals, who are serving 2-star military officers, report directly to the Director-
General with each deputy heading three wings respectively:[12]
Internal Wing – responsible for domestic intelligence, domestic counter-intelligence, counter-espionage, and counter-
terrorism.
External Wing – responsible for external intelligence, external counter-intelligence, and espionage.
Foreign Relations Wing – responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence.
The wing is particularly significant because the port at Gwadar is slated to be a linchpin for the major trade corridor
linking northwestern China to the Persian Gulf.[13]
The general staff of the ISI is composed of military officers of the armed forces as well as civilian officers from the FIA,
FBR, Pakistan Customs, police and judiciary. They are recruited on deputations for 3 to 4 years and enhance the ISI's
professional competence. Experienced army officers who perform well are given repeated extensions in their service.
According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total
number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants
or assets.[14]
Departments
Covert Action Division
Responsible for paramilitary and covert operations as well as special activities. Its roles are akin
to Special Activities Division of CIA and a handful of officers are trained by the CIA's SAD and
active since the 1960s.[15]
Joint Intelligence X
Coordinates all the other departments in the ISI.[14] Intelligence and information gathered from
the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from
which prepares reports which are presented.
Joint Intelligence Bureau
Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency and TTP.[14]
Joint Counterintelligence Bureau
Focussed on RAW India
Joint Intelligence North
exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and Northern Areas.[14]
Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous
responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.[14]
Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau
operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.[14] The JSIB is the ELINT,
COMINT, and SIGINT directorate that is charged to divert the attacks from the foreign non-
communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or
radioactive sources.[14]
Joint Intelligence Technical
deals with development of science and technology to advance the Pakistan intelligence
gathering. The directorate is charged to take steps against the electronic warfare attacks in
Pakistan.[14] Without any exception, officers from this divisions are reported to be engineer
officers and military scientists who deal with the military promotion of science and
technology.[14] There are also separate explosives and a chemical and biological warfare
sections.[14]
SS Directorate
Comprises officers from Special services group [SSG]. It monitors the terrorist groups activities
that operate against the state of Pakistan. The SS Directorate is comparable to that of The
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Clandestine Service (NCS), and responsible for
special operations against terrorists.
Political Internal Division
monitored the financial funding of the right-wing political science sphere against the left-wing
political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to the anti-left wing
forces during the general elections of 1965, 1977, 1985, 1988, and 1990.[16] The department is
now "inactive" since March 2012 with the new Director General taking the operational charge of
the ISI.[17]
Director-Generals
Director General Tenure

