Q1. Define the term “Workman’s compensation” in industries.

Workman’s compensation is defined as the amount payable by an employer towards employees for any
injuries sustained during the course of their employment. It would cover medical or other expenses
incurred by the employees of a company during the course of performing work-related activities.
Workers protection is usually paid as a variable or base pay. If an employer chooses the base pay option,
then employees would be compensated according to his or her role in the organization. Retirement
benefits such as provident fund, superannuation, house rent allowances and provident funds would be
proportional to the basic salary. If an employer chooses the variable pay option, then the workers
compensation amount would be based according to the individual performance of that employee and
how much they contribute to the company goals.

Q2. ExplainCompensation, Claim, Total Disablement, Partial Disablement, Dependent, Minor, Child
labor, Notice, Claim, Employee, Wages.

1. Dependant:
Section 2(d) gives a list of persons who come within the category of "dependant" of a workman.
In ordinary language the dependant of a person is one who lives on his earnings. Under Section
2 (d) there are three categories of dependants.
1. The following relations are dependants, whether actually so or not-widow, minor legitimate
son, unmarried legitimate daughter, a widowed mother.
2. The following relations come within the category if any were wholly dependant on the
earnings of the deceased workman at the time of his death-a son or daughter who has
attained the age of 18 years and who is infirm.
3. The following relations are dependants if they were wholly or partially so at the time of the
workman's death-widower; parent, other than widowed mother, minor illegitimate son,
unmarried illegitimate daughter or a daughter legitimate or illegitimate if married and a
minor or if widowed and a minor, a minor brother or an unmarried sister or widowed sister
if minor, a widowed daughter-in-law, a minor child from a predeceased son, a minor child
from a predeceased daughter where no parent or child is alive, or a paternal grandparent if
no parent of the workman is alive.
Whosoever is dependant ―at the time of death‖ will get the Compensation. It has been held
that the widow of deceased workman would not be disentitled to compensation on her
remarriage as Subsequent event would not affect the right to claim Compensation.

2. Minor: According to Section 2(1) (ff), minor means a person who has not attained the age of 18
years.
3. “child”: means a person who has not completed his fifteenth year of age
4. Disablement:
Disablement, in ordinary language, means loss of capacity to work or move. Such incapacity may
be partial or total and accordingly there are two types of disablement, partial and total. In the
Act both types of disablement are further subdivided into two classes, temporary and
permanent.
5. Partial Disablement:
By Section 2 (g) Temporary Partial Disablement means such disablement as reduces the earning
capacity of a workman in any employment in which he was engaged at the time of the accident,
and Permanent Partial Disablement means such disablement as reduces his earning capacity in
 every employment he was capable of undertaking at that time. In a case of Partial Disablement
it is necessary that
(a) there should be. an accident,
(b) as a result of the accident the workman should suffer injury,
(c) which should result in permanent disablement and
(d) as a result whereof his earning capacity must have decreased permanently.
In the proportion in which his earning capacity has been decreased permanently he is entitled to
compensation. The medical evidence showing loss of physical capacity is a relevant factor but it
is certainly not the decisive factor as to the loss of earning capacity. It is the loss of earning
capacity that has to be determined. The type of disablement suffered is to be determined from
the facts of the case. But it is provided that every injury specified in Part II of Schedule I to the
Act shall be deemed to result in permanent partial disablement. The schedule also mentions the
percentage loss of earning capacity which is to be presumed in each such case.

6. Total Disablement:
According to Section 2(1) (g), total disablement means such disablement, whether of a
temporary or permanent nature, as incapacitates a workman for all work which he was capable
of performing at the time of the accident resulting in such disablement, provided that
permanent total disablement shall be deemed to result from the permanent total loss of the
sight of both eyes or from any combination of injuries specified in Schedule I, where the
aggregate percentage of the loss of earning capacity as specified in that schedule against those
injuries, amounts to one hundred per cent. If a Carpenter‘s left hand above elbow is amputated
as a result of a personal injury suffered in the course of his employment, it is total disablement
because a carpenter cannot work with one hand.

7. Wages: Wages include any privilege or benefit which is capable of being estimated in money,
other than a travelling allowance or the value of any travelling concession or a contribution paid
by the employer of a workman towards any pension or provident fund or a sum 'paid to a
workman to cover any special expenses entailed on him by the' nature of his employment.
The definition of wages is important because an employee whose monthly wages exceed Rs.
1000 is not a workman for the purpose of the Act. The basis for calculation of compensation is
monthly ―wages‖.
Batta‖ paid to a workman per day to cover special expenses incurred by him due to nature of his
employment does not amount to ―wages‖ for the purposes of computing compensation. The
definition of wages is not exhaustive. Wages include all payment which can be calculated in
terms of money, e.g., ordinary wages, extra payment for overtime, bonus and other
inducements in the shape of payment for idle time, free meals, allowances for grain and
clothing, free or cheap housing, etc., offered to the workman to enter into a contract with the
employer. But travelling expenses or employer's provident fund contributions are excluded.
Local allowance to a workman for cost of living in a particular place forms part of wages. Share
of profit or bonus under a profit sharing scheme is wages.

Dearness allowance is covered by definition of wages. It is attached to the wages. Free quarter,
free water are benefits enjoyed by a worker and are, therefore ―wages‖ within the meaning of
the definition. Bonus falls within the definition of wages. The observations of the Supreme Court
, suggest that the claim for bonus is a matter of right and it is not dependent upon the will of the
employer, overtime allowance are ―wages‖ as was held in Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. v. Bone
Jan
8. Employer:
Sec. 2( e) provides that the term Employer "includes" the following:
(i) Any body of persons, whether incorporated or not
(ii) any managing agent of an employer
(iii) the legal representatives of a deceased employer, and
(iv) any person to whom the services of a workman are temporarily lent or let out, while the
workman is working for him.
Thus the word employer includes not only natural persons, and body of persons, but artificial
and legal persons.

9. Managing agent: According to Section 2 (1) (f), managing agent means any person
appointed or acting as the representative of another person for the purpose of
carrying on such other person's trade or business, but does not include an individual
manager subordinate to an employer.
The Chief Engineer of the P.W.D. manages the department on behalf of the
Government and therefore, he is managing agent of the Government . There are
two modes of Constituting a managing agent i.e. by appointment or by acting as a
representative.

10. Workman: The definition of the term workman is important because only a person
coming within the definition is entitled to the reliefs provided by the Workmen's
Compensation Act.
Examples: Persons employed otherwise than in a clerical capacity or in a railway to
operate or maintain a lift or a vehicle propelled by steam, electricity or any
mechanical power ; person employed otherwise than in a clerical capacity in
premises where a manufacturing process is carried on; seamen in ships of a certain
tonnage; persons employed in constructing or repairing building or electric fittings;
persons employed in a circus or as a diver; etc.

