Mehboob Ali (M.Phil Chemistry)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.
PHIL CHEMISTRY)
CHAPTER # 14 MACROMOLECULES
SHORT QUESTIONS (TEXT BOOK & ADDITIONAL)
1. What are polymers or macromolecules? Write its different types?

The very large molecules are called macromolecules or polymers. Polymers are
derived from poly meaning many and mers meaning units. Polymers are formed by
the combination of many units and can be of two types.
i. Inorganic polymers e.g. diamond, graphite and sand.
Organic polymers (i) biopolymers e.g. proteins etc. and (ii) synthetic polymers
e.g. plastics, synthetic rubber etc
2. What is the degree of polymerization (DP)? How is it related to the molecular

mass of polymer? (IMP)
The length of the chain is specified by the degree of polymerization i.e. no. of
monomers in the chain.
Significance:
The molecular mass of the polymer is the product of the degree of polymerization and
the molecular mass of the repeating unit (monomer).
Molar mass of polymer = molar mass of monomer × degree of polymerization (DP)
3. Explain homopolymers with examples? (IMP)
These are the polymers which are formed from only one type of monomer e.g.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) etc.
n CH2 = CH2 - CH2 - CH2 [- CH2 - CH2 -] - CH2 - CH2 -

n -2
Homopolymer
4. Explain copolymers with examples? (IMP)
These are the polymers which are formed from the combination of two types of the
monomers e.g. ethene and styrene mix to form copolymer.
n CH2 = CH2 + n CH = CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - [- CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH2 -] - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH2 -
n -2
Copolymer
5. Explain terpolymers with examples? (IMP)

These are the polymers which are formed due to combination of three different types
of monomers. This type of polymer is formed by a carefully controlled reaction. For
example, butyl acrylate, methacrylate and acrylic acid give a polymer which is used
as weather resistant paint.
MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

6. What is the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers? Or
Write the different types of polymers on the basis of thermal properties with
examples? (IMP)(Textbook Exercise)
Thermoplastic polymers:
Thermoplastic polymers can be melted on heating and reshaped on cooling again and
again e.g. PVC pipes, plastic toys etc.
Thermosetting polymers:
Thermosetting polymers once cooled to hard then they cannot be reshaped. If they are
heated then they are decomposed rather than melting. For example, synthetic varnish,
epoxy resins etc.
7. What is addition polymerization? (IMP)(Textbook Exercise)
Addition polymerization is the process in which the unsaturated compounds merge
together to form polymers. The addition polymerization can have three different
mechanisms.
5 20C
n CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH - [- CH2 - CH -] - CH2 - CH -
9 atm
n-2
Cl Cl Cl Cl
vinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
8. What is condensation polymerization? Explain it with an example? (IMP)
(Textbook
Exercise)
Condensation polymerization is the process in which two compounds having two
functional groups each are attached by the elimination of a small molecule. Thus
polymerization is done. For example, nylon 6,6 is formed by the condensation
polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
O O O O
heat
n HO - C - (CH2)4 - C - OH + n H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2 - C - (CH2)4 - C - HN - (CH2)6 - NH -
- n H 2O n
adipic acid hexamethylenediamine nylon 6,6
9. What is PVC? How is it formed and also write its uses?

PVC is polyvinyl chloride.
Formation:
It is formed by the addition polymerization of the vinyl chloride at 520C and 9 atm.
Uses:
PVC is used in floor coverings, in pipes, in gramophone recorders etc.
5 20C
9 atm
n-2
Cl Cl Cl Cl
vinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

10. How polystyrene is formed and also write its uses?
Polystyrene is the addition polymer of styrene or phenylethene.
Formation:
Polystyrene is formed by the addition polymerization of the styrene in the presence of
a catalyst.
Uses:
Polystyrene is used in the manufacture of food containers, cosmetic bottles, toys etc.
C a t a ly s t
n-2
styrene polystyrene
11. What is PVA? How is it formed and also write its uses?
PVA is polyvinyl acetate.
Formation:
It is formed by the addition polymerization of vinyl acetate.
Physical state:
It’s colorless, non-toxic and has some characteristic odour.
Uses:
It is mostly used as an adhesive material and as a binder for emulsion paints.

n-2
OCOCH3 OCOCH3 OCOCH3 OCOCH3
vinyl acetate polyvinyl acetate (PVA)
12. What are acrylic resins? Write the different monomers and their uses in
different fields?
The acrylic resins are similar to vinyl resins.
Monomers:
The most important monomers of acrylic resins are methylmethacrylate, acrylic acid,
butyl acrylate and acrylonitrile.
Uses:
Acrylic resins are used in the manufacture of plastics, paints for car industry and
water based weather resistant paints.
COOCH3
CH2 = CH - COOH CH2 = C - CH3 CH2 = CH - CN CH2 = CH - COOC4H9
acrylic acid methylmethacrylate acrylonitrile butyl acrylate

13. What are polyester resins? How are they formed and also write their uses?
(Textbook
Exercise)
Polyesters contain a number of ester linkages.
Formation:
These are formed by the condensation polymerization of diol and dicarboxylic acid
e.g. ethane 1, 2 – diol and benzene 1, 4 – dicarboxylic acid.
Uses:
The polyesters are used in clothing, for making water tanks etc.
O O O O
n HO - C - - C - OH + HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH -C- - C - O - CH2 - CH2 - O -

n
benzene 1,4-dicarboxylic acid ethane 1,2 - diol polyester
14. What are polyamides or polyamide resins? Explain with the example of nylon 6,
6? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
15. Why nylon is classified as nylon 6, 6 and nylon 6? (IMP)
Nylon 6,6 is formed by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid and
hexamethylenediamine. As both the monomers have six no. of carbons so it is called
nylon 6,6.
O O O O
heat
n HO - C - (CH2)4 - C - OH + n H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2 - C - (CH2)4 - C - HN - (CH2)6 - NH -
- n H 2O n
adipic acid hexamethylenediamine nylon 6,6
Nylon 6 is formed by the self-condensation of 6-Aminohexanoic acid. It contains only

six carbons.
O
NH
16. What are epoxy resins? How are they formed and also write their uses?
(Textbook
Exercise)
17. Write the repeating unit of (i) polystyrene (ii) nylon 6, 6 (iii) Teflon (IV) Orlon?
(Textbook
Exercise)
18. What are biopolymers and carbohydrates, Write their different types with
examples?
These are the polymers which are formed by the combination of the biological
compounds. The most important biological compounds are carbohydrates, lipids;
proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are the heterogeneous compounds which
are the most abundant biomolecules on the earth. These have an empirical formula of
Cx (H2O) y.

Classification:
These are classified as monosaccharaides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like
sucrose and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen.
19. What are monosaccharides? Explain with examples?
These are the simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed. They have an empirical
formula of (CH2O) n where n = 3 or some large number. Monosaccharides can be
aldoses or ketoses. Common examples are glucose, fructose etc. Sugars with 5 –
carbon and 6 – carbon atoms are found in cyclic form.
H
C 2O
H H
C 2O
H
O H O H
O H
C 2O
H H
H H
O
H H
H H
O
H
O H H
O H
H
O H H
O H
C
H
O H
O 2O
H
H
O H
H H
O H H
O
-D-glucose -D-glucose Fructose
20. Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other. Justify?

Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula of C6H12O6 but their structures
are different. Glucose has aldehyde and fructose has ketone functional group. So these
are functional group isomers.
H O
C H
C 2O
H
H C H
O C O
HO C H HO C H
H C H
O H C H
O
H C H
O H C H
O
H
C 2O
H H
C 2O
H
D-glucose Fructose
21. What are disaccharides or oligosaccharides? Explain with examples?

Disaccharides or oligosaccharides are formed when 2 to 9 monosaccharides units are
combined together by the elimination of water molecules. This linkage is called
glycosidic linkage. For example sucrose is formed by the combination of glucose and
fructose.

H
C 2O
H
O H H
C H
H 2O
H
O
H
H H H
O
H
O
H
O H
O H
O H
C 2O
H
H
O H
H H
O
-D-glucose Fructose
H
C 2O
H
O H H
C H
H 2O
H
O
H
H H H
O
H
O
H
O O H
C 2O
H
Glycosidic linkage
H
O H
H H
O
Sucrose
22. What is the difference between glycoside linkage and peptide linkage? (IMP)
(Textbook
Exercise)
23. What are polysaccharides? Explain its types?
These are the carbohydrates of high molecular mass. The molecular formula for these
is (C6H10O5) n.
Properties:
These are amorphous solids, insoluble in water and tasteless.
Use:
These are used for the storage of energy and for building of structural elements of cells. The
examples are starch, cellulose and glycogen. Plants store energy in the form of starch and
animals store energy in the form of glycogen
24. What is starch? Explain its different components?
Starch is the polymer of α – D – Glucose. It consists of 10 to 20% amylose and 80 to
90% amylopectin. Starch is used in coating and sizing of paper and in laundering.
Amylose is soluble in water and gives deep blue color with iodine and amylopectin is
insoluble in water and gives no colour with iodine.
25. What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
The difference is given as,
Amylose Amylopectin
i. soluble in water i. insoluble in water
ii. gives deep blue color with iodine ii. gives no colour with iodine
iii. constitutes 10 to 20% of starch iii. constitutes 80 to 90%of starch
26. Point out one difference between the compounds in each of the following pair?
(a) Glucose and fructose (b) sucrose and maltose (c) cellulose and starch.
(Textbook Exercise)
(a) Glucose is an aldose and fructose is a ketoses.

(b) Sucrose is a disaccharide of α-glucose and fructose but maltose is a disaccharide
of α-glucose only.
(c) Cellulose is a polysaccharide of β-glucose and starch is a polysaccharide of α-
glucose.
27. Define following terms Starch, cellulose and glycogen?
Starch is the polymer of α – D – Glucose. It consists of 10 to 20% amylose and 80 to
90% amylopectin. Starch is used in coating and sizing of paper and in laundering.
H
C H
C 2O
H
H
C 2O
H 2O
H
O H O H
O H H H
H
H H H
H
O H H
O H
H
O H
O O
O O
H H
O H H
O
H H
O
Structure of amylose
Cellulose:
Cellulose is the polymer of β – D – Glucose. It is found mainly in the plants. It serves to
satisfy the appetite and intestinal peristalsis.
H H
O H
C 2O
H
H
C 2O
H
H O O
O O H
H
HO H
H H
H H
O H
H
O H
H H O O H
O
H
C H H
O
H H
O 2O
H
Structure of cellulose
Glycogen:
Glycogen is also called animal starch and works like the starch. It is found in the liver
and muscle.
28. What are proteins? Write the types with examples based on physico – chemical
properties? (IMP)
Proteins are the large molecules formed due to linking of the amino acids through
peptide bonds. These have three classes based on physico – chemical properties.
i. Simple proteins yield amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis e.g.
albumins, globulins, collagen etc. These form 25 to 35% of body protein.
ii. Compound or conjugated proteins having protein and a non – protein part
called prosthetic group e.g. phosphoproteins, lipoproteins etc.
iii. Derived proteins are the combination of the simple and compound proteins
e.g. peptones, oligopeptides etc.
29. Explain the word protein, importance of proteins and elements present in
proteins?
Protein is derived from proteios meaning prime importance. Proteins are of great
importance and they make bulk of body part which is non-bony structure. The
essential elements for proteins are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They may
contain other elements like sulfur, phosphorus, iron, copper, iodine, manganese and
zinc.