1 Syed Shahid Hamid 1948–1950
2 Robert Cawthome 1950–1959
3 Riaz Hussain 1959-1966
4 Mohammad Akbar Khan 1966–1971
5 Ghulam Jilani Khan 1971–1977
6 Muhammad Riaz 1977–1979
7 Akhtar Abdur Rahman 21 June 1979 – 29 March 1987
8 Hameed Gul March 1987– May 1989
9 Shamsur Rahman Kallu May 1989– August 1990
10 Asad Durrani August 1990– March 1992
11 Javed Nasir March 1992– May 1993
12 Javed Ashraf Qazi May 1993– 1995
13 Naseem Rana October 1995– October 1998
14 Ziauddin Butt October 1998– October 1999
15 Mahmud Ahmed October 1999– October 2001
16 Ehsan ul Haq October 2001– October 2004
17 Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3 October 2004 – 8 October 2007
18 Nadeem Taj October 2007– October 2008
19 Ahmad Shuja Pasha October 2008– 19 March 2012
20 Zaheerul Islam 19 March 2012– 6 November 2014
21 Rizwan Akhtar 7 November 2014 – 11 December 2016
22 Naveed Mukhtar 11 December 2016 - 1 October 2018
23 Asim Munir 10 October 2018 – Present
Headquarters
The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, Islamabad. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by
lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital. Declan Walsh of The Guardian said that the
entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who direct visitors through a chicane of
barriers, soldiers and sniffer dogs".[1] Walsh said that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that
the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central
building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing
lobby."[1]
Recruitment and training
Both civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI. For civilians, recruitment is advertised and is jointly
handled by the Federal Public Services Commission (FPSC) and civilian ISI agents are considered employees of the
Ministry of Defence. The FPSC conducts various examinations testing the candidate's knowledge of current affairs,
English and various analytical abilities. Based on the results, the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the
ISI who conduct the initial background checks. The selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is
conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials, then the selected persons are sent to Defence
Services intelligence Academy (DSIA) for 6 months of training. Later these officers are transferred to different sections for
open source information where they serve for five years. Officers after five years of basic service are entrusted with
sensitive jobs and declared the core team of ISI.
Major operations
Functions
Collection of information and extraction of intelligence from information
ISI obtains information critical to Pakistan's strategic interests. Both overt and covert means are
adopted.[5]
Classification of intelligence
Data is sifted through, classified as appropriate, and filed with the assistance of the computer
network in ISI's headquarters in Islamabad.[5]
Aggressive intelligence
The primary mission of ISI includes aggressive intelligence which comprises espionage,
psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage.[5]
Counterintelligence
ISI has a dedicated section which spies against enemy's intelligence collection.[5]
Methods
Human Intelligence
ISI is a very well-funded organisation. It employs a large number of different types of human
resource which share information voluntarily or involuntarily. The ISI agents often build a very
warm relationship with the subjects and take a long time to build trust. Initially, Indian Muslims
were most attempted targets but now high caste Hindu diaspora is the real attraction of ISI
agents for espionage.[18]
Diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions provide an ideal cover and ISI centres in a target country are generally
located on the embassy premises.[5]
Multinationals
ISI operatives find good covers in multinational organisations. Non-governmental organizations