From the definition of ‗workman‘ given in section 2 (1) (n) of the Act, it is
clear that for not treating a person as workman, two conditions are required to be
proved namely that his employment is of casual nature and he is not employed for
the purpose of employee‘s trade or business and the onus is on the employer to prove
these conditions.
Subject to the exceptions noted below, the term workman means,
(a) a railway servant as defined in Section 3 of the Indian Railways Act of 1890 who
is not permanently employed in any administrative, district or sub-divisional
office of a railway and not employed in any capacity as is specified in schedule
II or
(b) employed on monthly wages not exceeding Rs. 1000 in any such capacity as is
mentioned in Schedule II. The contract of employment may be expressed or
implied, oral or in writing. The Act provides that the following categories of
persons are not to be deemed as workmen for the purposes of the Act:
(i) Persons working in the capacity of a member of the Armed Forces of the
Indian Union. A Sub-Contractor is not a workman under the factory Owner.
(ii) A person whose employment is of a casual nature and who is employed
otherwise than for the purposes of the employer's trade or business.
The exercise and performance of the powers and duties of a local authority or
of any department acting on behalf of the Government shall, for the purposes of the
Act, unless a contrary intention appears be deemed to be the trade or business of such authority
or department. The State Government has been given power to add to the list in Schedule II any
hazardous occupation or specified injuries in such an occupation. The addition may be made by
notification in the official Gazette, with not less than 3 months' notice. There are legal decision
regarding the question who is a workman.
The general rule is that there must be the relationship of master and
servant between the employer and the workman. Workman is a person whom the
employer can command and control in the manner of performing the work
According to Wills, the following points are to be taken into consideration in
determining the question whether a person is a workman: (a) the term of engagement
(b) the payment of wages (c) the power of control over the work (d) the power of
dismiss.
There must be a contract of employment between the workman and his
employer, no matter if the Contract of employment was made before or after the
passing of this Act or such contract is expressed as implied, oral or in writing. If a
workman is casually employed for the purposes of the trade or business of the
employer, he is a ―workman‖, within the definition. A lorry driver, cleaner, and
‗hamalis‘ are workmen within the meaning of this Act. The mechanic for
installing cotton ginning machine and cheff cutting machine is a ―workman‖. The
mere fact that the employee sustained injuries three days after his employment
would not be relevant or conclusive for holding that his employment was of a casual
nature.
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT :

The Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923 is one of the earliest labour welfare and social security
legislation enacted in India. It recognizes the fact that if a workman is a victim of accident or an
occupational disease in course of his employment, he needs to be compensated.

OBJECTIVES
The Workmen‘s Compensation Act, 1923, aims to provide workmen and their dependents some
relief in case of accidents, arising out of and in the course of employment and causing either
death or disablement of workmen as a measure of relief and social security. It also provides
payment by certain classes of employers to their workmen, compensation for injury by accident.
Enables a workman to get compensation irrespective of his negligence. It lays down the various
amounts payable in case of an accident, depending upon the type and extent of injury. The
employer now knows the amount of compensation he has to pay and is saved of many
uncertainties to which he was subject before the Act came into force. The legislation has given
security to the worker and this has increased the availability of labour to some extent. The
worker now secured, has become efficient.

4.5 SCOPE AND COVERAGE

The Act extends to the whole of India and it applies to railways and other transport
establishments, factories establishments engaged in making, altering, repairing, adapting,
transport or sale of any articles, mines, docks, establishments engaged in constructions, fire-
brigade, plantations, oilfields and other employments listed in Schedule II of the Act. The
Workmen's Compensation (Amendment) Act, 1995, has extended the scope of the Act to cover
workers of newspaper establishments, drivers, cleaners, etc. working in connection with motor
vehicle, workers employed by Indian companies abroad, persons engaged in spraying or dusting
of insecticides or pesticides in agricultural operations, mechanized harvesting and thrashing,
horticultural operations and doing other mechanical jobs.

TWO WAYS OF CLAIMING COMPENSATION

An injured workman may, if he wishes, file a civil suit for damages against
the employer. Section 3(5), however, provides that if such a suit is filed,
compensation cannot be claimed under the Act and if compensation has been
claimed under the Act, or if an agreement has been entered into between the
employer and the workman for the payment of compensation, no suit can be filed in
the civil court. Thus the workman has to choose between two reliefs (i) civil suit for
damages and (ii) claim for compensation under the Act. . He cannot have both.
In a civil suit for damages, it is open to the employer to plead all the defences
provided by the law of Torts. Therefore, a civil suit is a risky procedure for a
workman and is rarely adopted. The legal position of workmen has, however, been
improved by two Acts, viz., The Indian Fatal Accidents Act of 1855 and the
Employers' Liability Act of 1938.

Q1. Cylindrical high pressure vessel

“Pressure vessel” means any closed metal container of whatever shape, intended for
the storage and transport of any compressed gas which is subjected to internal
pressure and whose water capacity exceeds one thousand liters and includes inter
connecting parts and components thereof upto the first point of connection to the
connected piping and fittings, but does not include containers wherein steam or other
vapour is or is intended to be generated or water or other liquid is or is intended to be
heated by the application of fireor the products of combustion or by electrical means,
heat exchangers, evaporators, air receivers, steam type digestors, steam type
sterilizers, autoclaves, reactors, calorifiers, pressure piping components such as
separators or strainers and vessels containing a liquid under a blanket of compressed
inert gas;

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks.
Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers, distillation
towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many other vessels in miningoperations, oil
refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclearreactor vessels, submarine and spaceship habitats, pneuma
ticreservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake
reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquified gases such as ammonia, chlorine, and LPG (propane, butane).

A unique application of a pressure vessel is the passenger cabin of an airliner: the outer skin carries both
the aircraft maneuvering loads and the cabin pressurization loads.
Q2. Properties of Gases:

A gas is a form of matter that lacks a defined shape or volume. Gasses do not possess any definite
volume or shape. They totally fill all the space accessible to them. The characteristic of a gas to fill the
available volume within a container is the result of the freedom that gas particles have to move
everywhere in the accessible space. This autonomy of movement of gaseous molecules is because of the
very weak binding forces amidst molecules. In other words, their intermolecular forces are very weak.
Because of this, the molecules of gas are in a continuous motion and are related to high velocity and
therefore high kinetic energy.

Gas Properties

There are three gas properties that characterize this state of matter:

1. Compressibility - Gases are easy to compress.

2. Expandability - Gases expand to completely fill their containers.
3. Because particles are less ordered than in liquids or solids, the gas form of the same substance
occupies much more space.

Compressibility
Particles of gas have huge intermolecular spaces in the
midst of them. By the exertion of pressure, much of this
space can be diminished and the particles are brought
closer. Thus, the volume of a gas can be hugely reduced.
This is termed as compressing the gas (Figure).
When we increase the pressure from 1 atmosphere to 2
atmospheres, the volume of gas gets compacted to half
whereas if the volume of water was made to decrease
similarly, it would reduce only by 0.00001 parts.
Decreasing the temperature can also decrease the volume of a gas. When the temperature is reduced,
there is a lesser amount of energy in the particles; their mobility is diminished and they move less away
from each other. As a consequence, the intermolecular pull becomes more prominent and the particles
come closer. This decreases the volume of the gas.

Expansibility
When pressure is exerted on a gas, it contracts. On the other hand, when pressure is freed, the gas
expands.
When the temperature is augmented, the constituent particles gain more energy, travel faster and
move away from each other. Consequently, the intermolecular pull becomes less prominent. The gas’s
volume increases.
Diffusibility
The molecules of the gas are in a perpetual motion, at a very high velocity. There is a huge amount of
intermolecular space amid the molecules. When two gases are mixed, particles of one gas can
effortlessly pass through the intermolecular space of the other gas. As an outcome both the gases get
completely and consistently mixed. Thus, a mixture of gases at all times remains homogeneous.