30. Write the different types of proteins based on their functions?
The different types of proteins based on their functions are regulatory or hormonal
proteins, structure proteins, transport proteins, genetic proteins etc.
31. Explain the structure of the proteins? (IMP)
Proteins can have normally four types of structures.
i. Primary structure is the one dimensional and simple structure.
ii. Secondary structure is the coiling or zigzagging of polypeptide due to
hydrogen bonding.
iii. Tertiary structure is the three dimensional twisting and folding of the
polypeptide.
iv. More twisting and folding of the polypeptide form a more complex structure
called quaternary structure.
32. What do you mean by the denaturing of the proteins? (IMP)
The structure of the proteins can be changed due to heat, pH and oxidizing or
reducing agents. Due to change of structure of protein, its function is also disturbed
and we say protein is denatured e.g. albumin of egg.
33. Explain the importance of the proteins?
i. Proteins play an important role in the formation of the protoplasm.
ii. Nucleoproteins are the carriers of heredity with nucleic acids.
iii. Enzymes made from proteins have great importance in life.
Many proteins have special functions like hemoglobin
34. What are lipids? Write their characteristics? (Textbook Exercise)

35. What are the most important lipids found in nature? Also write their sources
and importance?
Fats and oils are the most important lipids and are obtained from animals, plants and
marine sources. Animal fats like butter and ghee, vegetable oil from seeds of plants
and marine oils from sea animals are in use.
36. What are the differences between fats and oils? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The differences are as,
Fats Oils
i. Solid or semi-solid i. Liquids
ii. High proportion of long chain ii. High proportion of long chain
saturated acid components. unsaturated acid components
iii. High melting and boiling iii. Low melting and boiling
points points
37. What are the physical properties of fats and oils?
The physical properties are as,
i. State:Liquid or non-crystalline solids
ii. Color, smell, taste: Colorless, odorless and tasteless in pure form
iii. Solubility: Insoluble in water and soluble in non-polar solvents
iv. Emulsion: Form emulsion with water on agitation
v. Conductivity: Poor conductors of heat and electricity

38. How the hydrolysis of the lipids is done? Also write the products? (IMP)
The hydrolysis of the lipids is done in the presence of an enzyme called lipase and the
products are glycerol and fatty acids. The equation is as,
CH2 - OOCR CH2 - OH

lip a s e
CH - OOCR + 3 H2O CH - OH + 3 RCOOH
CH2 - OOCR CH2 - OH
triglycerides glycerol fatty acid

39. What is saponification? Explain saponification number? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
Saponification:
40. How the hardening of the oils is done? Also explain the product? (IMP)
The oils are the liquids having unsaturation inside them but fats are semi-solid having
saturation inside them. So oils are converted into fats on hydrogenation. This is called
hardening of the oils. The production of vegetable ghee from vegetable oil is its
example.
41. What do you mean by rancidity of fats and oils? (IMP)
The bad smelling of fats and oils is called rancidity. The fats and oils produce bad
smelling aldehydes and fatty acids on hydrolytic or oxidative reactions. Oils of marine
animals become worse too quickly.
42. What is iodine number? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The no. of grams of iodine which will add to 100 grams of a fat or oil is called iodine
number. This shows the extent of unsaturation in the acid component of triglycerides.
The triglycerides with no double bond will have zero iodine number.
43. What is acid number? (IMP)
The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize one gram of fat, is called
acid number. This tells the amount of free fatty acids present in the fats or oils.
44. What are steroids? Explain their types?
Steroids are the naturally occurring lipids which consists of three six membered rings
and one five membered ring called perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene component.
These three rings are fused together and have 17 – carbon atoms. The different types
of steroids are cholesterol (animal sterol), ergosterol (on irradiation to U.V is changed
to ergocalciferol or vitamin D2.
CH3 R
CH3 C D
A B
45. Explain the importance of lipids?

The importance of lipids is as,
i. Good source of energy

ii. Insulating effect on the nervous tissue
iii. Integral part of the cell protoplasm and cell membranes
iv. Precursors of very important physiological compounds
46. What are lipids? How these are classified?
Lipids are naturally occurring organic compounds of animals and plants origin and are
soluble in organic solvents. These are classified as,
i. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with glycerol e.g. common fats and oils.
ii. Compound lipids contain radicals in addition e.g. glycerol phospholipids.
iii. Derived or associated lipids are the hydrolytic products of compound lipids
e.g. sterols.
47. What are enzymes? Explain their structure components? (IMP)(Textbook
Exercise)
48. Write the general properties of the enzymes? (IMP)
The general properties of enzymes are as,
i. They are specific are in action e.g. hexokinase for hexoses but glucokinase for
glucose only.
ii. They are protein in nature with few exceptions.
iii. The most enzymatic reactions are reversible i.e. one enzyme catalyze both
directions.
iv. Some enzymes are different from each other in every aspect but function in
the similar way, called isoenzyme.
49. What are nucleic acids? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
50. Write the differences between DNA and RNA? (IMP)
DNA RNA
i. It is not present in free form in i. It can be present in free form
the cytoplasm. in the cytoplasm.
ii. It double stranded normally. ii. It is single stranded normally.
iii. Sugar in DNA is 2 – iii. Sugar in RNA is ribose.
deoxyribose.
iv. It contains nitrogeneous base iv. It contains nitrogeneous base
like C, A, G and T. like C, A, G and U.
v. It undergoes mutation. v. It does not undergo mutation.
.
51. Write down the role of DNA and RNA in life? (IMP)(Textbook Exercise)
DNA stores the genetic information which is used in cell formation and also in the
protein formation. It is responsible for the properties of next generation.
RNA is formed from DNA through transcription and then the info is used to form
protein in a process called translation.

CHAPTER # 15 COMMON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN
SHORT QUESTIONS (TEXT BOOK & ADDITIONAL)
1. What are the fertilizers? Why are they used? (Textbook Exercise)
Fertilizers are the chemicals or substances added to the soil to make up the deficiency
of essential elements like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) needed for the
proper growth of the plants and enhance the natural fertility of the soil.
2. What is manure?
Manure is an organic material used to fertilize land and it is usually consists of faeces
and urine of domestic livestock.
3. What are micro and macro nutrients? (IMP)
Micro-nutrients:
These are the elements which are required by the plants in very small amounts e.g.
boron, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum and chlorine. These elements are
used from 6 g to 200 g per acre. Too much quantity of these elements may be
dangerous.
Macro-nutrients:
These are the elements which are required by the plants in large amounts e.g.
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. These elements are used from 5 kg to 200 kg per acre.
4. What are the requirements of a fertilizer?
Fertilizers have following requirements:
i. Fertilizer element should be water soluble
ii. Stable to soil
iii. Should not be deliquescent
iv. Should be cheap to manufacture
Write the different requirements or qualities of a fertilizer? (Textbook Exercise)
The qualities are as,
i. The nutrient element in fertilizer must be readily available to the plant.
ii. Fertilizer must be fairly soluble in the water to be available for the plants.
iii. It should not be injurious to plants.
iv. It should be cheap
v. It should not change the pH of the soil.
5. Write the different types of the fertilizers?
There are three kinds of fertilizers.
i. Nitrogeneous fertilizers – supply nitrogen
ii. Phosphatic fertilizers – supply phosphorus
iii. Potassium fertilizers – supply potassium
6. Write the basic functions of the nitrogeneous fertilizers? Also give examples?
(IMP)
The basic functions of nitrogeneous fertilizers are as,
i. It is required during the early stage of plant growth for the development of
stem and leaves.
ii. It is main constituent of protein.

iii. It gives green color to the leaves.
iv. It enhances the yield and quality of the plants
The examples are ammonia, urea and ammonium nitrate.
7. Write a note on ammonia fertilizer? (IMP)
It is used in liquid form. Anhydrous ammonia is direct applied to soil. It contains 82%
nitrogen and is injected about 6 inches under the earth surface to avoid it from seeping
out.
8. Why ammonia fertilizer is injected 6 inches under the soil surface?
As ammonia is the only fertilizer used in the form of liquid and so it is injected 6
inches under the soil surface to avoid it from seeping out.
9. Write the different steps for the formation of the urea? (IMP)
The different steps for the formation of the urea are as,
i. Preparation of hydrogen
ii. Preparation of ammonia
iii. Preparation of ammonium carbamate
iv. Preparation of urea
v. Concentration of urea
vi. Prilling
10. Write the formation of the ammonium carbamate in the preparation of the urea?
(IMP)
The ammonium carbamate is formed by mixing CO2 and NH3 in the ratio of 1:2. The
equation is given as,
CO2 + 2 NH3 NH2 - C - O- NH4+
11. Write the formation of urea from ammonium carbamate? (IMP)

Dehydration of ammonium carbamate gives urea.
O O
NH2 - C - O- NH4+ NH2 - C - NH2 + H2O
12. Write a note on ammonium nitrate fertilizer? (IMP)

It is formed by neutralization of ammonia and nitric acid as,
NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3
It is in the form of prills and contains 33 – 33.5% nitrogen. It is useful for many crops
except paddy rice. It is also used in combination with limestone and is hygroscopic in
nature.
13. Write the basic functions of the Phosphatic fertilizers? Also give examples?
(IMP)
The basic functions of Phosphatic fertilizers are as,
i. It is required to stimulate early growth.
ii. It accelerates the seed and fruit formation during later stages of growth.
iii. It increases the resistance to diseases.

The examples are water soluble super phosphate (Ca (H2PO4)2 and triple phosphate
(ammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4).
14. Write the basic functions of the potassium fertilizers (potassium nitrate)? Also
give examples? (IMP)
The basic functions of potassium fertilizers are as,
i. It is required for the formation of starch, sugar and fibrous material of the
plant.
ii. It increases the resistance to diseases.
iii. It helps in healthy root development.
iv. It helps in ripening of seeds, fruits and cereals.
15. Write a note on potassium nitrate fertilizer? (IMP)
It is formed by the double decomposition reaction as,
NaNO3 + KCl →NaCl + KNO3 (pale yellow solid crystals)
It contains 13% nitrogen and 44% potash.
16. How diammonium phosphate fertilizer is formed? (IMP)
Diammonium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by the reaction of anhydrous ammonia
and pure phosphoric acid at 60 – 700C and at pH of 5.8 – 6.0. It contains 16 %
nitrogen, 48% P2O5 and 75% plant nutrients.
2 NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)2HPO4 + heat
17. What are the prospects of fertilizer industry in Pakistan? (Textbook
Exercise)
Pakistan is an agricultural country. In order to keep up the production of agricultural
materials and to compensate the depletion of nutrients in the fields, fertilizers are
necessary. Fertilizer industry has great importance in Pakistan.
16. What is cement?
It is the material made by burning a mixture of calcarious and argillaceous materials
at high temperature. The essential constituents of cement are lime, silica and alumina.
Calcarious materials which are used as the source of lime (CaO). The examples of
calcarious materials are limestone, marble, chalks, marine shell etc.Argillaceous
materials are the source of acidic components like aluminates and silicates. The
examples of argillaceous materials are clay, shale, slate, blast furnace slag etc.
18. What is the raw material for the formation of the Portland cement? (IMP)
There are three important sources for the formation of Portland cement.
i. Calcarious materials – the source of lime like limestone, marble, chalks,
marine shell etc.
ii. Argillaceous materials – the source of acidic components (aluminates and
silicates) like clay, shale, slate, blast furnace slag etc.
19. Describe the composition of good Portland cement? (Textbook Exercise)

The essential constituents of cement are lime, silica and alumina.
CaO 62%
SiO2 22%
Al2O3 7.5%

MgO 2.5%
Fe2O3 2.5%
SO3 1.5
Na2O 1.0
K2O 1.0
20. How many processes are used for formation of cement and which factors
determines process? (IMP)
Two processes are used for the manufacture of cement
i. Wet process
ii. Dry process.
The choice of the process depends upon the following factors.
i. Physical conditions of the raw material
ii. Local climate conditions of the factory.
iii. The price of the fuel
21. Why wet process is preferred to dry process?
Dry process needs excessive fine grinding and is more suitable for the hard material.
Wet process is free from dust, grinding is easier and the composition of cement can be
easily controlled.
22. Write the different steps for the formation of the cement by wet process?
The different steps for wet process are as,
i. Crushing and grinding of the raw material
ii. Mixing the material in correct proportion
iii. Heating the prepared mixture in a rotary kiln
iv. Grinding the heated product called clinker
v. Mixing and grinding of cement clinker with gypsum
silicates, aluminates and ferrites of calcium.
23. What do you mean by setting of cement? Explain the reactions happening in
first seven days? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
It is the process in which cement is changed into a hard mass with the passage of time.
Reactions in first 24 hours
Tricalcium aluminate absorbs water and forms a colloidal gel of 3 Ca.Al2O3 6H2O.
This gel starts crystallization and reacts with gypsum to form crystals of calcium
sulpho-aluminate (3 Ca. Al2O3. 3CaSO4 2H2O).
Reactions in first 1 to 7 days
Tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate hydrolyze to give calcium hyodroxide
and aluminum hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide changes into needle shaped crystals
which impart the strength to the gel. Aluminum hydroxide fills the spacing and results
into the hardening of the mass. The gel loses water and by evaporation changes to a
hard mass.
24. What is clinker? Why 2 % gypsum is added in the cement? Or what is
Portland cement? Why gypsum is added? Or what is the role of gypsum in
cement industry? (IMP) (Textbook exercise)

Portland cement is obtained by heating powdered mixture of clay and limestone. The
final product is called clinker. Gypsum is added to
i. prevent the hardening of cement too rapidly
ii. increase the setting time of cement
iii. increase the strength of cement
25. What is paper?
Paper is the sheet material made up of a network of natural cellulosic fibers which
have been deposited from an aqueous suspension. The product is the network of
interlocking fibers.
26. Write the raw material for the paper industry? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
There are two types of raw materials for the paper industry.
1. Woody raw material
i. Poplar
ii. Eucalyptus
iii. Douglas fir
2. Non-woody material
i. Wheat straw vi. Bamboo
ii. Corn straw vii. Cotton stalk
iii. Rice straw viii. Cotton linter
iv. Bagasse ix. Kahi grass
v. Rag x. Grasses
27. Write the different pulping methods and which is preferred? (Textbook
Exercise)
The different pulping methods are of three types.
i. Kraft process (alkaline)
ii. Sulphite process (acidic)
iii. Neutral Sulphite Semi Chemical Process (NSSC)
NSSC is preferred because of the advantages in chemical recovery and pulp strength.
28. Write the different components of the paper making machine?
The different components of paper making machine are as,
i. Flow spreader
ii. Head box
iii. Fourdrinier table (85 % moisture is left)
iv. Press section (65 % moisture is left)
v. Dryer section
vi. Reel (6 – 8 % moisture is left)
vii. Calendar stock
29. What are the prospects of paper industry in Pakistan? (Textbook
Exercise)
Paper plays an important role in the present day economic development because its
consumption is an index of a country’s progress. Pakistan has enough source of non-
woody material and so efforts are being made to install more paper industries.
30. Discuss the digestion process in the manufacturing of paper? (IMP)

Digestion is done in the digesting tank made of steel and wrought iron. Steam is
passed from bottom and sodium sulphite from top. Sodium sulphite is buffered with
sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide to maintain its pH 7 – 9. Digester is revolved
at 2.5 rpm at a temperature of 160 – 1800C.