and cultural programmes are also popular screens to shield ISI activities.[5]
Media
International media centres can easily absorb ISI operatives and provide freedom of
movement.[5]
Collaboration with other agencies
ISI maintains active collaboration with other secret services in various countries. Its contacts
with Saudi Arabian Intelligence Services, Chinese Intelligence, the American CIA and British
MI6 have been well known.
Third Country Technique
ISI has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries like
Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey and China.
By country
Afghanistan
1982
ISI, CIA and Mossad carried out a covert transfer of Soviet-made weapons and Lebanese
weapons captured by the Israelis during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 and their
subsequent transfer to Pakistan and then into Afghanistan. All knowledge of this weapon
transfer was kept secret and was only made public recently.
1982–1997
ISI are believed to have access to Osama bin Laden in the past.[19][20] ISI played a central role
in the U.S.-backed guerrilla war to oust the Soviet Army from Afghanistan in the 1980s. That
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-backed effort flooded Pakistan with weapons and with
Afghan, Pakistani and Arab "mujahideen". The CIA relied on the ISI to train fighters, distribute
arms, and channel money. The ISI trained about 83,000 Afghan mujahideen between 1983 and
1997, and dispatched them to Afghanistan. B. Raman, former RAW officer now an Indian think-
tank, of South Asia Analysis Group, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI
promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan in order to turn the Soviet troops into heroin
addicts and thus greatly reducing their fighting potential.[21] The factions that were backed by
the ISI were Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, and the forces fighting for Jalaluddin
Haqqani.
1986
Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees that had come into Pakistan due to the
Soviet–Afghan War were members of KHAD (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI successfully
convinced Mansoor Ahmed who was the chargé d'affaires of the Afghan Embassy in Islamabad
to turn his back on the Soviet backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly
escorted out of their residence and were given safe passage on a London bound British Airways
flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet
and Afghan diplomats tried their best to find the family but were unsuccessful.[22]
1990
According to Peter Tomsen, the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan, neighboring
Pakistan had tried to install Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in power in Afghanistan against the
opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.[23] In October
1990, the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to
conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul, then still under communist rule, with
possible Pakistani troop enforcements.[23] This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan came although the
thirty most important mujahideen commanders had agreed on holding a conference inclusive of
all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.[23] The United States finally put
pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.[23]
1994
The Taliban regime is widely accepted to have been supported by the ISI and Pakistani military
from 1994 to 2001, which Pakistan officially denied during that time, although then Pakistani
President Pervez Musharraf now admits to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.[24] According to
Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to
100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.[25] Following
the 9/11 attack on the United States by Al-Qaeda, Pakistan says it felt it necessary to cooperate
with the US. Others, however, maintain Pakistan continues to support the Afghan Taliban, which
Pakistan rejects.
2008
The Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad was attacked by terrorists in 2007. According to
Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government
stated that the ISI was behind this attack and had given them Rs 120,000 for the operation.[26]
2001 onwards
American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to
imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas. In October 2009, Davood
Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Spanta, said the British and American
governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He
claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents
evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.[27]
2010
A new report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete
evidence yet that the ISI is providing funding, training and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency
on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author Matt Waldman spoke to
nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with
the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested
that the organization even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta
Shura.[28][29][30] A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as
"malicious".[31][32][33] General David Petraeus, commander of the US Central Command,
refused to endorse this report in US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts
between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes, in his words "you have to
have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".[34]
Bosnia
1993
The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the warring parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina to attack
Serbs.[35]
India
Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the Naxalites. A classified report
accessed by the newspaper Asian Age said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause largescale damage to infrastructure
projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-
existent".[36] In 2010, police in Bangalore claimed to have found evidence that the ISI were using local mafia types, Chhota
Shakeel and Dawood Ibrahim, to establish links with the Naxalites.[37]
1965
The 1965 war in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war started, there
was a complete collapse of the operations of all the intelligence agencies, after the
commencement of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, was apparently unable to locate an Indian
armored division due to its preoccupation with political affairs. Ayub Khan set up a committee
headed by General Yahya Khan to examine the working of the agencies.[38]
1969–1974
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worked in tandem with the Nixon Administration in
assisting the Khalistan movement in Punjab.[39]
1980
The PAF Field Intelligence Unit at their base in Karachi in July 1980 captured an Indian agent.
He was interrogated and revealed that a large network of Indian spies were functioning in
Karachi. The agent claimed that these spies, in addition to espionage, had also assassinated a
few armed personnel. He also said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and
beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force
officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to survey the manager to see who he
was in contact with, but then President of Pakistan Zia-ul Haq superseded and wanted the
manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. It was later proven that the
manager was completely innocent.[22]
1983
Ilam Din also known as Ilmo was an infamous Indian spy working from Pakistan. He had eluded
being captured many times but on 23 March at 3 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were
apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they were illegally crossing into Pakistan from India.
Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan will be
