INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

GROUP I-A (1): ALKALI METALS 3. Sodium Acetate (NaCH3COO)

 react vigorously w/ water to form hydrogen gas & the metallic
hydroxides
 has the greates alkalinity in nature w/ alkalinity increasing as
the ionic readily increase
1
has only 1 valence (ns ); has a single positive charge
most reactive of all metallic elements
hydroxides give alkaline solutions (increase w/ atomic number)
 ALL Group IA have icreasing oxidation potentials w/ increasing
ionization potentials except LITHIUM.
 activity , alkalinity  w/ atomic #
 degree of solution  w/  atomic #
 Members: Hydrogen (H)
Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Rubidium (Rb)
Francium (Fr) –highest activity among Group IA
Ammonium (NH4)
 Hydrogen (H)  “Inflammable Air”. “Flammable Air”
 lightest element
 has no therapeutic use
 Uses: Inflating Balloons
Isotopes:
(a) Protium  most abundant
(b) Deuterium  heavy hydrogen
(c) Tritium  radioactive isotope
Water Vapor  best expectorant
Messerschmidt process  can obtain 99% purity gydrogen
 Lithium (Li)  aka “Earth”
 Lightest metal
 lowest density
 most reactive lement
 the only alkali metal that melts
above the boiling point of water
 bridge elemnt (Li resembles Mg, to some extent Ca,
more closely than Na)
 Pharmacologic Action:
Depressant
 Diuretic
Nonpharmacologic Action:
 Heat exchanger in aircon
Important Compounds of Lithium:
1. Lithium Bromide (LiBr)  Depressant
2. Litium Carbonate (LiCO3)  DOC for Mania
 Sodium (Na)  aka “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature)
 most abundant Extracellular Fluid Cation
 cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical
utility of organic medicaments
 used w/ caution in the treatment of cardiac & renal
condition in w/c edema is a problem (Na-H20 reten.)
 Triple Acetates w/ Sodium (forms insoluble salts)
-Zinc Uranyl Acetate
-Mg Uranyl Acetate
-Cobalt Uanyl Acetate  most stable
 Pharmacologic Action: Fluid Retention
Benedict’ Reagent contains:
-Na2CO3
-Na2C6H5O7
Feling’s Solution contains:
-NaKC4H4O6
-NaOH
Important Compounds of Sodium:
1. Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NaH2PO4)
 aka “Fleet Enema”
 Cathartic, Urinary Acidifier
2. Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3)  water soluble Antioxidant
 Diuretic, Urinary alkalinizer, Antacid,
 Alkalinizing agent in Benedicts Solution
(test for ketones, aldehydes &
reducing sugars)
Cations in Triple Acetates of Sodium are:
-Co
-Zn
-Mg
4. Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
 aka “Baking Soda”
 Systemic Antacid
 antidote for Zinc Poisoning
 Carbonating Agent for effervescent prep.
-liberating CO2, to enhance palatability
 SE: Rebound Hyperacidity, Systemic Alkalosis, Edema
5. Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)  Antacid, Carbonating Agent
 source of Carbonate Ion
6. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
 aka “Rock salt”, “Table Salt”, “Solar Salt”
used for a more rapid elimination of iodine in cases of
iodism
 Electrolyte replenisher, Preservative, Condiment
 Examples: NSS; Ringer Solution (Na, Ca, K)
7. Sodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7)
Anticoagulant (due to Citrate), Diuretic,
Chronic Acidosis, Buffer, Alkalinizer, , expectorant
 can cause bleeding
8. Sodium Fluoride (NaF)  Anticariogenic(prevent dental caries)
9. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)  aka“Caustic Soda”, “Lye”, “Sosa"
 Saponifying agent
*Saponification –rxn
between inorganic &
organic acid
 NaOH TS, -reagent to
differentiate mercurous salts
from mercuric salts.
10. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO)
 aka “Chlorox®”, “Bleaching Powder”
 Oxizing Agent, Bleaching Agent
 *Diluted Sodium Hypochlorite:
Modified Dakins Solution: Antiseptic
Dakins Solution: Disinfectant
 0.025% Concentration for Sodium Hypochlorite
Topical Solution
11. Sodium Iodide (NaI)
 Expectorant, Iodine Solubilizer, Antifungal
12. Sodium Lactate (NaC3H5O3)
 Antiketogenic, Eletrolyte Replenisher,
Antacid, Diuretic
13. Sodium Metaphosphate  Graham’s Salt
14. Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2)
 Vasodilator , Antidote for Cyanide Poisoning
15, Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)  aka “Chile Salt Peter”
 Meat Preservatives
16. Sodium Sulfate (NaSO3)  aka “Glauber’s Salt” ; Cathartic
17. Sodium Tartrate (Na2C4H4O6)
 primary standard for Karl Fischer Reagent
(Method I - Water Determination)
18. Sodium Thiocyanate (NaSCN)  Hypotensive agent
19. Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O4)
 aka “Hypochlor”, Photographer’s Hypo”
 Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning w/ Sodium Nitrate
20. Disodium Calcium EDTA  stabilizer used for silver protein
compounds
21. Sodium Metabisulfite  used when Sodium bisulfate is
specified.
 Potassium (K)  aka “Kalium” (latin word)  Cesium (Cs)Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material
 most abundant & predominant Intacellular cation  first element discovered by means of Spectroscope
 Deficiency: Hypokalemia (if severe, lead to Muscular Important Compound of Cesium:
Paralysis) 1. Cesium Chloride (CsCl)  used in density gradient
 *Avocado Highest Potassium Level centrifugation
 Pharmacologic Action:
Diuretic Ammonium (NH4)  Hypothetical Alkali Metal
 Muscular Contraction  salts show a striking resemblance to K & Rb
Important Compounds of Potassium: salts (Isomorphous)
1. Potassium Acetate (KCH3COO)  Synthesis: Haber’s Process
 Diuretic, Urinary alkalinizer, Antacid,  Pharmacologic Action:
2. Potassium Arsenite  aka “Fowler’s Solution  Diuretic
3. Potassium Aluminum Sulfate (KAl(SO4)2)  Buffer
aka “Potassium Alum “, “Potash Alum”, “Tawas”  Expectorant (like Iodide)
4. Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3)  Anti-cariogenic (like Fluoride)
 Systemic Antacid Important Compounds of Ammonium:
 Carbonating Agent for effervescent prep. 1. Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br) Depressant, Sedative
 source of Bicarbonate ion 2. Ammonium Carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]
5. Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6) aka “Sal Volatile”, “Hart’s horn”, “Preston Salt”,
 aka “Cream of Tartar”, “Creamor” “Ammonium Sesquicarbonate”
 Laxative used as “smelling salts” when combined w/ Strong
6. Potassium Bromide (KBr) Depressant ammonia solution
 used for IR Analysis Expectorant (am, Respiratory Stimulant, Antacid,
7. Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) Ingredient of Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
aka “Potash, “Salt of Peter”, “Pearl ash” 3. Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
 Antacid, Carbonating Agent, Carbonate source  aka “Muriate of Hartshorn”
8. Potassium Chlorate (KClO3)  Expectorant, Diuretic, Urinary Acidifier
Aka “Bertholate Salt”  when reacted w/ Caustic Pencil,
 oxidizing agent White Ppt will be the positive result.