CHAPTER # 3
GROUP IIIA AND GROUP IVA ELEMENTS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP IIIA

ELEMENTS
1. Name the elements of group IIIA? (Textbook Exercise)
The elements of group IIIA are as,
i. Boron (B) ii. Aluminum (Al) iii. Gallium (Ga)
iv. Indium (In) v. Thallium (Tl)
2. Write the names and chemical formulae of the ores of boron?
The ores of boron are as,
Borax or tincal Na2B4O7.10H2O
Colemanite Ca2B6O11.5H2O
Orthoboric acid H3BO3
3. Write the names and chemical formulae of the ores of aluminum? Or Give the
names and formulae of any three ores of aluminum? (Textbook Exercise)
The ores of aluminum are as,
Feldspar KAlSi3O8 or K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
Mica or Muscovite KH2Al3(SiO4)3
Kaolin or clay H2Al2(SiO4)2.H2O or Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
Emerald Al2F2SiO4
Cryolite Na3AlF6
Corundum Al2O3
Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O
Gibbsite Al2O3.3H2O or Al(OH)3
1. Explain the occurrence of boron and aluminum?
It is not an abundant element and is found in the soils. It is an essential element in
traces for some plants. It is found in nature as combined with oxygen usually as
oxyborate ions and principally as salts of various polyboric acids. Aluminium is third
abundant element and occurs as alumino-silicate minerals in the rocks of the outer
portion of the earth. The other elements of group IIIA are very rare.
4. Why does boron show peculiar behavior? (IMP)
Boron shows peculiar behaviour due to small size, high charge density high nuclear
charge and high ionization energy.
Q.1: Explain the peculiar behavior of boron? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
Peculiar behavior of boron:
i. Non-metallic nature:
It is non – metallic in behavior but the others are metals.
ii. Non-metal with 3-electrons:
It is the only non – metal element which three electrons in valence shell.
iii. Variable oxidation state:

Its common oxidation states are +3 (BF3) and -3 (BH3) but the others show +3
oxidation state only.
iv. Addition compounds:
It can form molecular addition compounds e.g. H3N:→BF3.
v. Covalent compounds:
As boron does not form a stable cation so it does not form ionic compounds.
BORAX
5. What is borax? (Textbook Exercise)
Borax is the sodium salt oftetraboric acid (H2B4O7). Its formula is Na2B4O7.
6. How borax is prepared commercially? (Textbook Exercise)
Powdered colemanite is boiled with soda ash. CaCO3 is precipitated and separated. A
mixture of borax and sodium metaborate is left behind.
Ca2B6O11 (s) + 2 Na2CO3 (aq) → 2 CaCO3 + Na2B4O7 + 2 NaBO2
(sodium
metaborate)
7. Give thereactions of borax with HCl and H2SO4?
Na2B4O7 + 2 HCl + 5 H2O → 2 NaCl + 4 H3BO3
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5 H2O → Na2SO4 + 4 H3BO3
8. Give the reaction of ammonium chloride with borax?
Na2B4O7 + 2 NH4Cl → 2 NaCl + 2 BN + B2O3 + 4 H2O
9. What is a borax bead test? Explain its chemistry? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
Take a platinum wire with a loop at the end. Heat the wire, take powdered borax and
heat again. Now put some grains of the substance.Heat in oxidizing flame and then in
reducing flame. Check the color of the beads formed.
Chemistry of borax bead test:
Borax is decomposed as,
Na2B4O7 → 2 NaBO2 + B2O3
The metallic oxide formed from the substance combines with B2O3 and give coloured
metallic metaborates e.g. CuO gives blue color with B2O3.
CuO + B2O3 → Cu(BO2)2
10. How does borax serve as water softening agent? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
→ remove Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions
The borax acts as softening agent because it forms CaB4O7or MgB4O7 in hard water.
The Ca+2 or Mg+2 ions of hard water are removed. Thus the hardness of the water is
removed by borax.
Na2B4O7 + Ca+2 → CaB4O7 + 2Na+
Na2B4O7 + Mg+2 → MgB4O7 + 2Na+
11. The solution of borax is alkaline. Explain? Or What is the action of an aqueous
solution of borax on litmus? Or Why aqueous solution of borax has pH greater
than 7? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)

→ due to formation of strong base
When borax is dissolved in water, it is hydrolysed into NaOH and H3BO3. As NaOH
is a strong base so the net solution is alkaline in nature.Red litmus paper will turn blue
and also pH is greater than 7.
Na2B4O7 + 7 H2O → 2 NaOH + 4 H3BO3
12. How hydrolysis of borax can be prevented?
→ by adding glycerine
The addition of glycerine (also called glycerol) changes the medium to slightly non-
polar and so the hydrolysis of borax is prevented.
13. Discuss the ionization of borax in water?
Borax when dissolved in water ionizes as,
Na2B4O7 → 2 Na+ + B4O7-2
The hydrolysis of B4O7-2 ions occurs as follows,
B4O7-2 + 7 H2O → 2 OH-1 + 4 H3BO3
14. What happens when borax is heated?
When borax is heated, it is converted into a glassy mass as,
2 Na2B4O7.10H2O → [ Na2B4O7 + 2NaBO2 + B2O3 ] (glassy mass)
This glassy mass is used in borax bead test for the identification of different metals.
Q.2: Describe the different methods for the preparation of borax?
The different methods for the preparation of borax are as,
i. From boric acid and sodium carbonate:
A hot solution of boric acid is treated with soda ash and borax is crystallized
out.
4 H3BO3 + Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 + CO2 + 6 H2O
(hot solution)(soda ash) (borax)
ii. From colemanite (calcium borate) by boiling with sodium carbonate:
Powdered colemanite is boiled with soda ash. CaCO3 is precipitated and
separated. A mixture of borax and sodium metaborate is left behind.
Ca2B6O11 (s) + 2 Na2CO3 (aq) → 2 CaCO3 + Na2B4O7 + 2 NaBO2
(sodium
metaborate)
Q.3: Write chemical properties of borax?
Properties of borax are as,
i. Physical state:
White crystalline solid
ii. Hydrolysis of borax:
Na2B4O7 + 7 H2O → 2 NaOH + 4 H3BO3
iii. Heating of borax:
2 Na2B4O7.10H2O → [ Na2B4O7.2NaBO2 + B2O3 ] (glassy mass)
iv. Borax bead test:
Take a platinum wire with a loop at the end. Heat the wire, take powdered
borax and heat again. Now put some grains of the substance.Heat in oxidizing
flame and then in reducing flame. Check the color of the beads formed.
Chemistry of borax bead test:

Borax is decomposed as,
Na2B4O7 → 2 NaBO2 + B2O3
The metallic oxide formed from the substance combines with B2O3 and give
coloured metallic metaborates e.g. CuO gives blue color with B2O3.
CuO + B2O3 → Cu(BO2)2
BORIC ACIDS
15. Write the different types of boric acid with formulae? Or Give the names and
formulae of different acids of boron? (Textbook Exercise)
There are four different types of boric acids.
Orthoboric acid H3BO3
Metaboric acid HBO2
Tetraboric acid H2B4O7
Pyroboric acid H6B4O9
16. How the different boric acids are converted into orthoboric acid?
The different boric acids are stable in solid form but changes to orthoboric acid in
solution form.
HBO2 + H2O → H3BO3
H2B4O7 + 5 H2O → 4 H3BO3
H6B4O9 + 3 H2O → 4 H3BO3
17. Write the preparation of orthoboric acid or boric acid on commercial scale?
Orthoboric acid or boric acid is prepared on commercial scale from colemanite.
Ca2B6O11 + 2 SO2 + 9 H2O → 2 CaSO3 + 6 H3BO3
(boiling)
18. Write the preparation of orthoboric acid or boric acid in laboratory?
Orthoboric acid or boric acid is prepared in laboratory from borax.
(hot concentrated)
19. Write physical properties of boric acid?
i. White lustrous crystalline solid
ii. Soapy touch
iii. Slightly soluble in cold water but fairly soluble in hot water.
20. Write reaction of boric acidwith ethyl alcohol? Or How will you prepare borate
esters from boric acid? (Textbook Exercise)
H 2S O 4
H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH (C2H5)3BO3 + 3 H2O
Ethyl borate
(borate esters)
21. Write reaction of boric acid with caustic soda and soda ash? (Textbook
Exercise)
Reaction with caustic soda:
4 H3BO3 + 2 NaOH → Na2B4O7 + 7 H2O
Reaction with soda ash:
5 H3BO3 + Na2CO3 → Na2B4O7 + 6 H2O + CO2

22. How titration of boric acid with alkalies is performed? Or How glycerol makes
the titration of boric acid possible?
→ by adding glycerol
Glycerol (also called glycerine) makes complex with boric acid and increases its
acidity. Boric acid is a weak acid and cannot be titrated against alkalies in usual
manner.It is titrated in the presence of glycerol using phenolphthalein indicator.
23. Write the uses of boric acid? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
24. Why boric acid is used as glaze in pottery? Or Why borate glazes are preferable
to silicate glazes? (IMP)
→ more fusible and high coefficient of expansion
Boric acid is used in pottery because borate glazes are more fusible than silicate
glazes and also have a higher coefficient of expansion.
25. What is the effect of heat on orthoboric acid?
The effect of heat on orthoboric acid or boric acid is given as,
o
H3BO3 1 0 0 C HBO2 (meta boric acid) + H2O
o
4 HBO2 1 4 0 C H2B4O7 (tetra boric acid) + H2O
H2B4O7 r e d h o t 2 B2O3 (boric anhydride) + H2O

26. How will you convert boric acid into borax and vice versa? (IMP)
(Textbook
Exercise)
27. Boric acid is a monobasic acid. Discuss? (IMP)
Any acid giving only one H+ ion is called monobasic acid. Boric acid is a weak acid
and gives only one H+ ion.
H3BO3 + H2O → [B(OH)4]- + H+
Q.5: Write the preparation of orthoboric acid or boric acid?
Orthoboric acid or boric acid is prepared as,
i. From colemanite:
Colemanite is suspended in boiling water and SO2 gas is passed through it.
Boric acid is separated through crystallization.
Ca2B6O11 + 2 SO2 + 9 H2O → 2 CaSO3 + 6 H3BO3
(boiling)
ii. From borax:
A hot conc. solution of borax is treated with stoichiometric amounts of conc.
H2SO4 and crystals of boric acid are obtained on cooling.
(hot concentrated)
Q.6: Write chemical properties of boric acid? (Textbook Exercise)
The properties of boric acid are as,
i. Physical state:
White lustrous crystalline solid having soapy touch and slightly soluble in cold water
but fairly soluble in hot water.