showing in their annual 23 March Pakistan day parade. Ilmo after being thoroughly interrogated
was then forced by the ISI to send false information to his R&AW handlers in India. This process
continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan were flushed out, such as Roop Lal.[22]
1984
ISI uncovered a secret deal in which naval base facilities were granted by Indian Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi to the USSR in Vizag and the Andaman & Nicobar Island and the alleged
attachment of KGB advisers to the then Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander
of Operation Blue Star in the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June 1984.[39]
1984
ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the
Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the
Siachen Glacier in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company
that also supplied the Indian Army with its gear. Indians were easily alerted to the large
Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to
capture the glacier.[40] India quickly mounted a military operation (Operation Meghdoot) and
captured entire glacier.
1988
ISI implemented Operation Tupac, a three part action plan for covertly supporting the Kashmiri
freedom fighters in their fight against the Indian authorities in Kashmir, initiated by President Zia
Ul Haq in 1988 [41] After success of Operation Tupac, support to Kashmiri freedom fighters
became Pakistan's state policy.[42] ISI is widely believed to train and support freedom
movement in Kashmir region.[43][44][45]
2014
In February 2014, as the British paper Daily Mail disclosed in March 2015,[46] the then Indian
chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with
Pakistan in Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir region, but ISI got the information in few hours and
as a reaction Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders which rung the bells
among Indian authorities.
2016
Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, Sarfraz Bugti informed on 26 March 2016 that a serving
Indian Naval officer, Kulbhushan Yadav, working for Indian spy agency RAW was arrested in
Balochistan, by ISI.[47]
Pakistan
The ISI was also accused to be involved in a scandal the Mehran bank scandal dubbed "Mehrangate", in which top ISI and
Army brass were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib (the owner of Mehran Bank) to deposit ISI's foreign
exchange reserves in Mehran Bank.[48]
1980
ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate the President of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq and then
launch a bloody coup to depose the current government and install an Islamic government in its
place. The attempted assassination and coup was to occur on 23 March 1980 during the annual
23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking Military
and Intelligence officers and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik, his son,
Captain Naveed and his nephew Major Riaz, a former Military Intelligence officer. ISI decided
against arresting these men outright because they did not know how deep this conspiracy went
and kept these men under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, ISI
was satisfied that it had identified the major players in this conspiracy and then arrested these
men along with quite a few high-ranking military officers.[22]
1985
ISI's Internal Political Division has been accused by various members of the Pakistan People's
Party in assassinating Shahnawaz Bhutto, one of the two brothers of Benazir Bhutto, through
poisoning in the French Riviera in the middle of 1985 in an attempt to intimidate her into not
returning to Pakistan for directing the movement against Zia's Military government, but no proof
has been found implicating the ISI.[39]
1987
ISI failed to prevent the KHAD/KGB terror campaign in Pakistan which in 1987 led to the deaths
of about 324 Pakistanis in separate terror incidents.[49]
1988
ISI failed to prevent the mysterious assassination of the President of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq in the
crash of his C-130 Hercules aircraft near Bahawalpur which was possibly orchestrated by the
KGB and KHAD and most likely supported by Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)[50]
1990
The ISI has been deeply involved in domestic politics of Pakistan since the late 1950s. The
1990 elections for example were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) party, a conglomerate of nine mainly rightist parties by the ISI
under Lt. General Hameed Gul, to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
in the polls.[51]
2000s
ISI is actively engaged with the Pakistan armed forces in the War in North-West Pakistan
against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and so far is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel,[52] most
notably Khalid Khawaja and Colonel Imam.
2011
Five Pakistanis who worked as informants for the CIA to pass information leading to the Death
of Osama bin Laden had been arrested by the ISI in the wake of the raid.[53] However, among
them, the US was trying to seek the release of Dr. Shakil Afridi in particular,[54][55] who ran a
fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the Bin Laden
compound.[56] But the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Dr.
Afridi who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.[57]
Libya
1978
ISI decided to spy on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk who was a Military
Attaché to the Embassy of Libya in Islamabad as he had made some inflammatory statements
towards the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. The spying paid off as he was seen talking with two
Pakistani gentlemen who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the
two men and were later identified as Pakistani exiles that hated the current military regime and
were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on
a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the
conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.[22]
1981
In 1981, a Libyan Security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to
entice former soldiers and servicemen for high paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya
was recruiting mercenaries to fight with Chad and Egypt as it had border disputes with both
nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the whole scheme was stopped.[22] (See also CIA
transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia, Operation Cyclone, Badaber
Uprising.)
Iran
1979
After the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, the U.S. media outlets such as Newsweek and Time
reported that CIA agents stationed in Tehran had obtained information in regard to the location
of the hostages, in-house information from a Pakistani cook who used to work for the U.S.
Embassy. ISI successfully gathered evidence, and intercepted communication documents and
showed it to the Iranian Chief of J-2 which cleared the cook.
2016
A notable gangster of the Lyari Gang War, Uzair Baloch, who also holds Iranian nationality,[58]
was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by Sindh Rangers. In his hand-written
confession, Baloch states that he was offered an all-expenses-paid residence in Tehran by
Iran's Ministry of Intelligence officials in exchange for providing sensitive information regarding
Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while
he was staying in Iran's port city of Chabahar.[59]
Iraq
2017
After ISIS's defeat in Mosul, Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press
conference in which he appreciated Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist
organization. He especially appreciated the intelligence-sharing of ISI and expressed interest in
continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.[60]
France
1979
ISI discovered a surveillance mission to Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26