 Component in Toothpaste, Gargle, Mouthwash 4. Ammonium Iodide (NH4I)  Source of iodide, Expectorant,
due to deodorant action Antifungal
9. Potassium Chloride (KCl)  Electrolyte Replenisher 5. Ammonium Acetate (NH4CH3COO)
note: SLOW PUSH  aka “Spiri of Minderesus”
 IV Push: Lethal Injection  Buffer component
10. Potassium Citrate (K3C6H5O7) Diuretic, Expectorant, 6. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
DIaphoretic  aka “Spirit of Sal Volatile”, “Spirit of Hart’s Horn”
11. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)  Respiratory Stimulant
 aka“Caustic Potash”, “Lye Potash” 7. Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl)  aka “White Precipitate”
 Saponifying agent (produces liquid/soft soap)  Topical Anti-infective
12. Potassium Iodide (KI) 8. Ammonium Hydroxide  used to separate Bismuth frome
 Expectorant, Iodine Solubilizer, Antifungal copper & cadmium
13, Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)  Ammonium Complexes:
 aka “Salt Peter”, “Salt Prunelle”, “Salitre” *Copper Blue
 Meat Preservatives *Cadmium  Colorless
14. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) *Bismuth  white hydroxide
 aka “Mineral Chameleon”
 Oxidizing Agent,
Antidote for Strychnine Poisoning
  Primary Standard for KMnO4 VS: Sodium Oxalate
 Secondary Standard: Oxalic Acid
15. Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4)  Cathartic
16. Potassium Sodium Tartrate (KNa2C4H4O6)
 aka “Rocehlle Salt”, “Sal Signette”
 Cathartic, Sequestering Agent
17. Potassium Thiocyanate (KSCN)  Hypotensive agent
18. Sulfurated Potash[K2SO4/(K2Sx)2]  aka “Liver of Sulfur”
 used in the treatment of
Psoriasis
16. Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) (K2HgI4)
 aka “Nessler’s Reagent”
 an alkaline solution used to detect Ammonia

Reagents that will precipitate Poatssium:

-Sodium Cobaltinitrite
-Tetraphenylboron
-Perchloric Acid
GROUP I-B (11): COINAGE ELEMENTS Silver (Ag)  aka “Argentum”, “Shining”, “Bright”
occur free in the metallic state  black ppt w/ Marsh’s Test
 coinage metals  2nd most malleable metal
 easy to recover from ores  2nd best conductor of electricity
 very malleable  Pharmacologic Action:
 Complexes/ Chelates Oligodynamic Property (Germicidal Action)
 Members: Copper (Cu) Bone replacement for temporary braces of
Silver (Ag) long bones & to close opening of the skull
Gold (Au) Styptic (causes constriction of vessels)
Roentgenium (Rg) Toxicity: Argyria
Antidote: NSS
Copper (Cu)  aka “Cuprium” or can be removed by Sodium Thiosulfate
 only reddish metal Potassium
 3rd most malleable metal Ferricyanide
 3rd best conductor
 component of hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) Important Compounds of Silver:
& cytochrome oxidase Soluble Compounds
 essential trace element 1. Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
 each element of this group has a core w/ an outer  aka “Lapiz infernulariz”, “Lunar Caustic”,
shell of 18 electrons together w/ a single valence “Indellible Ink”, “Caustic Pencil”
electron in the outermost shell for removal of Warts
 Copper (II)  is an example of acid insoluble sulfide  once used as eyewash for newly born babies of
2+
Cu  blue in solution mothers w/ gonorrhea (gonococcal opthalmitis)
 Pharmacologic Action:  0.5% Concentration as wet dressing for prsons
Protein Precipitant suffering from third degree burn
Enhances physiological utilization of Iron (Fe) 2. Ammoniated Silver Nitrate [Ag(NH3)2NO3]
Toxicity: Wilson’s Disease  aka “Howe’s Solution”
Antidote: Penicillamine  Dental Protective, Ingredient of Tollen’s Reagent,
Two important Alloys: Desensitizing Agent
(a) Brass: Cu + Zn(Zinc)  aka “Metal of Magynoeci” 3. Silver Trinitophenolate
(b) Bronze: Cu + Sn(Tin)  treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis
(c) Devarda’s Alloy: contain Cu + Al + Zn & Monilia albicans
Important Compounds of Copper:  extended use, may result to Argyria & Nephritis
1. Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) Insoluble Compounds:
 aka “Blue Vitriol”, “Blue Stone” 4. Silver Iodide (AgI)  Poisonous
 used in preparation of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s &  germicide; disinfectant
Fehling’s Solution 5. Silver Proteinates/ Silver Proteins
 + Iron: Increase hematinic Activity (a) Mild Silver Protein  aka “Argyrol”
 Antidote for Phosphorus Poisoning  Antiseptic for the eye
 Emetic  19-23/25%
 component of Bordeux Mixture (b) Strong Silver Protein  aka “Protagrol”
 an algicide/ fungicide in  stronger antiseptic/ germicide for
swimming pools ears, nose, & throat
2. Copper Acetoasenate [Cu2(AsO3)2Cu(C2H3O202] contains 7.5%-8.5% of Ag
 aka “Paris Green” (c) Collodal Silver Protein  aka “Collargol”
 Insecticide  general germicide
 18-22%
3. (Cu)3(C6H5O7)3
6. Colloidal Silver Chloride  “Lunosol” (prototype)
 Astringent in 8% concentration
4. Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite  Scheele’s Green
5. Blister Copper  obtained from furnace covered w/ black Gold (Au)  aka “Aurum’, “Shining dawn”, “King of all Metal”
blisters  most malleable & ductile
6. Cuprous Citrate  “Hatchett’s Brown”  best conductor of electricity
 also for NONdisseminated Lupus Erythematosus
 Dissolved by: a. Aqua Regia (3parts HCl+1part HNO3)
b. Selenic Acid  only single acid that can
dissolve gold
 Antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol)
Important Compounds of Gold:
1. Aurothioglucose (IM)  treatment of Gout
& Rheumatoid Arthritis
2. Gold Sodium Thiomalate (IM)  treatment of Gout &
Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Auronofin (PO)  only Oral Gold Preparation
 treatment of Gout & Rheumatoid Arthritis
 also for Glossitis
(inflammation of the tongue)
4. *Colloidal Gold  aka “Purple of Cassius”
 stannous chloride w/ metallic gold slowly
turns down precipitate in weakly acidc
solution
GROUP II-A (2): ALKALINE EARTH METALS
 All Alkaline Earth Metals reduce water w/ the liberation of
hydrogen & the formation of an alkaline solution except
Beryllium(Be)
Members: Beryllium (Be)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)
Strontium (Sr)
Barium (Ba)
Radium (Ra)
Beryllium (Be)  Most toxic metal
 can cause lung carcinoma, chronic granuloma.
 Fluorescent Lamp
Magnesium (Mg) Lightest of all structurally important metal
 2nd most abundant Intracellular Cation
 Chlorophyll component (Photosynthesis)
 Compound of Grignard’s Reagent
 cofactor of Phosphate transferring enzymes
 also a constituent of bones & teeth
 produces a Violet-red Color w/ Diphenycarbazide
 give Yellow ppt w/Oxine (8-hydroxyquinoline)
 creates Blue ppt (or Corn flower blue)
w/ Quinalizarin Reagent
 Pharmacologic Action:
Laxative
Depressant
Natural Calcium-channel Blocker
Other Use: Flares
 Antidote for Mg Poisoning: Ca Gluconate
 Natural Sources:
As Silicates: (Talc, Asbestos)
As CO3: (Magnesite, Dolomite
 As So4: (Keiserite)
 Magneson I (p-nitrobenzene resorsinol)
dyestuff to detect magnesium
ion forming a blue lake
Important Compounds of Magnesium:
1. Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)  aka “Magnesia”
 Antacid, Laxative
2. Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
 aka “Milk of Magnesia”, “Magnesia Magma”
causes Diarrhea
 Antacid, Laxative
 packed w/ Blue Bottle (for aesthetic purposes)
3. Magnesium Oxide (MgO)  aka “Calcined Magnesia”
 Antacid, Laxative
 component of Universal Antidote
4. Magnesium Trisilicate [2MgO2SiO2nH2O]
 Antacid (Advatage: has prolong effect due to
gelatinous consistency of preparation)
5. Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)  aka “Epsom Salt”
 Anticonvulsant (IM)
Cathartic (PO)
Antidote for Barium Toxicity
6. Hydrated Magnesium Silicate
 aka “Talc”, “Soapstone”, French Chalk”
 Softest mineral
 Adsorbent, Filtering Aid,
Clarifying Agent, Dusting powder
7. Magnesium Citrate [Mg3(C6H5O7)2]
 aka “Lemoda Purganti”, “Purgative Lemon”