Low Density- Properties of Gases

Since gases have large intermolecular spaces, they have very large volumes when compared to their
mass. Therefore, they have less densities. If 1 ml of water at 39.2oF is transformed into steam at 212oF
and 1-atmosphere pressure, it will occupy a volume of 1700 ml.

Exertion of Pressure
Solids exert pressure only in the downward
direction. Liquids apply pressure downward as well
as to the sides. But gases apply pressure in all
directions (a good sample is a balloon). This
pressure is because of the bombardment of the
particles against the walls of the vessel (Figure).

Q3. Safety precaution in Handling and use of Gas cylinder

(1) Cylinders shall be adequately supported during handling.

(2) Conveyors, trolleys and cradles of adequate strength shall, as far as possible, be used when
moving the cylinders.
(3) The cylinders shall be handled carefully and not be allowed to fall upon one another or
otherwise subjected to any undue shock.
(4) Sliding, dropping or playing with cylinders is prohibited.
(5) Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders and cylinders containing liquefiable gases shall always be
kept in an upright position and shall be so placed that they cannot be knocked over.
(6) Cylinders used in horizontal position shall be so secured that they cannot roll.
(7) Open flames, lights, mobile phones, lighting of fires, welding and smoking shall be prohibited
in close proximity to any cylinder containing flammable gases except those while in use for
welding, cutting or heating.
(8) Working places shall not be classified as storage places for the purpose of licensing.
OR
1. Before cylinders are first used the following precautions should be taken:
 Make sure the cylinder is equipped with the correct regulator.
 Inspect the regulator and cylinder valves for grease, oil, dirt, and solvent. Never use grease or oil to
lubricate regulators or cylinder valves because they can cause an explosion.
 The cylinder should be placed so that the valve handle at the top is easily accessible.
 When using toxic or irritating gas, the valve should only be opened while the cylinder is in a
working fume hood.
 Only use wrenches or tools that are provided by the cylinder supplier to open or close a valve. Pliers
should never be used to open a cylinder valve. Some regulators require washers; this should be
checked before the regulator is fitted.
 Refer to Safety Data Sheet [SDS] for the gas being used for information regarding use and toxicity.
 Fire extinguishing equipment should be readily available when combustible materials can be
exposed to welding or cutting operations using compressed cylinder gases.
2. Cylinder Storage
 Gas cylinders must be secured at all times to prevent tipping.
 Use appropriate material, such as chain, plastic coated wire cable, commercial straps, etc., to
secure cylinders.
 Gas cylinders can not be stored in public hallways or other unprotected areas
 Cylinders must be segregated in hazard classes while in storage. Oxidizers (oxygen) must be
separated from flammable gases, and empty cylinders must be isolated from filled cylinders.
 The proper storage for oxygen cylinders requires that a minimum of 20 feet is maintained between
flammable gas cylinders and oxygen cylinders or the storage area be separated, at a minimum, by a
firewall five (5) feet high with a fire rating of 30 minutes.
 Store out of direct sunlight and away from sources of heat and ignition; temperatures must not
exceed 125 F.
 Acetylene cylinders must never be stored on their sides.
 Always place valve protectors on gas cylinders when the cylinders are not connected for use.
 Cylinders must be protected from damage. Do not store cylinders near elevators or gangways, or in
locations where heavy-moving objects may strike or fall on them.
 Cylinders must be stored where they are protected from the ground to prevent rusting. Cylinders
should be protected against tampering by unauthorized individuals.
 Storage areas must be well-ventilated, cool, dry, and free from corrosive materials.
3. Moving Cylinders
 Never drag, slide or roll a cylinder; use a cylinder cart or basket.
 Always have the protective cap covering the valve when transporting the cylinder.
 Never transport the cylinder with the regulator in place.
 Make sure the cylinder is secured to the cart before moving it.
 Do not drop cylinders or strike them against each other or against other surfaces violently.
 Do not use the valve cover to lift cylinders; they could be damaged and become unattached. If the
cylinder is dropped on a hard surface it can cause an explosion.
4. Use and Operation
 Only properly trained personal should handle compressed gas cylinders.
 Back off the pressure adjusting screw of the regulator to release spring force before opening the
cylinder valve.
 Open the valve slowly and only with the proper regulator in place. Stand with the cylinder between
yourself and the regulator (cylinder valve outlet facing away) when opening the cylinder valve.
 Acetylene or other flammable gas cylinder valves should not be opened more than 1⁄2 turns of the
spindle, and preferably no more than 3⁄4 of a turn. This reduces the risk of explosion and allows for
the cylinder valve to be closed quickly cutting off the gas flow.
 Never heat a cylinder to raise the pressure of the gas (this can defeat the safety mechanisms built in
by the supplier).
 Keep the cylinder clear of all-electrical circuits, flame, and sparks.
 Never leave the valve open when equipment is not in use, even when empty; air and moisture
 may diffuse through an open valve, causing contamination and corrosion within the cylinder.
 Do not refill a cylinder; mixing of residual gases in a confined area may cause a dangerous reaction.
5. Cylinder Leaks
 If the cylinder contains a flammable, inert, or oxidizing gas, remove it to an isolated area, away from
possible ignition sources. Allow it to remain isolated until the gas has discharged, making certain that
appropriate warnings have been posted.
 If the gas is a corrosive, remove cylinder to an isolated, well-ventilated area. The stream of leaking
gas should be directed into an appropriate neutralizing material.
 For toxic material, the cylinder should be removed to an isolated, well-ventilated area, but only if this
is possible while maintaining personal safety. It may be necessary to evacuate the facility.
 If the leak is at the junction of the cylinder valve and cylinder, do not try to repair it. Contact the
supplier and ask for response instructions.
 Never use a flame to detect a gas leak. Use soapy water.
6. After the cylinder is no longer needed, the following steps should be taken
 Do not completely empty the cylinder; always leave some residual pressure.
 If the cylinder is empty, replace the cap and remove it to the empty cylinder storage area.
 Label all empty cylinders so that everyone will know their status. Empty cylinders can be marked with
“MT and date” with chalk/marker.
 Handle empty cylinders as carefully as full ones; residual pressure can be dangerous.
 Never refill a cylinder. This requires specialized equipment and techniques
 Never mix gases in a cylinder. The next person who draws from it may unknowingly cause an
explosion.
Q4. Color Classification by Hazard Property

(1) Every person filling any cylinder with any compressed gas shall,
before it is stored or despatched, see that the cylinder is painted with appropriate
identification colours specified in IS:4379 for industrial cylinders and IS:3933 for medical
cylinders.
(2) Cylinders used for new gases and gas mixtures for which identification colours are not
provided in sub-rule (1) shall be painted with the colours indicated in the following table,
namely
 Q5. Risks associated with transportation of pressure vessels

 Never drag, slide or roll a cylinder; use a cylinder cart or basket.

 Always have the protective cap covering the valve when transporting the cylinder.
 Never transport the cylinder with the regulator in place.
 Make sure the cylinder is secured to the cart before moving it.
 Do not drop cylinders or strike them against each other or against other surfaces violently.
 Do not use the valve cover to lift cylinders; they could be damaged and become unattached. If the
cylinder is dropped on a hard surface it can cause an explosion.

