Name:

Chapter 1 Class:

Kinetic Particle Theory Date:

Recall in Secondary Two …

Particulate Nature of Matter or the Kinetic Particle Theory states that

 all refers
‘Kinetic’ matterto is madeà e.g.
motion up of _________________________
Kinetic Energy
 and these tiny particles are in __________________________________

Summary (DO IT YOURSELF):

Describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter using the particulate nature of matter/
kinetic particle theory.

Solid Liquid Gas

Diagram

Arrangement

Movement

Attractive forces
between particles

Kinetic energy of
particles

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1 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle Theory

SOLID

LIQUID GAS

Recall: Conservation of Energy

We learnt that:
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and converted from
one form to another.”

During a change of state of matter,

_______________ energy ______________ energy of the particles

So what does this mean?

 ___________ heat energy kinetic energy of particles _____________
 ___________ heat energy kinetic energy of particles _____________

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(a) MELTING: Solid  Liquid

Definition: Melting point is the temperature at which a __________ becomes a _________.

Heat is __________ during melting.
A pure substance has a fixed melting point.
Different substances have different melting points.

What happens to the particles of the solid that is heated until it melts?
(Think in terms of the energy)

 On heating a solid, the  At melting point, the  The particles are no longer
particles absorb heat particles have gained in their fixed positions.
energy. enough energy to
 The heat energy is ___________the  The particles can ________
converted to k_________ ___________forces ___________ throughout
energy between _________. the liquid.
 The particles start to
vibrate faster and more  The particles begin to  The substance is now a
_______about their _____ break away from their fixed liquid
____________. positions.

How does the temperature of a solid change when it melts?

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(1) A – B: Solid heats up
 The temperature of the solid
increases until it reaches its
__________________.
 At point B (the melting point), melting
the solid begins to melt.
(3) C – D: Liquid
heats up
 At point C, all the
(2) Temperature / B – C: Solid melts solid has _________
 A mixture of solid and liquid exists here. and the temperature
 During the melting process, the of the liquid rises as
temperature of the substance ________ heating continues.
____________even though heating
continues.
 All the heat energy taken in by the particles
is used to o_________ the f______ of
a___________ between particles.

(b) FREEZING: Liquid  Solid

Definition: Freezing Point is the temperature at which a ________ becomes a _________

 A pure substance melts and freezes at the same temperature.
 Freezing point and melting point have the same numerical value.

What happens to the particles of the solid that is cooled down until it solidifies?
(Think in terms of the energy)

 Heat energy is ________
_____ by the particles of
the liquid.
 The particles decrease in
kinetic energy.
 The particles start to
_________ _______ and
less ________.
 When the temperature is
low enough, the particles
no longer have enough
sufficient energy to move
freely.
 The particles starts to
settle into their______
______________.
 All the particles have settled
into fixed positions.
 The particles can only
__________ about their
fixed position.
 The substance is now a
solid.

Freezing Curve: How does the temperature of a liquid change when it Cools?

(3) R – S: Solid cools

 At point R, the
substance Page
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_____________.
 (c) BOILING: Liquid  Gas

Definition: Boiling Point is the temperature at which a

__________ becomes a _________

 A pure substance boils at the same temperature.

What happens to the particles of the solid that is heated until it

boils?
(Think in terms of the energy)

 As the liquid is heated, the particles ____________________ and start to move ______.
 Eventually, the particles have _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
 They _______________ and move _______ in all _________. The substance is now a
gas.

Boiling Curve: How does the temperature of a liquid change when it boils?

Temperature/ oC
Here, it boils and changes into
When a liquid is heated, a vapour. The temperature
its temperature increases remain _________ until all the
till its boiling point is _________ has _______ off.
reached.

Time / sec

(d) EVAPORATION: Liquid  Gas

Evaporation occurs because some particles have _________

_______________ as a gas from the surface of the liquid.

Liquids that _________________________________ are called

______________.

Petrol and perfumes are examples of volatile liquids.

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Differences between Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling Evaporation

________________________ Occurs at temperatures below boiling

________________________ point

Occurs throughout the liquid Occurs only _________________

__________________________

Occurs ______________ Occurs slowly

(e) CONDENSATION: Gas  Liquid

When a gas is cooled sufficiently it changes into a liquid.

What happens to the particles of a gas when it condenses?

Heat energy is _________ during condensation.
As the temperature drops, the gas particles _________________ and
______________________________.
Eventually, the particles moves close enough and slow enough for the
gas to change into a liquid.

(f) SUBLIMATION: Solid  Gas

 When a substance _________, it changes directly from a solid to

a gas.
 For example: _______, _________________ and dry ice (solid
carbon dioxide)

 A substance sublimes because the forces between the particles

in the liquid state are _________ to remain in this state.

Recall Separation Technique: Sublimation to separate a mixture of ammonium

chloride and sand as ammonium chloride can sublime and sand do not
decompose.

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