 Cathartic
8. Magnesium Stearate  Lubricant
9. Magnesium Nitrate Reagent  solution containing Mg(NO3)2,
NH4Cl,
& a little ammonia
10. Magnesia Mixture (MgCl2 + NH4Cl + Ammonia)
 is used to test Arsenic
 Arsenate will form White Ppt w/ magnesium
Mixture
compared w/ arsenate, arsenite do not form
white precipitate w/ Magnesia Mixture. Thus,
this is used as a differentiating test between
Arsenate & Arsenite
11. Flash Light Powders  mixtures of Potassium Chlorate or
Barium Peroxide & Powdered
Magnesium
Calcium (Ca)  2nd most abundant Extracellular Cation
 Vitamin D is needed for its maximum absorption
 cause permanent hardness of water
 an ion plays a significant role in neurotransmitter release
 Pharmacologic Action:
Blood Coagulation
Important Muscle Contraction
Important Release of Neurotransmitter
Cation of Hydroxyapatite (Primary Element of
bones & teeth  98-99%)
Deficiency State:
☹ Osteoporosis (bone density)
☹ Osteomalacia(adults)
☹ Ricketts (Infants/ Children)
☹ Hypocalcemia (tetany -tonic spasm ofmuscles)
Important Compounds of Calcium:
1. Calcium Bromide (CaBr2)  Sedative Depressant
2. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
 aka “Precipitated Chalk”, “Prepared Chalk”
 made by the process called Elutriation
 Antacid, Carbonating Agent,
Ingredient of tootpaste, dentrifices
 Primary standard for EDTA
3. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
 aka “Muriate of Lime”
 Calcium replenisher (Electrolyte Replenisher)
4. Calcium Guconate
 Calcium Supplement & Replenisher
 Antidote for Magnesium Poisoning
5. Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
 aka “Slaked Lime”, “Milk of Lime”, “Calcium Hydrate”
 Antacid; Saponifying Agent
 used in infant’s milk formula to prevent the curlding
of milk to improve the digestibility of it.
6. Calcium Lactate [Ca(C3H5O3)2]
 Calcium Supplement
7. Calcium Phosphate monobasic (CaHPO42H2O)
 source of Ca & PO4
8. Dibasic Calcium Phosphate (CaHPO4)
 the recommended calcium salt as electrolyte
replenisher because it provides an optimum ratio of
1:1 Calcium to Phosphorus.
9. Calcium Phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]
 aka “Bone Ash”, “Phosphate Rock”
 Antacid
10. Calcium Oxide (CaO)  aka “Lime”, “Quicklime”, “Calx”
 Component of Bordeaux mixture
 Insecticide
11. Calcium Hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2]
 aka “Chlorinated Lime”, “Chloride of Lime”
 Bleaching Agent, Disinfectant
12. Calcium Sulfate [CaSO4 ½ H2O or 2H2O)
 aka “Plaster of Paris”, “Gypsum”, Terra Alba”
 Rodenticide,
Preparation of surgical casts & Dental Impression ,
Dentrifices
Strontium (Sr)  aka “Brass Yellow” metal
 can replace Calcium in bone formation
 radioactive used in diagnostic to scan &study bones
 used to hasten bone (mineralization in diseases
such as Osteoporosis)
 salts are used in Red Pyrotechniques (Flares)
Important Compound of Strontium:
1. Strontium Chloride (SrCl2)
 temperature desensitizing agent (Sensodyne®)
2. Strontium Lactate  used in treatment of osteoporosis
Barium (Ba)  aka “Heavy”
 salts are used in Green Pyrotechniques
is an insoluble phosphates
 Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Magnesium Sulfate
(Epsom Salt)
Important Compound od Barium:
1. Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)
 radiopaque substances used for GIT imaging
 causes Constipation
2. Barium Hydroxide [Ba(OH)2]  CO2 absorbent

Radium (Ra) most soluble hydroxide salt

 first radionuclide 1901/ radioactive substance
discovered by Marie Curie
 used for:
Cancer Radiotherapy
Diagnostic Purpose
GROUP II-B (12): VOLATILE METALS
 exhibit Autocomplexation
Members: Zinc (Zn)
Cadmium (Cd)
Mercury (Hg)
Copernicium (Cn)

Zinc (Zn)  metal present in Insulin Mercury (Hg)  aka “ “Messenger of Gods”,
Quicksilver”, “Liquid Silver” by Theophrastus
 as container for batteries & dry cells
 can be removed by Sulfur when it falls into Crack &