The potential danger associated with pressure vessels failure if not properly designed, constructed,
operated, inspected, tested, or repaired are:
 Blast Effects
 Fragmentation damage
 Suffocation
 Poisoning
 Fire Explosion
 Chemical burns
 Thermal burns
 Loss of lives and property
 Permanent injuries or disabilities on affected people
 Loss of earning/income
Q1. Ways of water pollution
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms—contaminate a
stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic
to humans or the environment.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water
bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
1. Industrial waste: Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and
pollutants which can cause air pollution and damage to us and our environment. They contain pollutants
such as lead, mercury, sulphur, asbestos, nitrates and many other harmful chemicals. Many industries
do not have proper waste management system and drain the waste in the fresh water which goes into
rivers, canals and later in to sea. The toxic chemicals have the capability to change the color of water,
increase the amount of minerals, also known as Eutrophication, change the temperature of water and
pose serious hazard to water organisms.

2. Sewage and waste water: The sewage and waste water that is produced by each household is
chemically treated and released in to sea with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria
and chemicals that can cause serious health problems. Pathogens are known as a common water
pollutant; The sewers of cities house several pathogens and thereby diseases. Microorganisms in water
are known to be causes of some very deadly diseases and become the breeding grounds for other
creatures that act like carriers. These carriers inflict these diseases via various forms of contact onto an
individual. A very common example of this process would be Malaria.

3. Mining activities: Mining is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and other minerals
from underground. These elements when extracted in the raw form contains harmful chemicals and can
increase the amount of toxic elements when mixed up with water which may result in health problems.
Mining activities emit several metal waste and sulphides from the rocks and is harmful for the water.

4. Marine dumping: The garbage produce by each household in the form of paper, aluminum, rubber,
glass, plastic, food if collected and deposited into the sea in some countries. These items take from 2
weeks to 200 years to decompose. When such items enters the sea, they not only cause water pollution
but also harm animals in the sea.

5. Accidental Oil leakage: Oil spill pose a huge concern as large amount of oil enters into the sea and
does not dissolve with water; there by opens problem for local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea
otters. For e.g.: a ship carrying large quantity of oil may spill oil if met with an accident and can cause
varying damage to species in the ocean depending on the quantity of oil spill, size of ocean, toxicity of
pollutant.

6. Burning of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels like coal and oil when burnt produce substantial amount of ash in
the atmosphere. The particles which contain toxic chemicals when mixed with water vapor result in acid
rain. Also, carbon dioxide is released from burning of fossil fuels which result in global warming.

7. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides: Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect
crops from insects and bacterias. They are useful for the plants growth. However, when these chemicals
are mixed up with water produce harmful for plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals
mixes up with rainwater and flow down into rivers and canals which pose serious damages for aquatic
animals.

8. Leakage from sewer lines: A small leakage from the sewer lines can contaminate the underground
water and make it unfit for the people to drink. Also, when not repaired on time, the leaking water can
come on to the surface and become a breeding ground for insects and mosquitoes.

9. Global warming: An increase in earth’s temperature due to greenhouse effectresults in global

warming. It increases the water temperature and result in death of aquatic animals and marine species
which later results in water pollution.

10. Radioactive waste: Nuclear energy is produced using nuclear fission or fusion. The element that is
used in production of nuclear energy is Uranium which is highly toxic chemical. The nuclear waste that is
produced by radioactive material needs to be disposed off to prevent any nuclear accident. Nuclear
waste can have serious environmental hazards if not disposed off properly. Few major accidents have
already taken place in Russia and Japan.

11. Urban development: As population has grown, so has the demand for housing, food and cloth. As
more cities and towns are developed, they have resulted in increase use of fertilizers to produce more
food, soil erosion due to deforestation, increase in construction activities, inadequate sewer collection
and treatment, landfills as more garbage is produced, increase in chemicals from industries to produce
more materials.
12. Leakage from the landfills: Landfills are nothing but huge pile of garbage that produces awful smell
and can be seen across the city. When it rains, the landfills may leak and the leaking landfills can pollute
the underground water with large variety of contaminants.

13. Animal waste: The waste produce produce by animals is washed away into the rivers when it rains.
It gets mixed up with other harmful chemicals and causes various water borne diseases like cholera,
diarrhea, jaundice, dysentery and typhoid.

14. Underground storage leakage: Transportation of coal and other petroleum products through
underground pipes is well known. Accidentals leakage may happen anytime and may cause damage to
environment and result in soil erosion.

Q2. Air Pollution Act 1981

It is also a comprehensive legislation with more than fifty sections. It makes provisions, interalia, for
Central and State Boards, power to declare pollution control areas, restrictions on certain industrial
units, authority of the Boards to limit emission of air pollutants, power of entry, inspection, taking
samples and analysis, penalties, offences by companies and Government and cognizance of offences
etc..
The Act specifically empowers State Government to designate air pollution areas and to prescribe the
type of fuel to be used in these designated areas. According to this Act, no person can operate certain
types of industries including the asbestos, cement, fertilizer and petroleum industries without consent
of the State Board.
The Board can predicate its consent upon the fulfillment of certain conditions. The Air Act apparently
adopts an industry wide “best available technology” requirement. As in the Water Act, courts may hear
complaints under the Act only at the instigation of, or with the sanction of, the State Board.
The Government passed this Act in 1981 to clean up our air by controlling pollution. It states that
sources of air pollution such as industry, vehicles, power plants, etc., are not permitted to release
particulate matter, lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) or other toxic substances beyond a prescribed level.

To ensure this, Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have been set up by Government to measure pollution
levels in the atmosphere and at certain sources by testing the air. This is measured in parts per million or
in milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter.

The particulate matter and gases that are released by industry and by cars, buses and two wheelers is
measured by using air-sampling equipment. However, the most important aspect is for people
themselves to appreciate the dangers of air pollution and reduce their own potential as polluters by
seeing that their own vehicles or the industry they work in reduces levels of emissions.

This Act is created to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the Earth
which among other things includes the preservation of high quality air and ensures controlling the level
of air pollution.
The main objectives of the Act are as follows:
(a) To provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

(b) To provide for the establishment of central and State Boards with a view to implement the Act.

(c) To confer on the Boards the powers to implement the provisions of the Act and assign to the Boards
functions relating to pollution.

Air pollution is more acute in heavily industrialized and urbanized areas, which are also densely
populated. The presence of pollution beyond certain Limits due to various pollutants discharged through
industrial emission is monitored by the PCBs set up in every state.

Q3 Classification of Environmental pollution

According to national Academy of Science, USA (1966), pollution may be defined as, “an undesirable
change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water, air and soil that may harmfully affect
human, animal and plant life, industrial progress, living conditions and cultural assets.”

According to Odum (1971), “Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create a potential health hazard
for living organisms”.

According to Edward (1972) “Pollution is the release of harmful substances or energy into the
environment by man in quantities that damage health and resources”. According to tiasmann (1975)
“Pollution is the accumulation of substances in the environment or at rates of flow which exceed the
capacity of the eco-system to either neutralise or disperse them to harmful levels”.

