FACTORS AFFECTING

RATE OF
EVAPORATION
SL NO CONTENTS PAGE
NO
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
2 INTRODUCTION 4
3 EXPERIMENT 1 14
4 AIM 15
5 REQUIREMENT 15
6 PROCEDURE 16
7 OBSERVATION 17
8 CONCLUSION 17
9 EXPERIMENT 2 18
10 AIM 19
11 REQUIREMENT 19
12 PROCEDURE 19
13 OBSERVATION 20
14 CONCLUSION 20
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound gratitude to

Mr N.G.Babu, the pricipal of our
school for his valuable instruction
and guidance for the submission of
this project.
I am also grateful to Mrs Jothi, Mrs
Sajini and other staff members of
chemistry department for their whole
hearted support.
Finally I like to record my gratefulness
to all my friends and
my parents

INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the
surf ace of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the
evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which
is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid
phase. Steam produced in a boiler is another example of evaporation
occurring in a saturated vapor phase. Evaporation that occurs directly
from the solid phase below the melting point, as commonly observed
with ice at or below freezing or moth crystals
(napthaleneorparadichlorobenzene), is called sublimation.
On average, a fraction of the molecules in a glass of water have
enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. Water molecules from
the air enter the water in the glass, but as long as the relative humidity
of the air in contact is less than 100% (saturation), the net transfer of
water molecules will be to the air. The water in the glass will be cooled
by the evaporation until an equilibrium is reached where the air
supplies the amount of heat removed by the evaporating water. In an
enclosed environment the water would evaporate until the air is
saturated.
With sufficient temperature, the liquid would tum into vapor quickly
(see boiling point). When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to
each other in varying degrees, based on how they collide. Sometimes
the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends
up with enough energy to 'escape '.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar
energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in
the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation of water occurs
when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape
and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds. The
tracking of evaporation from its source on the surf ace of the earth,
through the atmosphere as vapour or clouds, and to its fate as
precipitation closes the atmospheric water cycle, and embodies the
concept of the precipitationshed.

THEORY
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the
surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular
forces. When only a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, the rate of evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds
more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules
escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy,
and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also
called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the
human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with
higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids
with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will
dry (by evaporation) mere rapidly on a windy day than on a still day.
Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheric pressure
(determines the percent humidity) and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid
state and the vapor state. Instead , there is a Knudsen layer, where the
phase is undetermined . Because this layer is only a few molecules
thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface cannot
be see .
Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given
gas (e.g., cooking oil at room temperature) have molecules that do not
tend to transfer energy to each other in a pattern sufficient to
frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into
vapor. However, these liquids are evaporating. It is just that the
process is much slower and thus significantly less visible.
EVAPORATION EQUILIBRIUM
If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules
accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the moleculesreturn
to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the
density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of
escape and return reaches an equilibrium, the vapor is said to be
"saturated", and no further change in either vapor pressure and
density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of
vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly
related to the vapor pressure of the substance, as given by the
Clausius-Clapeyron relation
where P1, P2 are the vapor pressures at temperatures T1, T2
respectively, ∆Hvap is the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the
universal gas constant. The rate of evaporation in an open system is
related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is
heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure the
liquid will boil.
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is based largely on
the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess. Even
at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate
if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required
for vaporization.

EVAPORATION IS ONE OF THE TWO FORMS OF

VAPORIZATION
Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid
state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to
enter the gaseous state.
 The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the
surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its
kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the
surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher
temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a
small proportion of the molecules are located near the surface and are
moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate
of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape,
the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the
temperature of the liquid thus decreases.
WHAT OCCURS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
DURING THE PROCESS OF EVAPORATION?
Evaporation happens because, at any given temperature, some of the
molecules have higher than average kinetic energy. Recall the kinetic
energy distribution from kinetic molecular theory. Some of the
molecules at the surface of the liquid have enough kinetic energy to
escape the attractions of the neighbours.
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF EVAPORATION IN
CHEMISTRY?
Evaporation is one of the two forms of vaporization. It is the process
whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state or solid state if the
substance sublimes gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state.
WHY DOES EVAPORATION OCCURS?
Evaporation happens when a liquid substance become a gas. When
water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so
quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water
vapour.
Sometimes a liquid can be sitting in one place (maybe a puddle) and
its molecules will become a gas. That's the process called evaporation.
It can happen when liquids are cold or when they are warm. It happens
more often with warmer liquids. You probably remember that when
matter has a higher temperature, the molecules have a higher energy.
When the energy in specific molecules reaches a certain level, they can
have a phase change. Evaporation is all about the energy in individual
molecules, not about the average energy of a system. The average
energy can be low and the evaporation still continues.
You might be wondering how that can happen when the temperature
is low. It turns out that all liquids can evaporate at room temperature
and normal air pressure. Evaporation happens when atoms or
molecules escape from the liquid and tum into a vapor. Not all of the
molecules in a liquid have the same energy. When you have a puddle
of water (H20) on a windy day, the wind can cause an increased rate
of evaporation even when it is cold out.
ENERGY TRANSFER
The energy you can measure with a thermometer is really the average
energy of all the molecules in the system. There are always a few
molecules with a lot of energy and some with barely any energy at all.
There is a variety, because the molecules in a liquid can move around.
The molecules can bump into each other, and when they hit... Blam! A
little bit of energy moves from one molecule to another. Since that
energy is transferred, one molecule will have a little bit more and the
other will have a little bit less. With trillions of molecules bouncing
around, sometimes individual molecules gain enough energy to break
free. They build up enough power to become a gas once they reach a
specific energy level. In a word, when the molecule leaves, it has
evaporated.
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
CONCENTRATION 0F SUBSTANCE EVAPORATING IN AIR
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.
CONCENTRATION OF OTHER SUBSTANCE IN THE AIR
if the air is already saturated with other substance it can have a
lower capacity for the substance evaporating.
FLOW RATE OF AIR
This is in part related to the concentration points above If fresh air is
moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging
faster evaporation. This is the result of the boundary layer at the
evaporation surface decreasing with flow velocity, decreasing the
diffusion distance in the stagnant layer.
INTER-MOLECULAR FORCES
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid
state, the more energy one must get to escape. This is characterized
by the enthalpy of vaporization
The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent)
heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy (enthalpy)
that be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a
quantity of that substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is
a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.
The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the normal boiling
temperature of the substance; although tabulated values are usually
corrected to 298 K, that correction is often smaller than the
uncertainty in the measured value The heat of vaporization is
temperature-dependent, though a constant heat of vaporization can
be assumed for small temperature ranges and for reduced
temperature. The heat of vaporization diminishes with increasing
temperature and it vanishes completely at a certain point called the
critical temperature
PRESSURE
Evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface
keeping the molecules from launching themselves.
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the
surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to
the ambient pressure.
SURFACE AREA
A substance that has a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as
there are more surface molecules per unit of volume that are
potentially able to escape.
The surface area of a solid object is a measure of the total area that
the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of
surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more
involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves,
or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with flat polygonal
faces), for which the surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces.
Surface area is important in chemical kinetics increasing the surface
area of the substance generally increases the rate of a chemical
reaction.