June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Le Gourrierec and his First Secretary, Jean
Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated.
Intercepted documents later on showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.[22]
Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
1980
ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. The mole reported that the
Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information in regard to the Karakurum
Highway and was obtaining it from a middle level employee, Mr. Ejaz, of the Northern Motor
Transport Company. ISI contacted Ejaz who then confessed that a few months ago the Soviet
diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information in
regard to the highway such as alignment of the road, location of bridges, the number of Chinese
personnel working on the Highway, etc. The ISI instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat chose
to feed him with false information. This continued until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that
Ejaz had been bled white of all the information and then dropped him as a source.[22]
1991–1993
Major General Sultan Habib who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous
department successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the Defence Attaché
in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtaining other
materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow,
Major General Habib then coordinated shipping of missiles from North Korea and the training of
Pakistani experts in the missile production. These two acts greatly enhanced Pakistan's nuclear
weapons program and their missile delivery systems.[61]
United Kingdom
United States
1980s
ISI successfully intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-
Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat, whose name has not been de-classified,
lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was by an ISI agent in a seedy part of Rawalpindi,
drawing attention due to his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently
trailed and found to be in contact with various tribal groups supplying them with weapons for
their fight with the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was
Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International
School employee and under cover agent Mr. Naeem was arrested while waiting to clear
shippment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.[22]
2000s
The ISI is suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and
intelligence gathering in the Pakistani law-less tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it is
speculated that the ISI is pursuing a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in
Pakistan and Afghanistan.[62] ISI former DG Ashfaq Parvez Kayani is also reported to have
said, "real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan."[63]
2011
In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent Raymond Davis, the ISI had
become more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had
disrupted the ISI-CIA cooperation.[64] At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have
suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.[65]
A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US
manufacturer was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's
nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in
Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc, was indicted on a
charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related
offences. Wang is accused of conspiring to export and re-export, and exporting and re-exporting
specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant in
Pakistan. Wang and her co-conspirators agreed upon a scheme to export and re-export the
high-performance epoxy coatings from the United States to Pakistan's Chashma II plant, via a
third-party distributor in People's Republic of China.[66]
ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem, an attache in the New York consulate, was found by the FBI
in 2010 to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States, to prevent them from
speaking openly about Pakistan's government. US officials and Pakistani journalists and
scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the
Pakistan military.[67]
Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

