UNDERWATER METAL DETECTOR

A
Project Exhibition -1

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to

VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY (M.P.)

Submitted by
M K PRAGYA

(REGISTRATION NO. –17BME10057)

Under the Supervision of
Dr. Sharad Chandra Tripathi

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY

BHOPAL (M.P.)-466114

Month –Year
 VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY BHOPAL (M.P.) 466114
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Dissertation entitled “Underwater Metal Detector" is our own
work conducted under the supervision of Dr Sharad Chandra Tripathi, Assistant Professor,
School of Applied Sciences and Languages, at VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal.

We further declare that to the best of our knowledge this report does not contain any part of
work that has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this university or in other
university / Deemed University without proper citation.

HARSH JOBANPUTRA M.K.PRAGYA AMIT SHEORAN

(17BME10020) (17BME10057) (17BME1004)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Date:

Guide Name:

Designation:
 VIT UNIVERSITY BHOPAL (M.P.) – 466114
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Project Exhibition -1 report entitled
“Underwater Metal Detector” has been satisfactorily completed by Mr. Harsh Jobanputra,
Registration number 17BME10020, Ms. M K Pragya, Registration No 17BM10057 and
Mr. Amit Sheoran, Registration No 17BME10004 in the School of Mechanical Engineering
of first year at VIT University, Bhopal. This work is a Bonafede piece of work, carried out
under my guidance in the School of Applied Sciences and Languages for the partial fulfilment
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology.

Dr Sharad Chandra Tripathi

Assistant Professor (SASL)

Forwarded by Approved by

Dr Pritesh Vishwasrao Bansod Dr. Francis Xavier

Program Chair Professor & Dean
 Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this
all along the completion of our project. All that we have done is only due to
such supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

We respect and thank Dr Francis Xavier and Dr Pritesh Vishwasrao Bansod, for
providing me an opportunity to build a prototype of the underwater submarine
and giving us all support and guidance, which made me complete the project
duly. We are extremely thankful to them for providing such a nice support and
guidance, although they had busy schedule

We owe our deep gratitude to our project guide Dr Sharad Chandra Tripathi
who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all along, till the
completion of our project work by providing all the necessary information for
developing a good system. we thank him for his encouragement and more over
for their timely support and guidance till the completion of our project work.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,

support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Electrical Department, which
helped us in successfully completing our project work. Also, we would like to
extend our sincere esteems to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.
 Executive Summary

Our project is a based on a prototype of a submarine which acts as a metal detector up to a

considerable depth. Its completely a creation out of PVC pipes which makes it extremely
light weight and easy to transport. The PVC pipes turned out to be economical and easily
available for further expansions. Its considerable strength gives an extra advantage to the
prototype. The applications of basic principles of Newtons law of reaction and Archimedes
principle are used in the working of the prototype. We made several assumptions while
considering the various effects. The water flow is laminar. The water density is distributed
evenly around the submarine underwater. The water pressure is distributed evenly around the
submarine.

The prototype uses DC motors, propellers and a metal detector kit to facilitate its working.
Sponge is used to increase the weight of the PVC model to facilitate the submersing of the
prototype. The prototype on testing worked up to a height of 3-3.5 feet within a range of 10-
15 cm. The entire model was developed in a time span of 2 weeks starting from the ideation
phase to the modelling of the submarine. The next step to the testing was to find a solution
for increasing the range of its working and to the depth to which it can facilitate the required
action. We concluded that using a coil with greater number of turns would increase its range
and using a remote-controlled metal detector could increase the depth to which it can work.
 List of Figures

Figure No. Caption / Title Page No.

1.1 Schematic representation of working of propellers

1.2 Look alike of the model

1.3 Picture of the prototype

1.4 Picture of the Working Model

List of Tables

Table No. Caption / Title Page No.

1.1 Component and Equipment list

1.2 Cost Incurred

List of Symbols & Abbreviations

 PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride

 & - And
 Table of Contents
Front Page ii

Candidate’s Declaratio n iii

Certificate iv

Acknowledgement v

Executive Summary vi

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

List of Symbols & Abbreviations ix

Contents Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Basic Principle of Submarine
1.2 Principles involv ed
1.2.1 Archimedes Pri nciple
1.2.2 Newtons Thir d Law

2 WORKING OF AN ACTUAL SUBMARINE

3 MODEL DESIGN

4 DESIGN ASSUMPTION S

5 PRINCIPLE OF METAL DETECTOR

6 THE PROTOTYPE

6.1 Components and Tools Used

6.2 Cost Incurred

5 RESULT

6 FUTURE SCOPE

REFERENCES
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF A SUBMARINE

It operates using the principle of buoyancy by Archimedes which says that upward buoyant
force acting on a body that is fully or partially immersed in the liquid is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the body. This buoyant force acts in the upward direction at the centre
of mass of the fluid displaced.