ii. Reaction with ethyl alcohol:
H2SO4
H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH → (C2H5)3BO3 + 3 H2O
iii. Heating of boric acid:
H3BO3 → HBO2 (meta boric acid) + H2O
4 HBO2 → H2B4O7 (tetra boric acid) + H2O
H2B4O7 → 2 B2O3 (boric anhydride) + H2O
REACTIONS OF ALUMINUM
28. Why aluminum is not found in free state? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
→ due to high reactivity
As aluminum is very reactive metal and combines with oxygen to form layer of oxide
when it is left in air for a short time. So it is not found in free state but in the form of
its compounds.
29. Why aluminum sheets are said to be corrosion free?
→ due to protective layer of Al2O3
As aluminum is a reactive metal so it combines with oxygen and forms a protective
layer of aluminum oxide. This layer protects the aluminum sheets from further attacks
and corrosion.
30. Which property of aluminum makes its use in flash light photography?
→ due to reaction with O2 and N2 with intense light
Aluminum produces white intense light on reaction with air at a higher temperature of
800 0C. This property makes its use in flash light photography and aluminum is
converted to aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride.
o
4 Al + 3 O2 8 0 0 C 2 Al2O3
o
2 Al + N2 8 0 0 C 2 AlN
31. Why aluminum does not react with nitric acid? Or Nitric acid can be stored in
Al vessels? (IMP)
→ due to protective layer of Al2O3
Nitric acid with any concentration does not react with aluminum because of protective
layer of aluminum oxide on the aluminum metal. This layer prevents the reaction of
nitric acid on the metal.
32. How aluminum is used to remove bubbles from molten metals? Or What is the
use of aluminum in steel industry? (IMP)
As aluminum is much reactive and can combine with nitrogen and oxygen to form
oxide and nitride, so it is used to remove the bubbles of air from molten metals or
steel.
4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3
Al + N2 → 2 AlN
33. What do you mean by anodizing of aluminum?
→ electroplating of Al by Al2O3

Aluminum has a layer of oxide which protects it from further attack. This layer is also
produced by the electrolysis of sulphuric acid or chromic acid having aluminum as
anode. This process is called anodizing of aluminum.
34. Why aluminum alloys are not suitable for marine use?
→ due to reaction of reactive ‘Na’ or ‘Mg’ with Al.
Aluminum is attacked by the salt solutions of sodium or magnesiumin sea water and
so alloy is corroded badly.Therefore Al-alloysare not used for marine purposes.
35. Give equation of the following reactions? (Textbook Exercise)
a. Borax is heated with CoO
b. Al2O3 is heated with NaOH solution
36. Aluminum is amphoteric in nature. Explain by reactions?
Aluminum metal can react with both acids and bases because it is amphoteric in
nature.
2 Al + 6 HCl (dil. or conc.) → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 4 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + H2O
37. Aluminum is soluble in alkalies. Why? Or Caustic soda cannot be stored in
aluminum vessels?
Aluminum metal is amphoteric in nature and can with alkalies. Thus dissolves in
alkalies like NaOH, KOH etc.
Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 4 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + H2O
38. Which property of aluminum makes its use in heavy duty cables and cooking
utensils?
Aluminum is a good conductor of heat and electricity with low resistance.So it is used
for making the cooking utensils and heavy duty cables.
39. Which property of aluminum makes its use in aircraft body?
Aluminum is a low density metal and so its alloy is used for making the body of
aircraft e.g. airplanes.
Q.7: Write the chemical properties of aluminum? Or How and under what conditions
does aluminum react with the following: (i) hydrogen (ii) oxygen (iii) nitrogen (iv)
halogens (v) acids (vi) alkalies (Textbook Exercise)
Q.8: Write the properties of aluminum? (IMP)
Uses of aluminum are as,
i. Low density:
Aluminum is a low density metal and so its alloy is used for making the body
of aircraft e.g. airplanes.
ii. Good conductor:
It is good conductor of heat and electricity and so it is used in heat exchangers,
heavy duty cables etc.
iii. Reflector of light:
It is good reflector of radiation energy and so used to insulate building, to jam
radar etc.
iv. Non-magnetic:
It is non-magnetic and so used in navigational equipment.

Q.9: Give the reactions of aluminum with acids?
Reaction with HCl:
Al reacts slowly with dilute HCl and rapidly with conc. HCl.
2 Al + 6 HCl (dil. or conc.) → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
Reaction with H2SO4:
Al does not react with dilute H2SO4 but reacts with hot conc. H2SO4.
2 Al + 6 H2SO4 (hot conc.) → Al2(SO4)3 + 3 SO2 + 6 H2O
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP IVA ELEMENTS
40. Name the elements of group IVA? (Textbook Exercise)
41. Write the names and chemical formulae of the ores of carbon?
The ores of carbon are as,
Limestone or calcite CaCO3
Dolomite MgCO3.CaCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
42. Write the names and chemical formulae of the ores of silicon?
The ores of silicon are as,
Analcite (a zeolite) NaAl(SiO3)2.H2O
Asbestos CaMg3(SiO3)4
Kaolin or clay H2Al2(SiO4)2.H2O or Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
Zircon ZrSiO4
Soap stone or talc H2Mg3(SiO3)4
43. Write the common properties of group IVA?
The common properties of group IVA are as,
i. All have a valency of four.
ii. All of them form hydrides as XH4.
iii. They form tetrachlorides as XCl4.
iv. They form dioxides as XO2.
44. What is the inert pair effect? (IMP)
The pair of valence electrons which do not take part in chemical combination is
termed as inert pair. Down the group atomic mass increases, electropositivity
increases, metallic character increases and so inert pair effect increases.
45. Explain the occurrence of silicon? (Textbook Exercise)
Silicon is very abundant and has 25% of mass of earth’s crust. It is not found in free
state but as silica or silicates. As oxide it is found as quartz. Sand is silicon dioxide
largely.
46. Explain the peculiar behavior of carbon? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
COMPOUNDS OF CARBON AND SILICON
47. Explain the structures, nature and the polarities of CO and CO2? Or Explain the
structures, nature and the polarities of oxides of carbon? Or Why CO2 has zero
dipole moment? (Textbook Exercise)
CO is diatomic molecule having two covalent bonds and one coordinate covalent
bond. It is slightly polar and has a small dipole moment.
The structure of CO is as, Cδ- Oδ+

CO2 is non – polar because of cancellation of two opposite dipole moments and net
dipole moment is zero.
The structure of CO2 is as, Oδ- = Cδ+ = Oδ-
48. Why CO2 is acidic in nature? (Textbook Exercise)
49. What is vitreous silica?Write different propertiesof vitreous silica? (IMP)
When crystalline silica is heated to melt and then it is cooled, it does not crystallize
again but form a rigid and highly undercooled liquid called vitreous silica or silica
glass.
Its properties are as,
i. Highly transparent to light
ii. Very refractory and does not soften below 1500 to 16000C.
iii. Very low thermal expansion
iv. Excellent insulator
v. Hard, brittle and non-elastic.
50. Define and explain the term quartz? (IMP)
Quartz is common crystalline silicon dioxide. It is hard, brittle, refractor and colorless
solid.
Quartz can be amethyst quartz, smoky quartz, rose quartz or milky quartz. Opal is
hydrated form of quartz.
51. SiO2 is the empirical formula of sand and not the molecular formula. Explain it?
(IMP)
→ due to macrostructure
Molecular formula tells the exact no. of atoms and empirical formula tells the simplest
ratio of atoms. As SiO2 only tells the ratio of silicon and oxygen atoms i.e. 1:2 so it is
empirical formula and not the molecular formula.
52. Why silica has high surface activity?
The atoms of silicon and oxygen at the surface of the silica layer do not have all their
valence forces satisfied and so surface oxygen atoms become active.
O O O
Si Si Si
O O O
O O O
O
Si Si Si
O O O
O O O
O
53. Why CO2 is gas at room temperature but SiO2 is a solid? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
54. Why CO2 is more reactive but SiO2 is less reactive? (IMP)
→ SiO2 is solid but CO2 is gas
CO2 is a simple small covalent compound in gaseous stateand reacts rapidly. SiO2 is a
macromolecule in solid state and so reacts slowly.

SILICATES AND THEIR USES
55. Give the preparation of sodium silicate (water glass or soluble glass)? (IMP)
Sodium carbonate or soda ash is fused with sand in reverberatory furnace.
Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2
56. Give the properties of sodium silicate (water glass or soluble glass)? (IMP)
i. It is sodium salt of metasilicic acid H2SiO3.
ii. It is also called water glass or soluble glass.
iii. It is soluble in water and the solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis.
57. Give the uses of sodium silicate (water glass or soluble glass)? (IMP)
i. It is used as filler for soap in soap industry.
ii. It is used in textile as a fire proof.
iii. It is used as furniture polish.
iv. It is used in calico printing.
58. Write the equation for the weathering of potassium feldspar?
The CO2 from air is absorbed by water to give H2CO3 which reacts feldspar in the
presence of water. The weathering of potassium feldspar is done as,
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + H2CO3 + H2O → K2CO3 + 4 SiO2 + Al2O3.(SiO2)2.2H2O
(kaolin or clay)
59. What is kaolin or pure clay and how is it produced? Also write its uses?
Kaolin is white pure clay and its formula is Al2O3.(SiO2)2.2H2O. It is produced by the
weathering of potassium feldspar.
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + H2CO3 + H2O → K2CO3 + 4 SiO2 (sand) + Al2O3.(SiO2)2.2H2O
(kaolin or clay)
It is used to make porcelain and china wares.
60. What is impure clay or ordinary clay and what are its uses? Or Why impure
clays are more fusible than pure clay?
Impure clayor ordinary clay contains oxides of iron, calcium, magnesium and other
metals. Due to presence of these compounds, impure clay or ordinary clay is more
fusible than pure clay. The presence of these oxides forms easily fusible silicates with
sand. These clays are used to make bricks, tiles and stonewares.
61. Explain talc or soapstone? Or Give formula and uses of talc or soapstone?
It is magnesium silicate, H2Mg3(SiO3)4. It is used in making cosmetics due to greasy
touch. It is also used in making household articles.
62. Explain asbestos? Or Give formula and uses of asbestos?
It is hydrated calcium magnesium silicate, CaMg3(SiO3)4. It is commonly used in
making incombustible fabrics and hardboard etc.
63. The aqueous solution of sodium silicate is basic or alkaline. Explain it? Or What
is the action of an aqueous solution of sodium silicate on litmus? Or Why
aqueous solution of sodium silicate has pH greater than 7? (IMP)
When sodium silicate is dissolved in water, it is hydrolysed into NaOH and H2SiO3.
As NaOH is a strong base so the net solution is alkaline in nature.Litmus paper will
turn blue due to pH greater than 7.
Na2SiO3 + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2SiO3

64. What is a chemical garden? (IMP)
When crystals of colored salts like ferrous sulphate or copper sulphate are placed in a
solution of sodium silicate, they produce a very beautiful growth like plant. This is
called chemical garden.
65. What are silicates? Give their uses? (Textbook Exercise)
Salts of silica with different metals are called silicates. For example, sodium silicate,
aluminum silicate etc. These silicates have been used for different purposes.
For example sodium silicate is used as soap filler, a fire proof, furniture polish etc.
Aluminum silicate in the form of clay or kaolin is used in pottery, porcelain etc.
Q.10: Explain the preparation, properties and uses of sodium silicate (water glass or
soluble glass)? (IMP)
Preparation:
Sodium carbonate or soda ash is fused with sand in reverberatory furnace.
Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2
Properties:
iii. It is sodium salt of metasilicic acid H2SiO3.
iv. It is also called water glass or soluble glass.
i. It is soluble in water and the solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis.
Uses:
i. It is used as filler for soap in soap industry.
ii. It is used in textile as a fire proof.
iii. It is used as furniture polish.
iv. It is used in calico printing.
SILICONES AND SEMICONDUCTORS

66. What are semiconductors? Explain their uses?
Semiconductors are the substances which conduct electricity up to some extent lesser
than a good conductor but greater than an insulator. Their conductivity changes with
temperature and light. So they are used in photoelectric cells and in solar batteries.
Semiconductors are also used to form transistors.
67. What is the effect of heat on the conductivity of semiconductors and metals? Or
What is the effect of light on the conductivity of semiconductors and metals?
(IMP)
When the temperature is increased, the conductivity of semiconductors increases due
to availability of more free electrons for the conduction but the conductivity of metals
decreases due to resistance to the flow of electrons.
68. What are silicones? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The compounds of silicon in which the silicon atoms are connected through oxygen
atoms and form large molecules are called silicones. These silicon atoms have CH3 –
groups attached to them in side chains.
69. Write properties and usesof silicones? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
i. Methyl silicones are oily and used as lubricants.