Ramzi Yousef
Ramzi Yousef, one of the planners of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as well as the
Bojinka plot. Pakistani intelligence, and the Department of State – U.S. Diplomatic Security
Service (DSS) Special Agents, captured Yousef in Islamabad, Pakistan. On 7 February 1995,
they raided room #16 in the Su-Casa Guest House in Islamabad, Pakistan, and captured Yousef
before he could move to Peshawar.[68]
Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
In November 2001, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, a Libyan paramilitary trainer for Al-Qaeda attempted
to flee Afghanistan following the collapse of the Taliban precipitating the 2001 U.S. invasion of
Afghanistan but was captured by Pakistani Forces.[69]
Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh
Sheikh Omar Saeed, a British-born terrorist of Pakistani descent was arrested by Pakistani
police on 12 February 2002, in Lahore, in conjunction with the Pearl kidnapping. Pearl had been
kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then been beheaded and Sheikh Omar Saeed was named
the chief suspect.[70] Sheikh told the Pakistani court, however, that he had surrendered to the
ISI a week earlier.[71]
Abu Zubaydah
Abu Zubaydah, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for hatching multiple terrorist plots including
sending Ahmed Ressam to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000.[72] He was captured on 28
March 2002, by ISI, CIA and FBI agents after they had raided several safe houses in
Faisalabad, Pakistan.[73][74][75][76]
Ramzi bin al-Shibh
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9/11 terrorist attacks as
well as the attack on 2000 USS Cole bombing, and the 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing in
Tunisia.[77] On 11 September 2002, the ISI successfully captured Ramzi bin al-Shibh during a
raid in Karachi.[78]
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks as well as other
significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years, including the World Trade Center 1993
bombings, the Operation Bojinka plot, an aborted 2002 attack on the U.S. Bank Tower in Los
Angeles, the Bali nightclub bombings, the failed bombing of American Airlines Flight 63, the
Millennium Plot, and the murder of Daniel Pearl. On 1 March 2003, the ISI successfully
captured KSM in a joint raid with the CIA's Special Activities Division paramilitary operatives and
the Diplomatic Security Service Special Agents in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[79]
Abu Faraj Farj a
Pakistani intelligence agencies and security forces arrested Abu Faraj Farj al-Liby, mastermind
of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf's life, in May 2005.[80]
Maulvi Omar
Senior aid to Baitullah Mehsud captured by ISI in August 2009.
Abdul Ghani Baradar
Taliban's deputy commander, Abdul Ghani Baradar was captured by U.S. and Pakistani forces
in Pakistan on 8 February 2010, in a morning raid.[81]
Reception
Critics of the ISI say that it has become a state within a state and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that this is
because of the fact that intelligence work agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should
be more accountable to the President or the Prime Minister.[82] After discovering it, the Pakistani Government disbanded
the ISI 'Political Wing' in 2008.[83]
U.S. government
During the Cold War, the ISI and the CIA worked together to send spy planes into the Soviet Union.[84] The ISI and CIA
also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and
Jalaluddin Haqqani, leader of the Haqqani network.[85]
Some report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to kill and capture senior Al
Qaeda leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was
residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that in total around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed/arrested by
ISI.[86] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror
groups. ... I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their
national interests, they're paying a big price for it".[87]
Other senior international officials, however, maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Osama Bin Laden have been
hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership.[88] A
December 2011 analysis report by the Jamestown Foundation came to the conclusion that "in spite of denials by the
Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the
knowledge of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General
Ashfaq Pervez Kayani. Former Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a
conference on Pakistani–U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General
of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence
Bureau safe house in Abbottabad."[89] Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt said Bin Laden had been hidden in Abbottabad by
the ISI "with the full knowledge" of Pervez Musharraf[89] but later denied making any such statement, saying his words
were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes."[90]
U.S. military officials have increasingly said, they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the
Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.[91]
International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban today in the War in
Afghanistan (2001–present). As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen stated:
The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with
impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan
troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long
enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of
Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.
— [92]
The Associated Press reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe
havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that
relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to
deal with it."[93][94]
The Guantanamo Bay files leak, however, showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI as a terrorist
organization equally dangerous as Al Qaeda and Taliban, and many allegations of its supporting terrorist activities have
been made.[95][96]
In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused ISI of having ties to terror groups.[97] In a
Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist
groups."[98]
Indian government
India has accused ISI of plotting the Mumbai terror attack in March 1993[99] and November 2008. According to the
United States diplomatic cables leak the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with Israel regarding possible
terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008.[100] ISI is also accused of supporting pro
independence militias in Jammu and Kashmir[101] while Pakistan denies all such claims.[102][103][104]
India accuses ISI of supporting separatist militants in Jammu and Kashmir while Pakistan claims to give them moral
support only.[105]
Controversies
The ISI has long been accused of using designated terrorist groups and militants to conduct proxy wars against its
neighbors.[106][107][108] According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray "The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist
organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics."[109] James
Forest says there has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue
to receive assistance from the ISI, as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory.[110] All
external operations are carried out under the supervision of the S Wing of the ISI.[111] The agency is divided into Eight
divisions.[112] Joint Intelligence/North(JIN) is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and
Afghanistan.[113] The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provide support with communications to groups in
Kashmir.[113] According to Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, both former members of the National Security Council, the
ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to
training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch
attacks.[114]
Support for militants

