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• Terminology
- Energy efficiency = using less energy to provide the same
level of service … e.g. by using more energy efficient
appliances
- Energy conservation = using less energy to achieve a lesser
energy service … e.g. through behavioral change
• Buildings
- Energy efficient appliances (refrigerators, freezers, ovens,
washers, …)
- Monitoring and control of major energy loads (heating,
ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, …)
• Industry
- Optimized energy conversion – fuel switching, running
equipment at its peak efficiency
- Advanced boilers and furnaces (combustion)
- Selection of less energy intensive operating modes
3 Towards e-Environment, Mar 25 2009, Prague
Energy Efficiency Applications
Advanced Industrial
Industrial Process Plants
Control Utilities
Public Utilities
Steam, power
Renewable
Dynamic Energy
Energy
Targeting and Monitoring
Grid
Smart-grid
solutions
Attitude Energy directly is the Second largest cost (after Differs by the type of
to energy primary business cost of raw materials) activity. Sometimes energy
objective cost is only a fraction of
other operating costs
Energy Consistently addressed Minimize energy use but Minimize energy use but
efficiency in the plants delivery of products is the keeping occupants
first priority comfort is the first priority
- ∑( Utility
consumption
*
Utility
value ) utilization, operating modes, etc.
- Maintenance costs
- Penalties for GHG emissions Closely related to on-site energy
generation, types of fuels used,
- other costs overall energy efficiency, etc.
Feed Products
Feed flow rate Saturated gas flow rate
Feed temperature Naphtha flow rate
CDU Kerosene flow rate
API density
Diesel flow rate
Assay/blend properties
AGO flow rate
Residue flow rate
Naphtha distillation D86 90% Rec
Disturbances Kerosene distillation D86 10% Rec
Weather Diesel distillation D86 90% Rec
Diesel sulfur wt%
1 1
Daily Consumption Profiles
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
… casino … administration
Y
Y
X2
X1
Y
X2
X2
X1
X1
Y
Current state and its
neighborhood (= past operating
X2
points similar to the current one) X1
Bandwidth
Distance function
Polynomial fit 2
N
Xi* - Xi
d2 = ∑ hi
i=1
Local neighborhood
Query point
x0
Independent variable – x
(time of day)
14 Towards e-Environment, Mar 25 2009, Prague
Forecasting Results
Forecasted load
Forecasted
load maximum
Actual
load Forecasted
load minimum