 protective coating of galvanized iron
difficult to clean places
 forms a White ppt w/ Sulfur-containing reagent
 Pharmacologic Actions:
 essential component of Carbonic Anhydrase & many
Diuretic
other enzymes
Antiseptic
 w/ Dithizone Test: Red Color Extractable
Cathartic
 Pharmacologic Actions:
Treatment of Syphilis
Astringent
Parasiticidal/ Fungicidal
Antiseptic
Industrial Uses:
Antiperspirant
~Manufacture of Thermometers
Protectant
Defficiency: Parakeratosis (have space
containing
Antidote for Zinc Poisoning: NaHCO3 (Baking Soda)
Nitrogen)
Important Compounds of Zinc:
~Formation of Amalgams (dental cement)
1. Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2)  Toxicity:”Minimata Disease”
 aka “Burnette’s Disinfectant Fluid” Antidote:
 Antiseptic/ Disinfectant (found in mouthwashes), *EDTA
Topical Protectant, Dentin Desesitizer, Corrosive *Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate NF
2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) (best Antidote –particulary the
 aka “Zinc White”, “Lassar’s Paste”, “Chinese White” bichloride)
Mild Antiseptic, Astringent, Topical Protectant *Egg Albumin (used in mergency)
Ladd’s paste  comprises Zinc Oxide, Liquid Petrolatum, -1 egg white for each 250
& Aluminum Powder 1/3 by weight Mercuric Chloride, to induce
3. Zinc Peroxide (ZnO2)  Antiseptic emesis,
4. Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO47H2O)  aka “White Vitriol” Important Compounds of Mercury:
 Emetic, Astringent, 1. Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2)  aka “Calomel”
 Ingredient of White Lotion, USP  Cathartic, Local Antiseptic
w/ Sulfurated potash
2. Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2)  aka “Corrosive Sublimate”
5. Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)  aka “White Lotion”, “White Sulfide”
 also as Mercury Bichloride
 active component of White Lotion
 Disinfectant
 Parasiticide, Topical Protectant,
3. Mercurous Iodide (HgI)  Anti-syphilis
Antiseptic
4. Mercury (II) Iodide (HgI2)  stimulant of Indolent Ulcers
6. Hydrated Zinc Silicate
 aka “Natural Calamine” 5. Potassium Mercuric Iodide (K2HgI4)  Antiseptic
 Topical Protectant, Anti-itch  component of Mayer’s
 makes Calamine pink Reagent
7. Zinc-eugenol Cement  Dental protective, Dentrifices 6. Ammoniated Mercury (HgNH2Cl)  aka “White Precipitate”
 Topical Antiseptic/
Cadmium (Cd)  Pharmacologic Actions/ Uses: Anti-infective
Astringent 7. Mercuric Oxide (HgO)  aka “Yellow Precipitate”
Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis  Ophthalmic Antiseptic/ Anti-infective
Other Use: Manufacture of Stink Bomb 8. Red Mercuric Iodide  w/ Potassium Iodide produces a
Toxicity: “Itai-itai Disease” solution known as Valser’s Reagent
Antidote: BAL 9. Water-soluble Mercury  solid preparation containing
Important Compounds of Cadmium: Mercury (10-20%), Cetyl Alcohol
(70%), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Dioctyl
1. Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2)  Emetic,
Sodium Sulfosccunate, Glycerin &
Treatment of Tinea Infection
Water.
2. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)  aka “Yellow Sulfide”
 Anti-Seborrheic Dermatitis/ 2+ 2+
Anti-dandruff Differentiation of Hg2 from Hg
2+ 2+
3. Cadmium Sulfate (CdSO4)  Ophthalmic Antiseptic Reagent Hg2 Hg
NaOH Hg2O (Black ppt) HgO (Yellow ppt)
KI Hg2I2 (Green ppt) HgI2 (Scarlet ppt)
Excess KI Hg (Black ppt) + K2HgI4 K2HgI4 (Dissolution)
NH3 Hg(NH2)Cl + Hg (Black ppt) Hg(NH2)Cl (White ppt)
HCl HgCl2 (White ppt) HgCl2 (Clear Solution)
GROUP III-A (13): BORON GROUP
 +3 oxidation state 7. Aluminum Magnesium Silicate (Hydrated Al Mg Si )
 *Hydroxides of this group of elements – tend to show  aka “Fuller’s Earth”, “Floretin”, “Floridin”
amphoteric properties except those at the top & bottom  is a low of plasticity, clay-like material, which, when,
elements of this group heated, exhibits an increase in its adsorptive
 Alum = double salts properties.