A pollutant may be defined as, “anything, living or non-living or any physical agent (e.g. heat, sound
etc.), that in its excess makes any part of the environment undesirable. The polluted water is
undesirable for drinking, recreation, visual enjoyment or as an habitat for the aquatic life normal to it.

The polluted air is undesirable for breathing, for the condition of buildings and monuments exposed to it
or for animal and plant life. The polluted soil and land undesirable for raising food and fodder for
animals or for recreation and aesthetic enjoyments”.

In other words, Pollutant may be defined as “constituent in the wrong amount at the wrong place or at
the wrong time.” According to the Indian Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, “A pollutant has been
defined as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be or tend to be
injurious to the environment”.

Types & Causes of Pollution:

Air Pollution
It is the most prevalent and dangerous form of pollution especially considered to go hand in hand with
urbanization. There are many reasons to it. Primary among these is the excessive fuel combustion which
has become a basic necessity for cooking, transport and other industrial activities. This releases
umpteen no. of chemicals to the air which are far from being removed from it. These are directly
affecting our existence.
Smoke releases SO2 into the air making it toxic. It is caused mainly due to chimneys, factory stacks,
vehicles or something as common as ‘burning of wood’. Release of SO2 and other greenhouse gases into
air causes global warming and has capacity to cause acid rain. Global warming or emission of these gases
has increased temperatures, erratic rains and droughts worldwide. This has heavily increased the cases
of Asthma, Bronchitis and the more dangerous lung cancer, mainly in the metro cities.

One of the major and unfortunate examples of what can air pollution lead to is the Bhopal Gas Tragedy
of 1984. It was a direct result of release of methyl isocyanate gas at Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. It
killed over 2,000 people, and over 200,000 suffered respiratory problems.

Water Pollution
Every living being depends, directly, on water so this has taken a heavy toll on the entire living
population. Other than direct dependencies, more than 60% of the species live in some form of water.
Thus water pollution is another major type of pollution that needs to be curbed.

It can be attributed to many factors -industrial effluent dumped into the rivers and sea causes a huge
imbalance in the water properties which renders the water bodies unfit for aquatic lives. Water
pollution is also a major cause of diseases caused to the non-aquatic species.

Insecticides, pesticides which are sprayed on the plants, pollutes the ground water system and oil spills
in the oceans have caused irreparable damage to the water bodies. Eutrophication is another big source;
it occurs due to daily activities like washing clothes, utensils near lakes, ponds or rivers; this forces
detergents to go into water which blocks sunlight from penetrating, thus reducing oxygen and making it
inhabitable.

Soil pollution
Also known as Land Pollution, this occurs due to incorporation of unwanted chemicals in the soil due to
human activities. Use of insecticides and pesticides absorbs the nitrogen compounds from the soil
making it unfit for plants to derive nutrition from. Release of industrial waste, mining and deforestation
also exploits the soil. Since plants can’t grow properly, they can’t hold the soil and this leads to soil
erosion.

Noise pollution
It is caused when a noise which is of higher intensity than 85 db reaches our bare ears. It may lead to
psychological problems like stress & hypertension. It can also lead to permanent hearing impairment,
which is worse. It is mainly caused by loud pumps and compressors in the chemical industries. Even
marriage functions and rock music concerts are often ignored contributors to this type of pollution.

Radioactive pollution
This is considered one of the most dangerous pollution because of its permanent effects. An unarrested
upset in a nuclear plant , careless nuclear waste disposal, etc. It can cause cancer – skin, blood, infertility
due to exposure, birth defects and blindness; It has the ability to permanently change soil, air and water
– the major sources of life. It can even cause mutation in species which can propagate for ages.
Thermal/heat pollution: This is caused as a result of excessive heat release in the environment. This
leads to irreversible and undesirable changes of almost permanent nature. Industries and Vehicles are
direct contributors to this. Deforestation is an indirect contributor.Other than the greenhouse
gases,zyada this has increased the earth’s temperature, and has potential to cause drastic climatic
changes; and wildlife extinction.

Light pollution
Whenever illumination available is more than what’s required in an area, this pollution kicks in. It is
more noticeable in big cities, on advertising boards and billboards, mainly during large scale events, vis-
a-vis Concerts, sport events & even mariiages, at the night.

Q4.The Environment Act (Protection) 1986.

Against the backdrop of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held at Stockholm
in June 1972, in which India was a participant, the Central Government enacted a legislation, ‘The
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986’, with an objective for protection and improvement of the
environment and for matters connected therewith.

As per this Act, the Central Government shall have the power to take all such measures for the purpose
of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and to prevent environmental pollution.
Further, the Central Government shall have the power to give directions in writing to any person or
officer or any authority for any of the purposes of the Act, including the power to direct the closure,
prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process.

This Act has been brought into force from November, 1986. Its salient features are:

(a) Conferring powers on the Central Government to:

(i) Take all necessary measures for protecting quality of environment,
(ii) Co-ordinate actions of States, officers and other authorities under this Act,
(iii) Plan and execute a nationwide programme for prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution,
(iv) Lay down standards for discharge of environmental pollutants,
(v) Empower any person to enter, inspect, take samples and test,
(vi) Establish or recognise environmental laboratories,
(vii) Appoint or recognise government analysts,
(viii) lay down standards for quality of environment,
(ix) Restrict areas in which any industries, operations or processes may not be carried out
subject to certain safeguards,
(x) Lay down safeguards for prevention of accidents and take remedial measures in case of such
accidents,
(xi) Lay down procedures and safeguards for handling hazardous substances,
(xii) Constitute an authority for exercising powers,
(xiii) Issue directions to any person, officer or authority including the power to direct closure,
prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process,
(xiv) Require any person, officer or authority to furnish any prescribed information and
(xv) Delegate powers to any officer of a state or authority;
(b) It confers powers on persons to complain to courts regarding any violation of the provisions of the
Act, after a notice of 60 days to the prescribed authorities;
(c) The Act makes it obligatory for the person in charge of a place to inform the prescribed authorities
regarding any accidental discharge of any pollutant in excess of prescribed standards.
The concerned authorities, on receipt of such information, shall take remedial measures to prevent or
mitigate pollution caused by such accidents and expenses incurred by the authorities in respect of
remedial measures are recoverable with interest from the polluter;
(d) It prescribes stringent penalties for violation of the provisions of the Act; and
(e) Jurisdiction of civil courts is barred under the Act.

Q5.Explain Land Pollution

 Land pollution, in other words, means degradation or destruction of earth’s surface and soil,
directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. Anthropogenic activities are conducted
citing development, and the same affects the land drastically, we witness land pollution; by
drastic we are referring to any activity that lessens the quality and/or productivity of the land as
an ideal place for agriculture, forestation, construction etc. The degradation of land that could
be used constructively in other words is land pollution.
 The basic definition of land pollution is the destruction and contamination of the land through
the direct and indirect actions of humans. The pollution results in changes to the land, such as
soil erosion. Some of the changes are irreversible, while others are not.
 The effects of land pollution do not necessarily appear overnight. It is the result of long-term
destruction from human activities. For instance, the damage from chemicals from an oil spill can
take months or even years to be fully realized.
 Land Pollution has led to a series of issues that we have come to realize in recent times, after
decades of neglect. The increasing numbers of barren land plots and the decreasing numbers of
forest cover is at an alarming ratio. Moreover the extension of cities and towns due to
increasing population is leading to further exploitation of the land. Land fills and reclamations
are being planned and executed to meet the increased demand of lands. This leads to further
deterioration of land, and pollution caused by the land fill contents. Also due to the lack of green
cover, the land gets affected in several ways like soil erosion occurs washing away the fertile
portions of the land. Or even a landslide can be seen as an example.