ii. Viscosity of silicones increases with decrease in temperature (1000C to 00C)
but up to four folds but that of petroleum oil increases about one hundred
folds.
iii. Methyl silicones of higher molecular mass resemble rubber and are used in
making rubber like tubing and sheets.
iv. The highly branched silicones are used for insulation because of high
resistance.
v. These are water repellents and are used in many ways in the shape of films.
70. Discuss formation of silicones? (IMP)
The compounds of silicon in which the silicon atoms are connected through oxygen
atoms and form large molecules are called silicones. These silicon atoms have CH3 –
groups attached to them in side chains.
Formation:
CH3 CH3
H - O - H + Cl Si Cl + H - O - H 2 HCl + HO Si OH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
HO Si OH + HO Si OH O Si O Si O + H2O
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
71. Why are liquid silicones preferred over ordinary organic lubricants? (Textbook
Exercise)
Liquid silicones are preferred due to their less viscosity and which increases only four
folds from 1000C to 00C but that of petroleum or organic lubricants increases about
hundred times.
USES OF LEAD COMPOUNDS
72. Explain use of lead suboxide as pigment?
It is black powder and is formed from lead oxalate.
2 PbC2O4 → Pb2O + 3 CO2 + CO
It is also used in lead storage batteries.
73. Explain use of lead monoxide (litharge or massicot) as pigment?
Litharge is of two colors i.e. yellow (rhombic) and red (tetragonal). It is slightly
soluble in water. It is used in preparing flint glass, oils, varnishes and paints.
74. Explain use of triplumbic tetra-oxide (red lead or minium) as pigment?
Red lead is formed by heating white lead in air at 3400C.
3 Pb + 2 O2 → Pb3O4
It decomposes at 470 C.0
2 Pb3O4 → 6 PbO + O2

Red lead is used in lead storage batteries, in paints, flint glass, matches and ceramic
glazes.
75. Explain use of lead dioxide as pigment?
Red lead on reaction with conc. HNO3, gives lead nitrate and lead dioxide.
Pb3O4 + 4 HNO3 → 2 Pb(NO3)2 + PbO2 + 2 H2O
Lead dioxide is reddish brown powder. It is not soluble in water but dissolves in
alkaline water. It is not affected by the acids.
76. Explain use of white lead as pigment? OR White lead is not good as pigment.
Why?
Basic lead carbonate, [ 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 ] is an amorphous white pigment. It mixes
with linseed oil and has a good covering power. It is not a good pigment because it is
darkened by H2S which is frequently present in air.
77. Explain use of lead chromate as pigment?
It is also called chrome yellow. When lead chromates are boiled with dilute alkali
hydroxide, orange or red basic chromates are formed which are used as pigment.
Stable yellow pigment is monoclinic.
78. White lead is not suitable for use as a good pigment?
→ because darkened by H2S
White lead is [ 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 ]. It is not a good pigment because it is darkened due
to formation of PbS by H2S which is frequently present in air.
79. What happens when white lead is heated in air at about 3400C?
Red lead is formed by heating lead in air at 3400C.
3 Pb + 2 O2 → Pb3O4
It is decomposed at 470 C to PbO.
0
2 Pb3O4 → 6 PbO + O2
80. How chrome yellow is converted into orange or red basic lead chromate?
Orange or red pigments are prepared from lead chromate by boiling it with dilute
alkali hydroxides.
81. What is the importance of oxides of lead in paints? (Textbook Exercise)
The different oxides of lead are used as pigments of different colors in paints. For
example,
Pb2O is black. PbO is yellow (rhombic) and red (tetragonal).
Pb3O4 is red. PbO2 is reddish brown powder.

CHAPTER # 4
GROUP VA AND GROUP VIA ELEMENTS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP VA ELEMENTS

1. Write the names of group VA elements?
The names of group VA elements are as,
i. Nitrogen (N) ii. Phosphorus (P) iii. Arsenic (As)
iv. Antimony (Sb) v. Bismuth (Bi)
2. Write the general characteristics of group VA elements?
The general characteristics of group VA elements are as,
i. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non – metals, arsenic and antimony are
metalloids while bismuth is metal.
ii. Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony have allotropes.
iii. Phosphorus and lower elements of group VA can use d – orbitals in their
bonding.
iv. Due to d – orbital, +3 and +5 oxidation states of this group are common.
v. They all are poor conductor of heat and electricity and give acidic oxides.
3. Phosphorus and lower members of group VA show variable oxidation state.
Explain it? Or Phosphorus can form PCl3 and PCl5 both but nitrogen only NF3?
(IMP)
→ due to involvement of empty d-orbitals
Phosphorus and other members involve d-orbital because it has not much greater
energy than those of other valence shell orbitals. For example, phosphorus show +3
and also +5 by shifting 3s electrons to vacant 3d orbital.
15P = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz (+3)
2 2 6 2 1 1 1
15P = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3d (+5)

2 2 6 1 1 1 1 1
4. Nitrogen is less reactive than oxygen. Why? (IMP)

→ due to triple bond in N2
Nitrogen molecule has three bonds (one sigma and two pi) but oxygen has two bonds
(one sigma and one pi). The molecule of oxygen can easily break and reacts the others
but nitrogen molecule requires more energy.
5. Explain the occurrence of nitrogen?
Nitrogen is found in free state in air about 78%. In combined form, it is found in all
living things as part of proteins, amino acids etc. The inorganic compounds of
nitrogen are not found commonly.
6. How nitrogen differs from other elements of its group? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
7. Write the different oxides of nitrogen with names, formulae and oxidation state
of nitrogen?
The different oxides of nitrogen are as,
Name Common name Formula Oxidation state

of ‘N’
Dinitrogen oxide nitrous oxide N2O +1
Nitrogen oxide nitric oxide NO +2
Dinitrogen trioxide nitrous anhydride N2O3 +3
Nitrogen dioxide nitrogen peroxide NO2 +4
Dinitrogen nitric anhydride N2O5 +5
pentaoxide
8. What are the physical properties of N2O?
i. Colorless gas with a faint pleasant smell and sweetish taste.
ii. Fairly soluble in cold water.
iii. Its mixture with a little oxygen gas is called laughing gas.
9. How N2O is prepared?
N2O is prepared as,
i. 4 Zn + 10 HNO3 (dil.) → 4 Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5 H2O
2000C
ii. NH4NO3 → N2O + 2 H2O
(to avoid explosion, a mixture of NaNO3& (NH4)2SO4 is used)
10. Write reactions of N2O?
The reactions of N2O are as,
i. S + 2 N2O → SO2 + 2 N2
ii. P4 + 10 N2O → P4O10 + 10 N2
iii. Cu (red hot) + N2O → CuO + N2
11. What are the physical properties of NO?
i. Heavier than air
ii. Sparingly soluble in water
12. Write different reactions of NO?
The reactions of NO are as,
i. 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2 (reddish brown gas)
o
ii. 2 NO 1 0 0 0 C N2 + O2 (decomposition of NO)
13. Write reactions of NO with oxidizing agents? OR Write reactions showing NO as
reducing agent? (IMP)
Reactions of NO with oxidizing agents are as,
i. 2 HNO3 + NO → H2O + 3 NO2
ii. 6 KMnO4 + 12 H2SO4 + 10 NO → 6 KHSO4 + 6 MnSO4 + 10 HNO3 + 4 H2O
14. Write reactions of NO with reducing agents? OR Write reactions showing NO as
oxidizing agent? (IMP)
Reactions of NO with reducing agents are as,
i. H2S + 2 NO → H2O + N2O + S
ii. H2SO3 + 2 NO → H2SO4 + N2O
15. What is ring test? How is it used for the confirmation of nitrates? (IMP)
(Textbook Exercise)
16. How NO2 is prepared? (Textbook Exercise)
17. What are the physical properties of NO2?
i. Reddish brown gas with pungent smell

ii. Dissolves in water to form a blue acidic solution
18. Write different reactions of NO2? (Textbook Exercise)
19. Write the different reactions of NO2 with water in the presence and absence of
oxygen?
In the absence of oxygen: 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO2
In the presence of oxygen: 4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 → 4 HNO3
20. Write reactions of NO2 showing it strong oxidizing agent? OR Write reactions of
NO2 with reducing agents? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
NO2 is a strong oxidizing agent as,
i. H2S + NO2 → H2O + S + NO
ii. 2 FeSO4 + H2SO4 + NO2 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + NO
iii. 2 KI + 2 NO2 → 2 KNO2 + I2
21. What is the effect of temperature on NO2?
The effect of temperature on NO2 is shown as,
1400C 6200C
NO2 N2O4 N2O4 N2O4 2 NO2 2 NO + O2
reddish brown gas pale yellow liquid colorless solid pale yellow liquid reddish brown gas colorless gas
OXYACIDS OF NITROGEN
22. How HNO2 is prepared?
HNO2 is prepared as,
i. N2O3 + H2O → 2 HNO2
ii. Ba(NO2)2 + H2SO4 (cold dil.) → BaSO4 + 2 HNO2
23. Write reactions of HNO2 showing it an oxidizing agent? Or Write reactions of
HNO2 with reducing agents? (IMP)
Reactions of HNO2 showing it strong oxidizing agent are as,
i. 2 HNO2 + 2 HI → 2 H2O + 2 NO + I2
ii. 2 HNO2 + SO2 → 2 NO + H2SO4
24. Write reactions of HNO2 showing it a reducing agent? Or Write reactions of
HNO2 with oxidizing agents? (IMP)
Reactions of HNO2 showing it a reducing agent are as,
i. 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 5 HNO2 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3 H2O + 5
HNO3
ii. HNO2 + Br2 + H2O → HNO3 + 2 HBr
25. Write reactions of HNO2 with CO(NH2)2 and HI?
i. 2 HNO2 + CO(NH2)2 (urea) → 2 N2 + CO2 + 3 H2O
ii. 2 HNO2 + 2 HI → 2 H2O + 2 NO + I2
26. What are the physical properties of HNO3?
i. Colorless volatile liquid with pungent smell
ii. Specific gravity is 1.53 at 150C.
27. What is the effect of light on HNO3? Or Why HNO3 is stored in brown color
bottles? (IMP)

HNO3 is stored in brown color bottles because it is decomposed in the presence of
sunlight.
s u n lig h t
3 HNO3 2 H2O + 4 NO2 + O2
28. Write different reactions of HNO3?
Reactions of HNO3 are as,
s u n lig h t
i. 3 HNO3 2 H2O + 4 NO2 + O2
ii. 2 HNO3 + CaO → H2O + Ca(NO3)2 (reaction with metal oxide)
iii. HNO3 + NaOH → H2O + NaNO3 (reaction with metal hydroxide)
29. Write reactions (any two) of HNO3 showing it an oxidizing agent? Or Write
reactions of HNO3 with reducing agents? (IMP)
Reactions of HNO3 showing it an oxidizing agent are as,
i. C + 4 HNO3 → CO + 4 NO2 + 2 H2O
ii. S + 2 HNO3 → H2SO4 + 6 NO2 + 2 H2O
iii. P + 5 HNO3 → H3PO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O
30. Write reactions of HNO3with arsenic and antimony? (Textbook
Exercise)
Reactions of HNO3with arsenic and antimony are,
i. As + 5 HNO3 → H3AsO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O
ii. Sb + 5 HNO3 → H3SbO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O
31. Which metals evolve hydrogen on reaction with nitric acid? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
Magnesium, calcium and manganese give hydrogen on reaction with nitric acid.
Mg + 2 HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
Mn + 2 HNO3 → Mn(NO3)2 + H2
32. Write reactions of HNO3 showing it a reducing agent? Or Write reactions of
HNO3 with oxidizing agents? (IMP)
Reactions of HNO3 showing it a reducing agent are as,
i. 6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 (conc.) → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
ii. 3 H2S + 2 HNO3 (conc.) → 3 S + 4 H2O + 2 NO
33. Write different reactions of HNO3 and Cu? (IMP)
Different reactions of HNO3 and Cu are as,
i. Cu + 8 HNO3 (dil.) → 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
ii. Cu + 8 HNO3 (conc.) → 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O
34. Write different reactions of HNO3 and Hg? (IMP)
Different reactions of HNO3 and Hg are as,
i. 6 Hg + 8 HNO3 (dil.) → 3 Hg2(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
ii. Hg + 4 HNO3 (conc.) → Hg(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O
35. Write different reactions of HNO3 and Sn? (IMP)
Different reactions of HNO3 and Sn are as,
i. 4 Sn + 10 HNO3 (dil.) → 4 Sn(NO3)2 + 2 NH4NO3 + 3 H2O
ii. Sn + 4 HNO3 (conc.) → H2SnO3 + 4 NO2 + H2O
36. Write different reactions of HNO3 and Zn? (IMP)