1.2 PRINCIPLES INVOLVED:

1.2.1Archimedes’ Principle
It states that “any object partially or completely submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the fluid.” The weight of the object submerged in
the fluid always acts downward due to gravitational forces, and the buoyant force provided by
the displaced fluid acts upward.
If these two forces are equal, the object floats in that fluid.

Density is defined as weight per volume. If the density of an object exceeds the density of
water, the object will sink.

Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Theorem states that, “for any mass of flowing liquid where there is a continuous
connection between particles, the total head of each particle is the same”
The Total Head of each particle=

1.2.2 Newton’s Third Low of Motion

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that, “Every Action has an equal and opposite reaction.”
As the law suggests, every action has its equal and opposite reaction. This law is very useful in
understanding how a submarine moves underwater.
It is mainly due to the propellers that the submarine moves forward. The propellers move the
water backwards when they operate, thus thrusting the submarine forward.

2.HOW DOES AN ACTUAL SUBMARINE WORK?

Ballast Tanks are just empty spaces between the outer covering of submarine &
the inner covering.
When they want to go down – a valve opens which fills these tanks with water,
which increases the weight of submarine, due to which the average density
increases & results in downward movement of submarine.
When they want to rise up – using highly compressed air cylinders they pump
out the water thereby filling the ballast tanks with air due to which there is a
decrement in average density & results in upward movement of submarine.

FIG 1: WORKING OF THE PROPELLERS

3.MODEL DESIGN

We are using sponges as a back up to the motors as the sponge helps the submarine to float in
the water and PVC pipes for the construction

FIG 2: LOOK ALIKE OF THE PROTOTYPE

4.DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
1. The water flow is laminar.
2. The water density is distributed evenly around the submarine underwater.
3. The water pressure is distributed evenly around the submarine.

5. PRINCIPLE OF A METAL DETECTOR:

The operation of metal detectors is based upon the principles of electromagnetic induction.
Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils that are used to interact with metallic
elements on the ground. A pulsing current is applied to the coil, which then induces a magnetic
field. When the magnetic field of the coil moves across metal. The field induces electric
currents (called eddy currents) in the coin. The eddy currents induce their own magnetic field,
which generates an opposite current in the coil, which induces a signal indicating the presence
of metal.

6. THE PROTOTYPE:

TABLE 1.1: COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT LIST:

 1/2-inch PVC pipes

 Sponge
 3 DC motors of 2500rpm
 Metal detector kit
 Net
 Plastic propellers
 switches
 Buzzer or LED
 Electrical Tape
 Plumbing joint compound or m-seal
 12v rechargeable battery
 9v battery
 Wires
 Cardboard (for remote)
 Soldering iron
 Wire Cutter
 PVC Pipe Cutter
 Measuring tape
 Scissors
FIG: THE MODEL MADE FROM PVC PIPES
TABLE 1.2: COST INCURRED:

Sl. No. Components Unit Required Rate (in Rs.) Cost (in Rs.)

1. PVC PIPE 5 ft Rs. 120/10 ft Rs.60

2. Metal Detector 1 kit Rs.250/kit R.250

Kit

3. 2500 rpm DC 3 Rs.270/motor Rs.810

Motor

4. Propeller 4 Rs.75/piece Rs.300

Blades

5. M-Seal/ 3 packets Rs.40/ packet Rs.120

Plumbing joint
solution

6. Protective net 1 Rs.60/net Rs.60

7. Electrical tape 3 Rs.15/piece Rs.45

8. switch 2 Rs.50/switch Rs.100

9. LED or Buzzer 2 Rs. 25/piece Rs. 50

10. Wires 1 metre Rs.90/metre Rs.90

11. Cardboard 1 Rs.20 Rs.20

12. 12v 1 Rs.150/piece Rs.150

rechargeable
battery
13. 9v battery 1 Rs.100/piece Rs.100

14. Sponge 2 Rs.50/piece Rs.100

Total cost incurred=Rs. 2,255

 7 TIMELINE:

Deadline Goal Achievements

25th October  Identification of the objectives 1. The main points of concern

to be met through the project were listed
 Building the required 2. the basic material required
knowledge resource was discussed
 Identification of material
required

15th November  Identification of vendors 1. Suitable Vendors were

 Identification of best material shortlisted
available with the shops 2. Best prices were taken into
 Purchasing the required consideration
material 3. Without exceeding the
decided limit
20th-22nd November  Finalizing the model design 1 The prototype was built in the
decided time interval with all
the required parts attached.
2 The prototype was ready for
testing.

8. RESULTS

The prototype using the mechanisms applied worked up to a considerable depth and
successfully detected the metal object.

9. FUTURE SCOPE

The next step to the testing was to find a solution for the limitations experienced. These
included

(A) The limited range for the metal Detector

(B) The length of the wire limited the depth up to which it could function

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS:

 using a coil with greater number of turns would increase its range
 using a remote-controlled metal detector could increase the depth to which it can
work.
REFERENCES:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_principle
 https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lom.2009.7.206