Causes of Land Pollution

Below are the sources of land pollution:
1. Deforestation and soil erosion: Deforestation carried out to create dry lands is one of the major
concerns. Land that is once converted into a dry or barren land, can never be made fertile again,
whatever the magnitude of measures to redeem it are. Land conversion, meaning the alteration or
modification of the original properties of the land to make it use-worthy for a specific purpose is
another major cause. This hampers the land immensely. Also there is a constant waste of land. Unused
available land over the years turns barren; this land then cannot be used. So in search of more land,
potent land is hunted and its indigenous state is compromised with.
2. Agricultural activities: With growing human population, demand for food has increased considerably.
Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid off insects, fungi and bacteria from
their crops. However with the overuse of these chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of
soil.
3. Mining activities: During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the
surface. We constant hear about land caving in; this is nothing but nature’s way of filling the spaces left
out after mining or extraction activity.
4. Overcrowded landfills: Each household produces tonnes of garbage each year. Garbage like
aluminum, plastic, paper, cloth, wood is collected and sent to the local recycling unit. Items that can not
be recycled become a part of the landfills that hampers the beauty of the city and cause land pollution.
5. Industrialization: Due to increase in demand for food, shelter and house, more goods are produced.
This resulted in creation of more waste that needs to be disposed of. To meet the demand of the
growing population, more industries were developed which led to deforestation. Research and
development paved the way for modern fertilizers and chemicals that were highly toxic and led to soil
contamination.
6. Construction activities: Due to urbanization, large amount of construction activities are taking place
which has resulted in large waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic that can be seen by naked eyes
outside any building or office which is under construction.
7. Nuclear waste: Nuclear plants can produce huge amount of energy through nuclear fission and
fusion. The left over radioactive material contains harmful and toxic chemicals that can affect human
health. They are dumped beneath the earth to avoid any casualty.
8. Sewage treatment: Large amount of solid waste is leftover once the sewage has been treated. The
leftover material is sent to landfill site which end up in polluting the environment.

Effects of Land Pollution

1. Soil pollution: Soil pollution is another form of land pollution, where the upper layer of the soil is
damaged. This is caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion caused by running water and
other pest control measures; this leads to loss of fertile land for agriculture, forest cover, fodder patches
for grazing etc.
2. Change in climate patterns: The effects of land pollution are very hazardous and can lead to the loss
of ecosystems. When land is polluted, it directly or indirectly affects the climate patterns.
3. Environmental Impact: When deforestation is committed, the tree cover is compromised on. This
leads to a steep imbalance in the rain cycle. A disturbed rain cycle affects a lot of factors. To begin with,
the green cover is reduced. Trees and plants help balance the atmosphere, without them we are
subjected to various concerns like Global warming, the green house effect, irregular rainfall and flash
floods among other imbalances.
4. Effect on human health: The land when contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to
problem of skin cancer and human respiratory system. The toxic chemicals can reach our body through
foods and vegetables that we eat as they are grown in polluted soil.
5. Cause Air pollution: Landfills across the city keep on growing due to increase in waste and are later
burned which leads to air pollution. They become home for rodents, mice etc which in turn transmit
diseases.
6. Distraction for Tourist: The city looses its attraction as tourist destination as landfills do not look good
when you move around the city. It leads to loss of revenue for the state government.
7. Effect on wildlife: The animal kingdom has suffered mostly in the past decades. They face a serious
threat with regards to loss of habitat and natural environment. The constant human activity on land, is
leaving it polluted; forcing these species to move further away and adapt to new regions or die trying to
adjust. Several species are pushed to the verge of extinction, due to no homeland.
Other issues that we face include increased temperature, unseasonal weather activity, acid
rains etc. The discharge of chemicals on land, makes it dangerous for the ecosystem too. These
chemicals are consumed by the animals and plants and thereby make their way in the ecosystem. This
process is called bio magnification and is a serious threat to the ecology.

Solutions for Land Pollution

1. Make people aware about the concept of Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.
2. Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities.
3. Avoid buying packages items as they will lead to garbage and end up in landfill site.
4. Ensure that you do not litter on the ground and do proper disposal of garbage.
5. Buy biodegradable products.
6. Do Organic gardening and eat organic food that will be grown without the use of pesticides.
7. Create dumping ground away from residential areas.
Q1. hazardous & toxic chemicals.
"hazardous chemical" means- section 2 (e)
(i) any chemical which satisfies any of the criteria laid down in Part I of Schedule I and is
listed in Column 2 of Part II of this Schedule;
(ii)any chemical listed in Column 2 of Schedule 2;
(iii) any chemical listed in Column 2 of Schedule 3;

 The toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to damage an organ system (kidneys, liver), disrupt
a biochemical process (e.g., the blood-forming process) or disturb an enzyme system at some
site remote from the site of contact. Toxicity is a property of each chemical that is determined
by molecular structure. Any substance can be harmful to living things. But, just as there are
degrees of being harmful, there are also degrees of being safe. The biological effects (beneficial,
indifferent or toxic) of all chemicals are dependent on a number of factors.
 For every chemical, there are conditions in which it can cause harm and, conversely, for every
chemical, there are conditions in which it does not. A complex relationship exists between a
biologically active chemical and the effect it produces that involves consideration of dose (the
amount of a substance to which one is exposed), time (how often, and for how long during a
specific time, the exposure occurs), the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption
through skin or eyes), and many other factors such as gender, reproductive status, age, general
health and nutrition, lifestyle factors, previous sensitization, genetic disposition, and exposure
to other chemicals.
 The most important factor is the dose-time relationship. The dose-time relationship forms the
basis for distinguishing between two types of toxicity: acute toxicity and chronic toxicity. The
acute toxicity of a chemical refers to its ability to inflict systemic damage as a result (in most
cases) of a one-time exposure to relative large amounts of the chemical. In most cases, the
exposure is sudden and results in an emergency situation.
 Chronic toxicity refers to a chemical's ability to inflict systemic damage as a result of repeated
exposures, over a prolonged time period, to relatively low levels of the chemical. Some
chemicals are extremely toxic and are known primarily as acute toxins (hydrogen cyanide); some
are known primarily as chronic toxins (lead). Other chemicals, such as some of the chlorinated
solvents, can cause either acute or chronic effects.
 The toxic effects of chemicals can range from mild and reversible (e.g. a headache from a single
episode of inhaling the vapors of petroleum naphtha that disappears when the victim gets fresh
air) to serious and irreversible (liver or kidney damage from excessive exposures to chlorinated
solvents). The toxic effects from chemical exposure depend on the severity of the exposures.
Greater exposure and repeated exposure generally lead to more severe effects.
Exposure to toxic chemicals can occur by:

 Inhalation
 Dermal absorption
 Ingestion
 Injection

The following sections provide examples and safe handling guidelines for the following types of toxic
chemicals:
  Toxicants
 Carcinogens
 Reproductive Toxins
 Sensitizers
 Irritants