Different reactions of HNO3 and Zn are as,
i. 4 Zn + 10 HNO3 (very dil.) → 4 Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3 H2O
ii. 4 Zn + 10 HNO3 (dil.) → 4 Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5 H2O
37. Write the uses of HNO3? (IMP)
HNO3 is used,
i. As a laboratory reagent
ii. In the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer
iii. In the manufacture of explosives
iv. For making varnishes and dyes
38. What is aqua regia? Why and how it dissolves gold and platinum? Or How gold
and platinum are dissolved in water in the form of chlorides? (IMP)
(Textbook Exercise)
When one volume of conc. HNO3 is dissolved in 3 volumes of conc. HCl, aqua regia
is formed. These acids are mixed to form Cl2 gas and NOCl which also decomposes
into NO and [Cl]. This atomic chlorine [Cl] reacts with gold or platinum to form their
chlorides and thus dissolves them.
HNO3 (conc.) + 3 HCl (conc.) → NOCl + Cl2 + 2 H2O
NOCl → NO + [Cl]
Au + 3 [Cl] → AuCl3
39. What is fuming nitric acid? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
Q.1: Explain the preparation of nitric acid by Birkland and Eyde’s process? (IMP)
(Textbook
Exercise)
Q.2: Complete the following reactions? (Textbook Exercise)
OCCURRENCE & ALLOTROPES OF PHOSPHORUS
40. Explain the occurrence of phosphorus?
Phosphorus is not found in free form but occurs in the form of phosphates. It is also
required by plants as major constituent of their nutrients. It is found in seeds, yolk of
eggs, the nerves, brain and bone marrow.
41. What is allotropy?
Allotropy is property of a material that has different forms in which the arrangement
of the atoms is different. Phosphorus has at least six allotropic forms.
42. Explain white phosphorus?
It is very reactive, poisonous, volatile, waxy and yellowish white substance, soluble in
benzene or CS2. It boils at 2800C and decomposes at 7000C into P2 molecules.
43. Explain red phosphorus?
It is less reactive, less poisonous and prepared by heating white phosphorus at 2500C
in the presence of iodine or sulphur in vacuum.
44. Explain black phosphorus?
It is the most stable form and is prepared from red phosphorus at high temperature
and pressure.
Q.3: What is allotropy? Write the different names of allotropes of phosphorus? (IMP)
See short question # 45 to 48.

HALIDES OF PHOSPHORUS
45. How PCl3 is prepared? (Textbook Exercise)
PCl3 is prepared as,
i. 2 P + 3 Cl2 → 2 PCl3
ii. 2 P + 4 SOCl2 → 2 PCl3 + 2 SO2 + S2Cl2
46. Give physical properties of PCl3?
i. Colorless fuming liquid
ii. It boils at 76oC and freezes at -112oC.
47. Write reactions of PCl3? (Textbook Exercise)
48. How PCl5 is prepared?
PCl5 is prepared as,
CS2
2 P + 5 Cl2 2 PCl5
49. Write reactions of PCl5? (Textbook Exercise)
50. Write reactions of PCl5 with alcohol and carboxylic acids?
i. C2H5OH + PCl5 → C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl (reaction with alcohol)
ii. CH3COOH + PCl5 → CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl (reaction with carboxylic
acid)
51. Give physical properties of PCl5?
i. Yellow white crystalline solid
ii. It sublimes at 100oC.
OXIDES OF PHOSPHORUS
52. How P2O3 is prepared?
P2O3 is prepared as,
P4 + 3 O2 (burning in limited air) → 2 P2O3
53. Give physical properties of P2O3?
i. White waxy solid with garlic like odour
ii. It melts at 22.8oC and boils at 173oC.
iii. Highly poisonous in nature
54. How P2O5 is prepared? (Textbook Exercise)
P2O5 is prepared as,
P4 + 5 O2 (burning in excess air) → 2 P2O5
55. Give physical properties of P2O5?
i. White hygroscopic powder
ii. Garlic like odour due to traces of P2O3.
iii. It sublimes at 360oC.
56. Write reactions of P2O5with cold and hot water? (Textbook Exercise)
Reactions of P2O5 are as,
i. P2O5 + H2O (cold) → 2 HPO3
ii. P2O5 + 3 H2O (hot) → 2 H3PO4
57. Write reactions of P2O5 as powerful dehydrating agent? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)

Reactions of P2O5 as powerful dehydrating agent are as,
i. 2 HNO3 + P2O5 → N2O5 + 2 HPO3
ii. H2SO4 + P2O5 → SO3 + 2 HPO3
OXYACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS
58. What is the effect of heat on H3PO4?
On heating, it loses water and changes into pyro and metaphosphoric acid.
2 4 0 0C 3160C
2 H3PO4 H4P2O7 2 HPO3
- H 2O - H 2O
orthophosphoric acid pyrophosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid

59. How H3PO3 is prepared?
H3PO3 is prepared as,
i. P2O3 + 3 H2O (cold) → 2 H3PO3
ii. PCl3 + 3 H2O → H3PO3 + 3 HCl
60. Write reactions of H3PO3?
Reactions of H3PO3 are as,
i. 4 H3PO3 (heating) → 3 H3PO4 + PH3 (reactions of phosphine)
ii. 2 H3PO3 +O2 → 2 H3PO4
Z n /H C l
iii. H3PO3 + 6 [H] PH3 + 3 H2O
61. Write reactions showing H3PO3 as a powerful reducing agent? (IMP)
Reactions showing H3PO3 as a powerful reducing agent are as,
i. H3PO3 + CuSO4 + H2O → H3PO4 + H2SO4 + Cu
ii. H3PO3 + 2 AgNO3 + 2 NH4OH → H3PO4 + 2 NH4NO3 + H2O + 2 Ag
62. H3PO4 is a tribasic acid. Explain it? (IMP)

It is tribasic, as H3PO4 can lose three H+ ions and it will react with three molecules of
NaOH.
H3PO4 + NaOH → NaH2PO4 + H2O
NaH2PO4 + NaOH → Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH → Na3PO4 + H2O
63. H3PO3 is a dibasic acid. Explain it? (IMP)
It is dibasic, as H3PO3 can lose two H+ ions and it will react with two molecules of
NaOH.
H3PO3 + NaOH → NaH2PO3 + H2O
NaH2PO3 + NaOH → Na2HPO3 + H2O
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP VIA ELEMENTS

64. Write the general characteristics of group VIA elements? (Textbook
Exercise)
The general characteristics of group VIA elements are,
i. All elements are non – metals except Po which is radioactive metal.

ii. Atomic radii, density, melting point and boiling point increase down the
group.
iii. All have high ionization energies, so do not lose electrons.
65. Explain the occurrence of oxygen? (IMP for MCQs)
Oxygen constitutes 50% of the earth crust. Water contains 89% of combined
oxygen. Air has 21% of free oxygen. Calcium carbonate has 48% oxygen and
silica has 53% of oxygen.
66. Write the similarities between oxygen and sulphur? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
The similarities are as,
i. Both have same electronic configuration of ns2 np4.
ii. Both are usually divalent.
iii. Both have allotropic forms.
iv. Both are non – metals.
67. Write the differences between oxygen and sulphur? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
Oxygen Sulphur
i. It has two allotropic forms (O2, It has three allotropic forms (α,β,γ).
O3).
ii. It is gas at room temperature. It is solid at room temperature.
iii. It is sparingly soluble in water. It is insoluble in water.
iv. It helps in combustion. It is itself combustible.
v. It is paramagnetic in nature. It is diamagnetic in nature.
vi. It does not react with water. It reacts with steam and form H2S and
SO2.
vii. It does not react with acids. It is readily oxidized by sulphuric acid or
nitric acid.
viii. It does not react with alkalies. It reacts with alkalies and forms
sulphides and thiosulphates.
ix. It shows -2, -1, -1/2, +2 It shows -2, +2, +4, +6 oxidation states.
oxidation states.
68. Why the elements of group VIA other than oxygen show more than two
oxidation states? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The elements of VIA except oxygen have vacant d – orbitals. Due to shifting of
electron from s or p orbital to d – orbital, the elements can show different oxidation
states.
69. Why the elements of group VIA are called chalcogens?
→ from Greek ‘copper giver’
The elements of VIA elements are called chalcogens from the Greek for “copper
giver” because they are often found in copper ores.
SULPHURIC ACID
70. Write the different reactions taking place in preparation of H2SO4 by contact
process?

The reactions taking place in contact process are as,
S + O2 → SO2 (sulphur burners)
V 2O 5
o
2 SO2 + O2 4 0 0 - 5 0 0 C 2 SO3 (contact tower)
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7 (oleum) (absorption unit)

H2S2O7 + H2O → 2 H2SO4
71. Write reactions of H2SO4 as an acid? (Textbook Exercise)
Reactions of H2SO4 as an acid are as,
i. H2SO4 + NaOH → NaHSO4 + H2O
NaHSO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
ii. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
iii. 2 NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O + CO2
72. Write reactions of H2SO4with metals? (Textbook Exercise)
Reactions of H2SO4with metals are as,
i. Fe + H2SO4 (cold dil.) → FeSO4 + H2
ii. Zn + H2SO4 (cold dil.) → ZnSO4 + H2
iii. Mg + H2SO4 (cold dil.) → MgSO4 + H2
iv. Sn + H2SO4 (cold dil.) → SnSO4 + H2
73. Write the reaction of conc. H2SO4 with copper and explain what type of reaction
is it? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
It is a redox reaction.
Cu + 2 H2SO4 (hot conc.) → CuSO4 + 2 H2O + SO2
74. Write reactions of H2SO4 as a dehydrating agent? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
Reactions of H2SO4 as a dehydrating agent are as,
Conc. H2SO4
i. (COOH)2 → CO2 + CO + H2O
Conc. H2SO4
ii. HCOOH → CO + H2O
Conc. H2SO4
iii. C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
Conc. H2SO4
75. Write reactions of H2SO4 as an oxidizing agent? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
Reactions of H2SO4 as an oxidizing agent are as,
i. C + 2 H2SO4 → CO2 + 2 SO2 + 2 H2O
ii. S + 2 H2SO4 → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O
76. Write reactions of H2SO4 with oxidizing agents? (IMP)
Reactions of H2SO4 with oxidizing agents are as,
2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 8 H2O
77. Write precipitation reactions of H2SO4? (IMP)
Precipitation reactions of H2SO4 are as,
i. BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + 2 HCl

ii. Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 ↓ + 2 HNO3
78. Write uses of sulphuric acid? (IMP)
The uses of sulphuric acid are as,
i. In the manufacture of fertilizers.
ii. In refining of petroleum to remove compounds of nitrogen and sulphur.
iii. In the manufacture of HCl, H3PO4, HNO3 and sulphates.
iv. In the manufacture of many chemicals, dyes, drugs, paints, fibers, explosives
etc.
v. In electrical batteries and storage cells.
79. Sulphuric acid can be prepared by any concentration by contact process.
Discuss? (IMP)
As the sulphuric acid obtained from contact process is almost 98% concentrated, so
the sulphuric acid of any concentration can be made from it by diluting with water.
80. What are the advantages of contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric
acid? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
81. Why SO3 is dissolved in H2SO4 and not in water? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
SO3 is not dissolved in water because this is very exothermic and can be explosive.
The equation is as,
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 + heat
When SO3 is dissolved in H2SO4, it forms H2S2O7 (oleum) which gives H2SO4 with
water.
82. Sulphuric acid should be added into water in a thin stream and not water into
sulphuric acid?
Sulphuric acid is dissolved in water by producing a lot of heat up to 120oC. Therefore
it is added to water like a stream carefully. If water is added to sulphuric acid then
such a high temperature may splash out water as steam.
83. Justify that H2SO4 is the king of chemicals?
As H2SO4 is a very strong acid and almost used in every industry at some stage.
Therefore it is named as king of chemicals which has application in 99% industries.
CHAPTER NO. 5
1. Write the names, symbols, physical states and appearance of group VIIA
elements?