From the 1990s, the ISI began to court the Jihadists who had emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in
Afghanistan and by 2000 the majority of militant groups operating in Kashmir were either based in Pakistan or were pro
Pakistan. These groups are used to conduct a low intensity conflict against India.[115] According to Stephen P. Cohen and
Wilson John, the ISI's aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well
documented.[116][117] The ISI have been accused of having close ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba who carried out the attacks in
Mumbai in 2008.[118] The ISI have also given aid to Hizbul Mujahideen.[119] Terrorism expert Gus Martin has said the ISI
has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro Independence groups operating in Punjab and
Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests.[105][120] The ISI also helped with the founding of the group
Jaish-e-Mohammed.[121]
Hizbul Mujahideen
Hizbul Mujahideen were created as the Kashmiri branch of Jamaat-i-Islami.[122] It has been reported that JI founded
Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front(JKLF) who are
advocates for the independence of Kashmir.[123] Although the failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir and afterwards arrest of
Muhammad Yusuf a.k.a. Syed Salahuddin led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley.
Al-Badr
There have been three incarnations of the group Al-Badr. According to Peter Tomsen, the ISI in conjunction with Jamaat-
e-Islami formed the first Al-Badr who resisted the Indian trained influx of Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh in the
1970s.[124][125] The third Al-Badr (India)
Al-Qaeda
The ISI supported Al-Qaeda during the war along with CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is
believed by some that there are still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.[126] An assessment by British Intelligence in
2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.[127] The
leak in 2012 of e-mails from Stratfor claimed that papers captured during all the compounds the raid in Abbotabad on
Osama Bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular
contact with the ISI.[128]
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen were founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests.[129]
Jammu and Kashmir
Under the orders of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, in 1984 the ISI prepared a plan which was to be set in motion in 1991.[130]
Haqqani network
The ISI have close links to the Haqqani network[131] and contribute heavily to their funding.[132] It is widely believed the
suicide attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul was planned with the help of the ISI.[133] A report in 2008 from the
Director of National Intelligence stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the
International Security Assistance Force, the Afghan government and Indian targets.[134] However, on 5 November 2014,
Lt. Gen. Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and Nato forces in Afghanistan, said in a Pentagon-hosted video
briefing from Afghanistan that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban. "They are fractured. They are
fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on the Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire
summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's military offensive in North Waziristan. "That has very
much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an
attack in Kabul," Anderson added.[135]
Nepal
The ISI is also active in Nepal. On 1 August 2007, Abdul Wahab, a Pakistani national and ISI agent was detained in
Kathmandu with $252,000 worth of counterfeit Indian currency.[136]
Attacks on journalists
Amnesty International published document over the investigation of ISI over murder case of Saleem Shahzad.[137]
Equipment
ISI uses different types of equipment connected and shared from Special Operations Forces. The Primary weapon
given to ISI Operatives is FN Five-Seven, Heckler & Koch USP and Glock Pistols.
Losses
Since Pakistan's launch of war on Al-Qaeda, Taliban and other jihadist groups, the country's armed forces, intelligence
services (particularly ISI), military industrial complexes, paramilitary forces and police forces have come under intense
attacks. ISI has played major role in targeting these groups, therefore it has faced retaliatory strikes as well. As of 2011,
more than 300 ISI officials have been killed.[138] Below are some major incidents when attempts were made to target ISI.
A suicide bomber struck his vehicle into bus carrying officials killing at least 28 people on 28 November 2007 outside
ISI office in Rawalpindi.[139]
30 people including four officials of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and 14 policemen were killed and over 300 were
injured when three people attacked ISI office on 27 May 2009 in Lahore. The attackers fired at ISI office and
policemen present there. The guards at ISI building fought back. During the incident of firing explosive laden vehicle
detonated[140][141]
At least 13 people among 10 military personnel were killed when suicide bomber blew up his van into agency's