Acute Toxins
Acute toxins can cause severe injury or death as a result of short-term, high-level exposure.
Examples of acute toxins include the following:
 Hydrogen cyanide
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Nitrogen dioxide
 Ricin
 Organophosphate pesticides
 Arsenic
Do not work alone when handling acute toxins. Use a fume hood to ensure proper ventilation.
Chronic Toxins
Chronic toxins cause severe injury after repeated exposure.
Examples of chronic toxins include the following:
 Mercury
 Lead
 Formaldehyde
Carcinogens
Carcinogens are materials that can cause cancer in humans or animals. Several agencies including OSHA,
NIOSH, and IARC are responsible for identifying carcinogens. There are very few chemicals known to
cause cancer in humans, but there are many suspected carcinogens and many substances with
properties similar to known carcinogens.
Examples of known carcinogens include the following:
 Asbestos
 Benzene
 Tobacco smoke
 Chromium, hexavalent
 Aflatoxins
Zero exposure should be the goal when working with known or suspected carcinogens. Workers who are
routinely exposed to carcinogens should undergo periodic medical examinations.
Reproductive Toxins
 Reproductive toxins are chemicals that can produce adverse effects in parents and developing
embryos. Chemicals including heavy metals, some aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene, xylenes,
etc.), and some therapeutic drugs are capable of causing these effects. In addition, the adverse
reproductive potential of ionizing radiation and certain lifestyle factors, including excessive
alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the use of illicit drugs, are recognized.
 While some factors are known to affect human reproduction, knowledge in this field (especially
related to the male) is not as broadly developed as other areas of toxicology. In addition, the
developing embryo is most vulnerable during the time before the mother knows she is
pregnant. Therefore, it is prudent for all persons with reproductive potential to minimize
chemical exposure.
Reproductive Toxins
 Acrylontrile Carbon disulfide
Benzene Chloroform
Benzo(a)pyrene Sodium azide
Cadmium nitrate Warafin
Sensitizers
Sensitizers may cause little or no reaction upon first exposure. Repeated exposures may result in severe
allergic reactions.
Examples of sensitizers include the following:
 Isocyanates
 Nickel salts
 Beryllium compounds
 Formaldehyde
 Diazomethane
Irritants
Irritants cause reversible inflammation or irritation to the eyes, respiratory tract, skin, and mucous
membranes. Irritants cause inflammation through long-term exposure or high concentration exposure.
For the purpose of this section, irritants do not include corrosives.
Examples of irritants include the following:
 Ammonia
 Formaldehyde
 Halogens
 Sulfur dioxide
 Poison ivy
 Phosgene

Q2. Explain about Flu Gas Pipeline, Authority & Employer, Isolated Storage, Threshold Quantity.

Flu Gas pipeline:

“Flu Gas pipeline" means a pipe or system of pipes for the conveyance of a flu gases at a
pressure of less than 8 bars absolute; the pipeline also includes inter -state pipelines;

Authority : "Authority" means an authority mentioned in Column 2 of Schedule 5; section 2(b)

It Includes:
1. Ministry of Environment and Forest under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. Chief Controller Imports & Exports under Import & Export (Control) Act, 1947.
3. Central Pollution Control Board or State Pollution Control Board under Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986 as the case may be.
4. Chief Inspector or Factories appointed under the Factories Act, 1948.
5. Chief Inspector of Dock Safety appointed under the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare)
Act, 1986.
6. Chief Inspector of Mines appointed under Mines Act, 1952.
7. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board appointed under the Atomic Energy Act, 1972.
8. Chief Controller of Explosives appointed under the Indian Explosives Act and Rules, 1983.
9. District Collector or District Emergency Authority designated by the State Government.
10. Directorate Or Explosives Safety (DLS), Defence Research and Development of Organisation
(DRDO). Department of defence Research & Development, Ministry of Defence.
Section 2 (i)
"Isolated storage" means storage of a hazardous chemical, other than storage associated with an
installation on the same site specified in Schedule 4 where that storage involves atleast the quantities of
that chemical set out in Schedule 2;
As per schedule 4:
1. Installations for the production, processing or treatment of organic or inorganic chemicals using for
this purpose, among others:
2. Installations for distillation, refining or other processing of petroleum or petroleum products.
3. Installations for the total or partial disposal of solid or liquid substances by incineration or chemical
decomposition.
4. Installations for production, processing or treatment of energy gases, for example, LPG, LNG, SNG.
5. Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite.
6. Installations for the production of metals or non-metals by a wet process or by means of electrical
energy.
As per schedule 2:
 The threshold quantities relate to each installation or group of installations belonging to the
same occupier where the distance between installation is not sufficient to avoid, in foreseeable
circumstances, any aggravation of major accident hazards. These threshold quantities apply in
any case to each group of installations belonging to the same occupier where the distance
between the installations is less than 500 metres.
 For the purpose of determining the threshold quantity of hazardous chemical at an isolated
storage, account shall also be taken of any hazardous chemical which is:-
(i) in that part of any pipeline under the control of the occupier having control of the site wh.ch
is within 500 metres of that site and connected to it;
(ii) at any other site under the control of the same occupier any part of the boundary of which is
within 500 metres of the said site; and
(iii) in any vehicle, vessel, aircraft or hovercraft, under the control of the same occupier which is
used for storage purpose either at the site or within 500 metres of it;

Threshold Quantity section 2(n)

"Threshold quantity" means,-
(i) in the case of a hazardous chemical specified in Column 2 of Schedule 2, the quantity
of that chemical specified in the corresponding entry in Columns 3 & 4;
(ii) in the case of hazardous chemical specified in Column 2 of Part I of Schedule 3, the
quantity of that chemical specified in the corresponding entry in Columns 3 & 4 of that
part;
(iii) in the case of substances of a class specified in Column 2 of Part II of Schedule 3, the
total quantity of all substances of that class specified in the corresponding entry in
Column 3 & 4 of that part
 Q4 General Responsibility of the employee during Industrial Safety Activity.

(1) This rule shall apply to,-

(a) an industrial activity in which a hazardous chemical, which satisfies any of the criteria laid
down in Part I of Schedule I and is listed in Column 2 of Part II of this Schedule is or may be
involved; and
(b) isolated storage in which there is involved a threshold quantity of a hazardous chemical
listed in Schedule 2 in Column 2 which is equal to or more than the threshold quantity specified
in the Schedule for that chemical in Column 3 thereof.
(2) An occupier who has control of an industrial activity in term of sub-rule (I) shall provide evidence to
show that he has,-
(a) identified the major accident hazards; and
(b) taken adequate steps to -
(i) prevent such major accidents and o limit their consequences to persons and the
environment;
(ii) provide to The persons working on the site with the information, training and
equipment including antidotes necessary to ensure their safely.
OR
The employer must ensure that:
 All work is carried out without undue risk of injury or industrial disease
 Machinery and equipment are capable of safely performing the functions for which they are used
 All permanent and temporary buildings and structures are capable of withstanding any stresses likely to
be imposed on them
 All buildings, excavation structures, machinery, equipment, tools, and places of employment are
maintained in good condition so workers will not be endangered
 Regular inspections are made to prevent structures, grounds, excavations, tools, equipment, machinery,
and work from becoming unsafe
 Any unsafe conditions are corrected without delay
 Each worker is supplied, at no cost, with all protective safety equipment required by WorkSafeBC
regulations
 All workers are instructed in the safe performance of their duties
 An accident prevention program is set up
 There is a safe means of entry to and exit from the work area