This is given below,
Name Symbol Physical state Appearance
Fluorine F Gas Pale yellow
Chlorine Cl Gas Greenish yellow
Bromine Br Liquid Reddish brown
Iodine I Solid Shiny grayish black
Astatine At Solid Black
2. The ionization energy of fluorine is high but that of iodine is small. Discuss?
((IMP)
→ due to smaller size and high nuclear charge of fluorine
As the size of fluorine is very small, the nuclear attraction on the electrons is greater,
so the ionization energy is high. In case of iodine, the size of atom is very large and
due to less attraction of nucleus on the valence shell electrons, ionization energy is
low.
3. Fluorine is gas but iodine is solid although both are halogens. Why? (IMP)
→ Iodine due to large size has strong van der Waal’s forces
Fluorine molecules have less van der waal’s forces of attraction due to very small size
and so it is in gas form. Iodine has large size so large van der waal’s forces between
its molecules due to greater charge distribution or polarizability.
4. Explain the occurrence of halogens?
Halogens are found in nature in the form of halides. These halides are soluble in water
and are found in sea water, lakes, rivers and underground water.
5. Write the names and formulae of ores of fluorine?
The ores of fluorine are as,
Fluorspar CaF2
Cryolite Na3AlF6
Apatite CaF2.3Ca3(PO4)2
6. Write the names and formulae of ores of chlorine?
The ores of chlorine are as,
Halite NaCl
Carnallite KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
7. Arrange the following in the order of increasing size? F-, Cl-, I-, Br-. (Textbook
Exercise)
The order is as,
F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
The size increases due to
i. increase in no. of shells
ii. increase in shielding effect
8. Why iodine has metallic luster? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
→ due to arrangement in the form of layers
As the size of iodine is very large so the van der waal’s forces are greater in its
molecules. That’s why it appears as molecular solid having metallic luster with
arranged crystals.

9. Which halogen sublimes to violet vapours? (Textbook Exercise)
Iodine shows the process of sublimation and changes from shiny greyish black solid
to violet vapours.
10. Why group VIIA members are called halogens?
Halogen from Greek ‘hals’ meaning ‘salt’ and ‘gennan’ meaning ‘to form or
generate’. These elements are called halogens because they are salt formers with
metals e.g. NaCl.
PECULIAR BEHAVIOR OF FLUORINE & OXIDIZING PROPERTIES

1. The order of reactivity of halogens is as,
a. I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2 b. Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 c. F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 d. none
2. Which halogen will react spontaneously with Au (s) to produce Au+3?
(Textbook
Exercise)
a. Br2 b. F2 c. I2 d. Cl2
3. The order of oxidizing power of halogens is as
a. I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2 b. Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 c. F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 d. none
4. Oxidizing power will be high if
a. Dissociation energy is low and electron affinity is high
b. Hydration energy is high and heat of vapourization is low
c. Both a & b d. none of these
5. Iodine can be displaced by ____ from its compounds.
a. Fluorine b. chlorine c. bromine d. all of these
6. The different dyes are decolourized by
a. Fluorine, chlorine b. chlorine, bromine c. bromine, iodine d. all of
these
11. Why fluorine show the peculiar behavior? (IMP)

Fluorine shows peculiar behavior due to,
i. Small size of F atom and F- ion.
ii. High first ionization energy and electronegativity.
iii. Low dissociation energy of F2.
iv. Restriction of valence shell to an octet.
12. Explain the peculiar behavior of fluorine with examples? Or Explain why and
where fluorine shows the peculiar behavior?
The peculiar behavior of fluorine is as,
i. Due to small size, there is better overlap and the bond is stronger with the
elements other than O and N.
ii. Ionic fluorides have very high lattice energy and so mostly insoluble in water.
iii. Low dissociation energy of F2 molecule makes it much reactive.
iv. Due to restriction of valence shell to an octet, the compounds of fluorine are
inert like CF4, SF6 etc.

v. Fluorine only can react with noble gases directly like Kr, Xe and Rn to form
fluorides.
13. Fluorine can oxidize all the halogens and iodine cannot oxidize the halogens
above in the group VIIA. Explain it?
→ due to high oxidation potential of fluorine
Fluorine can oxidize all the other halogens because of higher oxidation potential than
all the halogens e.g.
F2 + 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2F-
14. Explain the oxidizing power of halogens? (IMP) Or Why fluorine acts as a
strong oxidizing agent? (Textbook Exercise)
The oxidizing power of halogens depends upon the following factors.
i. Energy of dissociation (inversely related)
ii. Electron affinities of atoms (directly related)
iii. Hydration energies of ions (directly related)
iv. Heats of vaporization (for Br2 and I2) (inversely related)
The order of oxidizing power of halogens is as, F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Q.1: Discuss the oxidation potential of halogens?
The oxidizing potential means the ability to gain electrons.
Order:
The oxidizing power decreases down the group with increase in atomic number.
The order of oxidizing power of halogens is as,
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
Factors:
The oxidizing power of halogens depends upon the following factors.
i. Energy of dissociation (inversely related)
ii. Electron affinities of atoms (directly related)
iii. Hydration energies of ions (directly related)
iv. Heats of vaporization (for Br2 and I2) (inversely related)
Examples:
Fluorine can oxidize all the other halogens because of higher oxidation potential than
all the halogens e.g.
F2 + 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2F-
HYDRIDES OF HALOGENS
7. HF is stored in
a. Teflon containers b. glass containers c. silica containers d. both b &
c
8. Which of the followings exist as a mixture of monomers and cyclic hexamers in
gaseous form?
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
9. Hydrogen bond is the strongest between the molecules of Or Which of the following
has the strongest hydrogen bonding, so a viscous liquid and also the highest dipole

moment? Or Which of the followings is the weakest acid in solution? (Textbook
Exercise)
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI
10. The order of reducing power is as,
a. HF > HCl > HBr > HI b. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
c. HCl > HI > HBr > HF d. none
11. The order of acidity is as,
a. HF > HCl > HBr > HI b. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
c. HCl > HI > HBr > HF d. none
12. Which of the followings is the strongest acid in solution?
a. HI b. HBr c. HF d. HCl
13. Which of followings are prepared by the direct combination of hydrogen and
halogen?
a. HF & HI b. HBr & HCl c. HI & HBr d. HCl & HF
15. Discuss the reactions of hydrogen and different halogens?

Reaction of hydrogen and fluorine is very fast and explosive.
H2 + F2 → 2HF
Reaction of hydrogen and chlorine occurs in the presence of sunlight.
s u n lig h t
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Reaction of hydrogen and bromine occurs at a higher temperature.
h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e
H2 + Br2 2HBr
Reaction of hydrogen and iodine occurs at a higher temperature but it is slow and
reversible.
h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e
H2 + I 2 2HI
16. What is the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on the fluorides, chlorides,
bromides and iodides? Or Indirect method is only used for formation of HF &
HCl and not HBr & HI. Explain?
Fluorides and chlorides give HF and HCl respectively but bromides and iodides give
Br2 and I2 after further oxidation respectively.
2NaF + H2SO4 (conc.) → Na2SO4 + 2HF
2NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2NaBr + 2H2SO4 (conc.) → Na2SO4 + Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
2NaI + 2H2SO4 (conc.) → Na2SO4 + I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
17. HF is a volatile liquid but HCl, HBr and HI are gases. Explain? (IMP)
→ due to hydrogen bonding
There is covalent bonding in these compounds so due to weak van der waal’s forces,
these are gases or volatile liquids. HF is volatile liquid because of hydrogen bonding
but others have weak dipole – dipole interaction.
18. Gaseous HF consists of an equilibrium mixture of monomers and cyclic
hexamers. Comment? (IMP)

→ due to hydrogen bonding
The hydrogen bonding in HF is responsible for the association of HF molecules in
vapour phase. So experiments show that gaseous HF consists of an equilibrium
mixture of monomers and cyclic hexamers.
6 HF (HF)6 (cyclic)
19. M. pt and B. pt. of HF are very high as compared to others but then HCl < HBr
< HI? (IMP)
→ hydrogen bonding in HF and dipole-dipole in others
HF shows a different behavior due to presence of strong hydrogen bonding. The order
in HCl, HBr and HI is due to increase in van der waal’s forces of attraction because of
increases in size of the halogen atom.
20. Discuss the bond strength in halogen acids? (IMP)
→ due to small size and high E.N of Fluorine
The order for bond strength in hydrogen halides is as,
HF > HCl > HBr > HI
HF bond is much stronger due to very small size of F atom. As the size of halogen
atom increases, the attraction of nuclei on the shared electrons decreases. Thus the
bond strength also decreases.
21. Explain the reducing power of halogen acids? Or HI is a strong reducing agent.
Explain with an example? (IMP)
→ HI has greater due to weak H-I bond
The reducing power of halogen acids depends upon their ability to leave H atom. As
much early H atom is left, the more will be the reducing power of halogen acid. HI is
the strongest reducing agent because of weak H – I bond. The order is as,
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
For example, 2HI + S I2 + H2S
22. Discuss the acid strength of the halogen acids? (IMP)
→ HI has greater due to weak H-I bond
The acidic strength of halogen acids depends upon their ability to lose H+ ion. As
much early H+ ion is left, the more will be the acidic strength of halogen acid. HI is
the strongest acid because of weak H – I bond. The order is as,
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
23. Why HF weaker acid than HCl? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
→ due to strong hydrogen bonding in HF
HF molecules have strong hydrogen bonding and so less easily loses H+ ions. HCl has
weak dipole-dipole forces and so easily loses H+ ions.
24. How halogen acids are ionized in water? Also give the chemical equations?
(IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The halogen acids ionize in water by giving halide ion and hydrogen ion or
hydroxonium ion. The ionization of hydrogen iodide is the greatest as compared to
others. Hydroiodic acid is the strongest and the hydrofluoric acid is the weakest one.
The equations are as,
HF + H2O → H3O+ + F-
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

HBr + H2O → H3O+ + Br-
HI + H2O → H3O+ + I-
Q.2: Discuss the properties of hydrogen halides?
Gaseous HF:
See short question # 18.
M. pt and B. pt.:
Bond strength:
Reducing power:
Acid strength:
Ionization of halogen acids:
OXIDES OF HALOGENS
14. Chlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7) reacts with water to form (Textbook Exercise)
a. Hypochlorous acid b. chloric acid c. perchloric acid d. chlorine and
oxygen
15. The anhydride of HClO4 is or dehydration of HClO4 gives (Textbook Exercise)
a. ClO3 b. ClO2 c. Cl2O5 d. Cl2O7
16. Which of the followings has the paramagnetic character?
a. Cl2O b. ClO2 c. Cl2O6 d. Cl2O7
17. Which is the bleaching agent?
a. Cl2 b. ClO2 c. O3 d. all of these
18. Fluorine forms _____number of oxides?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
19. Chlorine forms _____number of oxides?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
20. Bromine forms _____number of oxides?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
21. Iodine forms _____number of oxides?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
22. O3F2 is red viscous liquid at ____ C and reddish brown solid at _____oC?
o
a. 350, 363 b. 363, 350 c. 363, 363 d. 350, 350
25. Explain oxides of fluorine?