 Members: Boron (B) 8. Aluminum Magnesium Hydroxide Sulfate  aka “Magaldrate”
Aluminum (Al) 9. Aluminum Acetate (AlCH3COO)
Gallium (Ga) 10. Aluminon Reagent  tri-ammonium aurine-tricarboxylate
Indium (In)  11. Aluminum Silicate
Thallium (Tl)  (a) Kaolin  aka “China Clay”,
“Native Hydrated Aluminum Silicate”
Boron (B)  bridge element, resemble silicon “White Bole”
 Used in Vulcanizing Rubber  Intestinal adsorbent in diarrhea, Demulcent,
Important Compounds of Boron: Clarifying agent, Excipient for inorganic salts,
1. Boric Acid (H3BO4)  aka “Sal Sativum”, “Sal Sedativum” Dusting Powder
 burns with a Green bordered Flame (b) Bentonite  aka “Soap Clay”, “Mineral Soap”,
when mixed with methanol & the mass “Swelling Clay”
ignited “Native Colloidal Hydrated Silicate”
 Buffer component “Wilhinite”
 Eyewash (2% Boric Acid)  Suspending agent
 Antiseptic  Bentonite Magma (5% Bentonite)
 Toxicity: “Lobster Appearance” same w/ (c) Pumice  porous rock of volcanic origin
Sodium Borate  complex of Al, Na, K
2. Boron Trioxide  produces by heating Boric Acid to  dental abrasive
temperature over 160C Fine Pumice  powder form of pumice
3. Sodium Tetraborate (Na2B4O710H2O) (d) Clay  contain impurities of calcium, magnesium, iron
aka “Borax”, “Dobell’s Solution” oxides, fragment of quartz etc.
 Antiseptic, Eyewash, Wet Dressing for wounds
Gallium (Ga)aka “eka-aluminum”
Aluminum (Al)  most abundant metal  substitute for mercury in the manufacture Arc Lamps
 3rd most abundant element  except for Mercury, has the lowest melting point of
 is a base-insoluble sulfide the metals (29.75C)
 Pharmacologic Actions:  appears in transferring, an iron transport CHON, &
Constipation appears to be useful in treating cancer related
Astringent hypercalcemia
67
Antiperspirant  as Diagnostic Aid ( GA)
Deodorant Important Compound of Gallium:
Thin Foil is used to treat burns 1. Gallium Nitrate  for the treatment of cancer-related
 Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease hypercalcemia
Important Compounds of Aluminum:
111 113
1. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl36H2O)  Astringent, Antiseptic, Indium (In)  as Diagnostic Aid ( In, In)
Antiperspirant,
Deodorant Thallium(Tl) aka “Green Twig”
2. Aluminum Hydroxide [Al(OH)3]  Defacqz Reaction (test)
 aka Amphogel®, Cremalin Gel®  most toxic, similar to Arsenic (Toxic Effects)
 Antacid, Protectant  rodenticides
 can interfere w/ phosphate absorption  Poisoning causes Green Tongue & Alopecia
 DIsadvatage: Constipation 201
 as Diagnostic Aid ( Tl)
Phosphate Deficiency  Treatment of Poisoning w/ Thallium:
3. Aluminum Phosphate (AlPO4) -Trihexyphenidyl
 aka Phosphagel® -Dimercaprol
 Antacid, Astringent, Demulcent
 Advantage: Do not interfere w/ PO4 absorption GROUP III-B (3)
4. Aluminum Carbonate [Al2(CO3)3]  “Rare Earth Elements”
causes constipation are the first elements that are large enough to permit the
treatment of Phosphatic Calculi addition of electrons to the d orbitals, beginning w/ the third
 Phosphate Fecal Route principal quantum number
5. Alum [AlNH4(SO4)212H2O] – NH4 salt  Members: Scandium (Sc)  “eka-boron”
[AlK(SO4)212H2O] – K salt Yttrium (Y)
 aka “Tawas”
 Astringent, Antiperspirant, Deodorant
6. Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)  aka “Alumina”, “Bauxite”
 Treatment of Silicosis
 GEW: MW/6