Peshawar office on 13 November 2009. Around 400 kg of explosives were used which destroyed significant portion of
building.[142]
Two attackers ambushed Multan office in which 8 people were killed and 45 were injured on 8 December 2009. Two
army personnel were dead and seven while seven officials were injured. About 800–1000 kg of explosives were
used.[143]
A car bomb exploded at CNG station in Faisalabad on 8 March 2011 killing 25 people and injuring more than 100.
Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan told that the nearby ISI office was the target. No losses of ISI personnel were
reported, and only 1 official was injured.[144]
Three intelligence officials were killed and one was wounded when a vehicle carrying agency personnel was
ambushed in FR Bannu on 14 September 2011.[145]
Four people including ISI officials were killed and 35 were injured when local office of ISI was attacked by 5 suicide
bombers in Sukkur on 24 July 2013.
See also
Afghan War documents leak
Brigadier Imtiaz
Colonel Imam
History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
Intelligence cycle management
Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
Inter Services Public Relations
Military Intelligence of Pakistan
Operation Cyclone
Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
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Bibliography
Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031,
doi:10.1080/10576100701670862 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576100701670862), ISSN 1057-610X (https://www.
worldcat.org/issn/1057-610X), (Subscription required (help))
Further reading
Ayub, Muhammad (2005), An Army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil
from 1947–1999, Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books, ISBN 0-8059-9594-3
Jan, Abid Ullah (2006), From BCCI to ISI: The Saga of Entrapment Continues, Ottawa: Pragmatic Publishing, ISBN 0-
9733687-6-4
Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (2001), Afghanistan the Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower, Barnsley: Leo
Cooper, ISBN 0-85052-860-7
Coll, Steve (2004), Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion
to 10 September 2001, New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-007-6
Henderson, Robert D'A (2003), Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook, Dulles, VA: Brassey's, ISBN 1-57488-
550-2
Schneider, Jerrold E.; Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen Phillip (2003), Perception, Politics and
Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30797-X
Crile, George (2003), Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, New
York: Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-4124-2
Todd, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan (2003), Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today, Dhaka: University Press,
ISBN 1-84277-113-2
Bamford, James (2004), A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies, New York:
Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-50672-4
Kiessling, Hein G. (2016), Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan: India: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-93-5177-796-0
External links
Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) (https://www.dur.ac.uk/psru/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Services_Intelligence&oldid=877746440"
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The ISI consists primarily of serving military officers drawn on secondment

Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

expanded on collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and

Joint Intelligence Bureau

Joint Counterintelligence Bureau

Focussed on RAW India

Joint Intelligence North

Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous

responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.[14]

Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau

Joint Intelligence Technical

Political Internal Division

Director General Tenure

Recruitment and training

ISI operatives find good covers in multinational organisations. Non-governmental organizations

Collaboration with other agencies

Third Country Technique

ISI discovered a surveillance mission to Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26

Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi

Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh

Ramzi bin al-Shibh

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

Abu Faraj Farj a

Senior aid to Baitullah Mehsud captured by ISI in August 2009.

Abdul Ghani Baradar

Support for militants

Jammu and Kashmir

51. Pike, John. "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI]" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/https://fas.

74. Tim McGirk (8 April 2002). "Anatomy of a Raid" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,227584,00.html).

Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) (https://www.dur.ac.uk/psru/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-Services_Intelligence&oldid=877746440"

This page was last edited on 10 January 2019, at 16:55 (UTC).

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