TEMPERATURE
The higher the temperature of the substance the greater the kinetic
energy of the molecules at its surface and therefore the faster the rate
of their evaporation the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized pan open water surface outdoors at various location
nationwide
A temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold the
temperature is a measure of a quality of a state of material the quality
may be regards as a or abstract entity than any particular temperature
scale the measures it and is called hotness. It is not necessity the case
that a material in a particular place is in a state that is steady and
nearly homogeneous enough to allow it to have a well defined hotness
or temperature.
When two systems in thermal contact are at the same temperature no
heat transfers between them when a temperature difference does not
exist heat flows continuous from the warmer system to the colder
system.

Applications
 Industrial applications include
many printing and coating processes; recovering salts from
solutions; and drying a variety of materials such as lumber, paper,
cloth and chemicals.
 The use of evaporation to dry or concentrate samples is a common
preparatory step for many laboratory analyses such
as spectroscopy and chromatography. Systems used for this
purpose include rotary evaporators and centrifugal evaporators.
 When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient
temperature is below the boiling point of water, water evaporates.
This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat (from the
sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer, hot air is blown through the
clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
 The Matki/Matka, a traditional Indian porous clay container used
for storing and cooling water and other liquids.
 The botijo, a traditional Spanish porous clay container designed to
cool the contained water by evaporation.
 Evaporative coolers, which can significantly cool a building by
simply blowing dry air over a filter saturated with water.

Combustion vaporization
Fuel droplets vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot
gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received
by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.

Pre-combustion vaporization
Internal combustion engines rely upon the vaporization of the fuel in
the cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in order to burn well. The
chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has
been determined to be 15 parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by
weight. Changing this to a volume ratio yields 8000 parts air to one
part gasoline or 8,000/1 by volume.

Film deposition
Thin films may be deposited by evaporating a substance and
condensing it onto a substrate, or by dissolving the substance in a
solvent, spreading the resulting solution thinly over a substrate, and
evaporating the solvent. The Hertz–Knudsen equation is often used to
estimate the rate of evaporation in these instances.
EVAPORATION OF ACETONE
All liquids have vapour pressure .The boiling is the temperature at
which vapour pressure becomes equal to ambient pressure, but there
are still molecules in the gas phase over the liquid before it reaches its
boiling point .For some liquids vapour pressure is very high.
If acetone is in a closed bottle, then equilibrium will be formed so that
the vapour pressure and atmospheric pressure will reach an
equilibrium
If acetone kept in hand, some of acetone vapour will disperse and
upset the equilibrium. As a result more molecules can evaporate to
balance the equilibrium . As a result new temperature will be formed.
EXPERIMENT NO 1
AIM
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
acetone
REQUIREMENTS
3 petri dishes of diameter 9.6cm 8cm 5.8cm, stop watch, 10 ml pipette,
covers
PROCEDURE
Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them as A,B,C. Pipette out 10
ml of acetone in each of the petridishes A,B and C cover them
immediately. Uncover all the three petridishes simultaneously and
start the stopwatch. Note the time when acetone evaporates
completely from each petridish.
OBSERVATION
Petridish mark Diameter of Time taken for
petridish Complete
(cm) evaporation

A 9.6 4min 30 sec

B 8 7min
C 5.8 10min

CONCLUSION
It will be observed that maximum evaporation occurs in petridish
with largest diameter followed by smaller and the smallest petridish.
It is therefore, concluded that rate of evaporation increases with
increase in surface area.
EXPERIMENT NO 2
AIM
To study the effect air current on the rate of evaporation of ether.
REQUIREMENTS
2 petri dishes and ether

PROCEDURE
Take 2 petridish of same size and label them as 1 and 2
Take 10 ml of ether in each of the 2 petridish with the help of a
graduated cylinder. Keep petridish 1 in a place where there is no fan.
Place petridish 2 under a fan
Start the stopwatch and note the time taken for the complete
evaporation of ether in both the petridish.
OBSERVATION
Condition Time taken for complete
evaporation

At romm temperature 1min 40sec

Under the fan 7min

CONCLUSION
The observation clearly indicate that the liquid under the fan
evaporate faster. This shows that rate of evaporation increases with
air current
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Text books of class 12 th chemistry

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org