Q5. Responsibilities of safety committee members

Duties and responsibilities:

 Review all safety and health policies and procedures established by the agency pertaining
to hazards management.
 Review incidents involving work-related fatalities, injuries, illnesses or near misses related
to hazards management.
 Review employee complaints regarding safety and health hazards related to hazards
management.
 Analyze the agency’s work injury and illness statistical records related to hazards
management.
  Conduct inspections of worksites at least annually and in response to complaints
regarding safety or health hazards.
 Conduct interviews with employees in conjunction with inspections of the workplace.
 Review agency’s training records to ensure compliance with regulatory training
requirements.
 Conduct meetings at least once every three months . Maintain written minutes of such
meeting and send copy to each committee member. Copy of minutes shall be posted in
the appropriate workplace.
 Designate Employee Safety and Health Representative(s) to accompany representatives
from regulatory agencies (i.e. NCOSHA, NC Department of Insurance, NC Division of
Environmental Management) during safety and health inspections of th e workplace.
 Make written recommendations on behalf of the committee to the agency head.
 EHS issues in the support service, office, maintenance, construction, learning and campus
living environments.
 Other EHS issues that do not occur in laboratory or clin ic environments, such as small
shops.
 Review EHS survey program findings for non-laboratories (HMP).
 Other broad EHS issues such as slips, trips, falls and property risks.

General Responsibility of the worker during Industrial Activity.

As a worker, you must:

 Be alert to hazards. Report them immediately to your supervisor or employer.

 Follow safe work procedures and act safely in the workplace at all times.
 Use the protective clothing, devices, and equipment provided. Be sure to wear them properly.
 Co-operate with joint occupational health and safety committees, worker health and safety
representatives, WorkSafeBC prevention officers, and anybody with health and safety duties.
 Get treatment quickly should an injury happen on the job and tell the health care provider that the
injury is work-related.
 Follow the treatment advice of health care providers.
 Return to work safely after an injury by modifying your duties and not immediately starting with your
full, regular responsibilities.
 Never work under the influence of alcohol, drugs or any other substance, or if you're overly tired.
Declared frequency of supply to consumer- Except with the written consent
of the consumer or with the previous sanction of the State Government a supplier
shall not permit the frequency of an alternating current supply to vary from the
declared frequency by more than 3 per cent

Declared voltage of supply to consumer - Except with the written consent

of the consumer or with the previous sanction of the State Government a supplier
shall not permit the voltage at the point of commencement of supply as defined
under rule 58 to vary from the declared voltage-
(i) In the case of low or medium voltage, by more than 6 per cent, or;
(ii) In the case of high voltage, by more than 6 per cent on the higher side or by
more than 9 per cent on the lower side, or;
(iii) In the case of extra-high voltage, by more than 10 per cent on the higher
side or by more than 12.5 per cent on the lower side.

Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor-

(1) No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected across a
street shall at any part thereof be at a height of less than-
(a) For low and medium voltage lines 5.8 metres
(b) For high voltage lines 6.1 metres

(2) No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected along

any street shall at any part thereof be at a height less than-
(a) For low and medium voltage lines 5.5 metres
(b) For high voltage lines 5.8 metres
(3) No conductor of in overhead line including service lines, erected
elsewhere than along or across any street shall be at a height less than-
(a) For low, medium and high voltages lines
upto and including 11,000 volts, if bare 4.6
metres
(b) For low, medium and high voltage
lines upto and including 11,000 volts, if insulated
4.0 metres
(c) For high voltage lines above 11,000 volts
5.2 metres

(4) For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less
than 5.2 metres plus 0.3 metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the
voltage of the line exceeds 33,000 volts.
Provided that the minimum clearance along or across any street shall not be less
than 6.1 metres.
High Voltage Equipments installations-
(a) High Voltage equipments shall have the IR value as stipulated in the
relevant Indian Standard.
(b) At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for
a period of one minute the insulation resistance of HV installations shall be at least
1 Mega ohm or as specified by the 1[Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to
time.

Danger Notices- The owner of every medium, high and extra-high voltage
installation shall affix permanently in a conspicuous position a danger notice in
Hindi or English and the local language of the district, with a sign of skull and
bones 1[of a design as per the relevant ISS No. 2551] on

Every motor, generator, transformer and

(a)
other electrical plant and
equipment together with apparatus used
for controlling or regulating the same;
All supports of high and extra-high voltage
(b)
overhead lines which can be

easily climb-upon without the aid of ladder or special appliances;

easily climb-upon without the aid of ladder or special appliances;

Explanation-- Rails, tubular poles, wooden supports, reinforced cement concrete
poles without steps, I-sections and channels, shall be deemed as supports which
cannot be easily climbed upon for the purposes of this clause.
(c) Luminous tube sign requiring high voltage supply, X-ray and similar highfrequency
installations;
Provided that where it is not possible to affix such notices on any generator, motor
transformer of other apparatus, they shall be affixed as near as possible thereto;
or the word ‘danger’ and the voltage of the apparatus concerned shall be
permanently painted on it.
Provided further that where the generator, motor, transformer of other apparatus is
within an enclosure one notice affixed to the said enclosure shall be sufficient for
the purposes of this rule.

Cut-out on consumer’s premises

(1) A supplier may affix one or more seals to any cut-out and to any meter,
maximum demand indicator, or other apparatus placed upon a consumer’s
premises in accordance with section 26, and no person other than the
supplier
shall break any such seal.
(2) The consumer shall use all reasonable means in his power to ensure
that
no such seal is broken otherwise than by the supplier.
 (2) Writing on consumer’s premises- For the protection of the consumer and
the public generally, it is necessary that the wiring on the consumer’s
premises
should conferm to the I.E. Rules and the Rules of the Fire Insurance
Company in
term of which the building is insured and be carried out by a licensed
electrical
contractor. The material used for wiring shall comply with the standards
laid
down in that behalf by the Indian Standards Institution or equivalent. As
soon as
the consumer’s installation is completed in all respects and tested by the
consumer’s contractor, the consumer should submit to the licensee the
wiring
contractor’s completion and test report. A form for this purpose shall be
supplied
by the licensee. It is important that the conditions named herein are fully
complied with as otherwise there will be delay in obtaining the supply.
(3) As required by rule 45 of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, no electrical
installation work (including additions, alterations, repairs and adjustments
to
existing installations), except such replacement of lamps, fans, fuses,
switches,
low voltage domestic appliances and fittings as in no way alter the
capacity and
the character of the installation, shall be carried out upon the premises on
behalf
of any consumer or owner for the purposes of supply of energy to such
consumer
or owner, except by an electrical contractor licensed by the in this behalf
and
under the direct supervision of a person holding a certificate of
competency
issued or recognised by the ... Any person committing a breach of rule 45
shall
render himself liable to punishment under rule 139 of the said rules.

(3) The word ‘supplier’ shall for the purpose of this rule include a State
Government when any meter, maximum demand indicator or other apparatus is
placed upon a consumer’s premises by such Government.