Fluorine has three oxides as OF2, O2F2 and O3F2.
On heating O3F2 forms O2F2 as, 2 O3F2 → 2 O2F2 + O2
O3F2 reacts with fluorine in electric discharge to form O2F2 as, 2 O3F2 + F2 → 3
O2F2
26. Explain the preparation of ClO2? (Textbook Exercise)

Chlorine has Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6 and Cl2O7.
ClO2 is prepared as,
2 NaClO3 + 2 NaCl + 4 H+ → 2 ClO2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O + 4 Na+
2 KClO3 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2 + 2 ClO2
27. Explain the properties and effect of heat on ClO2? (Textbook Exercise)
ClO2 is a pale yellow gas and paramagnetic.
It is used as antiseptic, for purification of water etc.
It explodes into Cl2 and O2 on warming.
w a r m in g
4 ClO2 2 Cl2 + 4 O2
28. Explain preparation of Chlorine heptaoxide?
Cl2O7 is prepared as,
o
2 HClO4 + P2O5 - 1 0 C Cl2O7 + 2 HPO3
29. Explain oxides of bromine?
The oxides of bromine are Br2O, BrO2 and BrO3 (Br3O8).
Br2O is prepared as,
o
HgO + 2 Br2 5 0 C HgBr2 + Br2O
It is stable in dark in CCl4 at -20oC.
30. Explain oxides of iodine?
The oxides of iodine are I2O4, I4O9 and I2O5.
I2O5 is prepared as,
o
2 HIO3 2 4 0 C I2O5 + H2O
It is white crystalline solid stable up to 300oC. It has polymeric structure and insoluble
in organic solvents.
It forms iodic acid with water.
I2O5 + H2O → 2 HIO3
It reacts with CO and used for quantitative analysis of CO.
5 CO + I2O5 → I2 + 5 CO2
31. What can be used for the quantitative analysis of CO? (IMP)
Iodine pentaoxide (I2O5) reacts with CO and form CO2 which is used to detect the
amount of CO.
5 CO + I2O5 → I2 + 5 CO2
32. What is disproportionation reaction? Give an example? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
A reaction, in which a specie is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, is called
disproportionation reaction.
o
2 NaOH + Cl2 1 5 C NaCl + NaClO + H2O
Here Cl2 is changed into – 1 in NaCl and + 1 in NaClO at the same time.
33. Give the reaction of chlorine with cold and hot NaOH? (IMP)
o

o
6 NaOH + 3 Cl2 7 0 C 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + 3 H2O
Q.3: Explain the preparation, properties and effect of heat on ClO2?
(Textbook
Exercise)
Oxides:
Chlorine has Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6 and Cl2O7.
Preparation:
ClO2 is prepared as,
2 NaClO3 + 2 NaCl + 4 H+ → 2 ClO2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O + 4 Na+
2 KClO3 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2 + 2 ClO2
Properties:
ClO2 is a pale yellow gas and paramagnetic.
Uses:
It is used as antiseptic, for purification of water etc.
It explodes into Cl2 and O2 on warming.
w a r m in g
4 ClO2 2 Cl2 + 4 O2
Q.4: What is disproportionation reaction? Give an example? (IMP) (Textbook
Exercise)
A reaction, in which a specie is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, is called
disproportionation reaction.
o
Here Cl2 is changed into – 1 in NaCl and + 1 in NaClO.
NaClO is further decomposed at 700C.
o
3 NaClO 7 0 C 2 NaCl + NaClO3
Here NaClO is oxidized and reduced.
The overall reaction at 70oC is as,
o
6 NaOH + 3 Cl2 7 0 C 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + 3 H2O
OXYACIDS OF HALOGENS
23. The order of acidic strength of oxyacids of halogens is as,
a. HXO4 > HXO3 > HXO2 > HXO b. HXO4 < HXO3 < HXO2 < HXO
c. both a & b d. none
24. Which of the following has the strongest oxyacids as compared to the corresponding
oxyacids of the others
a. Cl b. Br c. I d. At
25. Which is the strongest acid among all the acids in an aqueous medium? (Textbook
Exercise)
a. HClO b. HClO2 c. HClO3 d. HClO4
26. Which of the following act as hygroscopic compound?
a. HClO4 b. P2O5 c. H2SO4 d. all of these

34. Write the general formulae of oxyacids of halogens with names and oxidation
states? (Textbook Exercise)
It is given below,
General formulae Names Oxidation state of
halogen
HXO Hypo__ous acid +1
HXO2 ____ous acid +3
HXO3 _____ic acid +5
HXO4 Per __ic acid +7
35. Explain the acidic order of HXO4 > HXO3 > HXO2 > HXO? or The acidic
strength of oxyacids of halogens increases with the increase in the number of
oxygen atoms. Why? Or Describe the factors of acidic strength of oxyacids of
halogens? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
→ HXO4 is more acidic due to more no. of electronegative oxygen atoms
As the no. of oxygen atoms increases,
i. the oxidation state of halogen increases
ii. the bonding electrons are shifted away from H – atom
iii. tendency for a molecule to lose a proton increases
iv. also stability of resulting anions increases
36. Explain the reducing power order of HXO4 > HXO3 > HXO2 > HXO?
→ HXO4 has greater reducing power due to greater acidity
Reducing power increases with the no. of oxygen atoms as,
iii. acidity increases
37. Explain the oxidizing power order of HXO4 < HXO3 < HXO2 < HXO?
→ HXO has greater oxidizing power due to smaller acidity
Oxidizing power decreases with the no. of oxygen atoms as,
iii. acidity increases
38. Discuss the stability of XO4-1 > XO3-1 > XO2-1 > XO-1?
→ XO4-1 is more stabilized due to resonance and more resonating structures
The stability is greater if
i. greater the resonating structures
ii. greater the charge distribution
The different resonating structures of XO4-1 ion are as,
O O O O
O X O O X O O X O O X O
O O O O

39. Describe three changes accompanied with change in oxidation state of halogens
in oxyacids?
The increase in oxidation state is accompanied by,
i. An increase in the thermal stability of the acid.
ii. The decrease in the oxidizing power of the acid.
iii. The increase in the acidic strength of the acid.
40. Chlorine has the strongest oxyacids as compared to corresponding oxyacids of
others. Why? (IMP)
→ due to high electronegativity of chlorine
As chlorine has the most electronegativity and small size, it withdraws electrons from
oxygen more strongly which withdraws from hydrogen and so it becomes easy for
hydrogen to be lost. This tendency is less in bromine and then in iodine because of
less electronegativity.
41. Perchloric acid is used as 67% solution in water rather than 100%. Why?
→ HClO4 decomposes on heating
Perchloric acid is a very strong oxyacid. It decomposes explosively on heating. That
is why it is stored and used as 67% solution in water. It is the strongest of all the acids
in aqueous medium.
42. Give the reactions for preparation of perchloric acid from chlorine heptaoxide
(Cl2O7) and potassium perchlorate (KClO4)?
Cl2O7 + H2O → 2 HClO4
KClO4 (s) + H2SO4 (conc.) → KHSO4 (s) + HClO4 (l)
43. Give physical properties of perchloric acid?
i. It is colorless hygroscopic liquid.
ii. It freezes at -112oC and boils with decomposition at 90oC.
44. What is the effect of heat and concentration on oxidizing power of perchloric
acid?
→ hot and conc. HClO4 is more oxidizing
The cold and dilute HClO4 is weak oxidizing agent. The hot and conc. HClO4 is strong
oxidizing agent.
45. Arrange following in increasing order of acid strength and oxidizing power?
HXO4 , HXO3 , HXO2 , HXO
The acidic strength, HXO4 > HXO3 > HXO2 > HXO
The oxidizing power, HXO4 < HXO3 < HXO2 < HXO
Q.5: Explain nomenclature and acidity of oxyacids of halogens? (Textbook
Exercise)
Nomenclature:
Acidic order:
Stability of resulting anions:
BLEACHING POWDER

27. The formula of bleaching powder is as,
a. CaOCl2 b. Ca(OCl)Cl c. NaHCO3 d. both a & b
28. Bleaching powder can be produced by passing chlorine over (Textbook
Exercise)
a. Calcium carbonate b. calcium sulphate c. calcium hydroxide d.magnesium
hydroxide
46. Write some reactions of bleaching powder? Or Write reactions of bleaching

powder with dil. H2SO4, excess conc. H2SO4, NH3, HI and CO2? (Textbook
Exercise)
The reactions of bleaching powder are as,
H 2O
i. CaOCl2 Ca+2 + Cl- + ClO- (as oxidizing agent)
ii. 2 CaOCl2 + H2SO4 (dil.) → CaSO4 + CaCl2 + 2 HClO
(reaction with limited dilute
acids)
iii. CaOCl2 + H2SO4 (excess weak or strong acids) → CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2 ↑
iv. CaOCl2 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2 ↑
v. CaOCl2 + 2 HI → CaCl2 + H2O + I2 ↑
vi. CaOCl2 + 2 NH3 → 3 CaCl2 + 3 H2O + N2 ↑
vii. CaOCl2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + Cl2 ↑
47. Write the uses of bleaching powder? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The uses of bleaching powder are as,
i. In the preparation of oxygen and chlorine
ii. As disinfectant and in the sterilization of water
iii. For making unshrinkable wool
iv. For bleaching cotton, linen and paper pulp
48. How is the activity of bleaching powder measured? Or What do you mean by
available chlorine? Where is it used? Or Why bleaching powder show bleaching
action? (IMP)
If an excess acid is added to bleaching powder, chlorine is given out. The amount of
chlorine thus set free is called available chlorine.
The activity of bleaching powder is measured in terms of available chlorine. The
average %age of available chlorine in bleaching powder is 35 – 40 %.
The bleaching action of bleaching powder is due to its oxidative chlorine.
49. Why bleaching powder is packed in air tight containers? (IMP)
The bleaching powder is packed in air tight containers to avoid the loss of free
chlorine which is the main bleaching agent in bleaching powder.
50. What is counter – current principle? Write its example and benefit? (IMP)
In this principle, one of the reactants is thrown below and the other is introduced from
bottom. In this way both reactants move in opposite directions or counter directions.
This process provides a better way of mixing of reactants up to maximum with no or
less loss of the reactants.

Q.6: What is bleaching powder? Explain the different methods for the preparation of
bleaching powder and its uses? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
It is a powder with a formula CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl. It is prepared as,
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O
Hasenclever’s method:
This apparatus consists of 4 to 8 cylinders with stirrers. Slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) is
introduced from the hopper on first cylinder which is moved onwards to next
cylinders by the stirrers. Chlorine is introduced from the lowest cylinder which rises
up and mixes with slaked lime. Bleaching powder is collected in the lowest cylinder.
)
H
a(O
C 2
Cl2 gas
Beckmann’s method:
It consists of only one cylinder having eight horizontal shelves with rotating racks.
Powdered slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) is introduced from a hopper on top with compressed
air and chlorine is introduced from bottom with hot air. Slaked lime is moved down
by rotating racks and is mixed up with chlorine to form bleaching powder.
)
H
a(O
C 2
Waste gases
Cl2 gas
Hot air
Bleaching powder
Uses of bleaching powder:
i. In the preparation of oxygen and chlorine
ii. As disinfectant and in the sterilization of water
iii. For making unshrinkable wool
iv. For bleaching cotton, linen and paper pulp
USES OF HALOGENS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS

29. Which of the following is halothane?

a. CF3CH(Cl)Br b. CCl3CH(Br)F c. CF3CH(Br)Cl d. both a
&c
30. Which of the following is used in photography?
a. AgCl b. AgBr c. AgF d. AgI
31. Which of the following is used to avoid goiter?
a. fluorine b. chlorine c. bromine d. iodine
32. The element which causes burn to skin that heels slowly?
a. F2 b. Cl2 c. Br2 d. Acid
33. The element which is used as insecticide?
a. F2 b. Cl2 c. Br2 d. I2
51. Write the uses of fluorine?

The uses of fluorine are as,
i. Used in the preparation of freons (used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants)
ii. In the preparation of Teflon, a valuable plastic
iii. Flourides in toothpaste build a protective layer on teeth
52. What is the structure of halothane and what is its use?
Halothane is used as anaesthetic. It is 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and its
structure is given as,
F r
B
F C H
C l
C
F
53. Write the uses of chlorine?
The uses of chlorine are as,
i. In the manufacture of bleaching powder
ii. As disinfectant in swimming pools
iii. In the manufacture of many antiseptics, insecticides, herbicides etc.
iv. In the manufacture of HCl
v. In the manufacture of PVC plastics
vi. Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride solvents are prepared by it.
54. Write the uses of bromine?
The uses of bromine are as,
i. To save engine from deposits of lead oxide and lead sulphate, ethylene
dibromide is used.
ii. Used as fungicides
iii. Silver bromide is used in photography
55. Write the uses of iodine?
The uses of iodine are as,
i. Used in pharmaceutical industries
ii. Used as disinfectant and germicides
iii. Sodium or potassium iodides are used in common salt to avoid Goiter.
56. Why fluorine and chlorine act as decolourizing agents?

When fluorine and chlorine are dissolved in water, hypofluorous acid and
hypochlorous acid are formed. As these acids are very strong so they decolorize the
colors and act as decolorizing agents.
57. What is Teflon? Give its uses? (IMP)
Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene and is a polymer of tetrafluoroethene.
i. This is a valuable plastic and is used as resistant to oxidants, acids and
alkalies.
ii. Corrosion proof parts of machinery are made of it.
iii. It is used as coating on electrical wiring and as a non – stick coating.
58. What is iodized salt? (Textbook Exercise)
The deficiency of iodide ion leads to enlargement of thyroid. To avoid this, sodium or
potassium iodide is added to common salt and is called iodized salt.
59. What are freons and teflons? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
The low molecular mass fluorochlorocarbons like CCl2F2, CClF3 are called freons
commercially. These are used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants.
Teflon is a polymeric plastic of tetrafluoro ethylene and is used as resistant to acids
and alkalies, in making corrosion proof parts of machinery etc.
60. Which halogen is used as an antiseptic? (Textbook Exercise)
Iodine like tincture of iodine and chlorine are used in many antiseptics.
61. Which halogen is used in water treatment to kill bacteria? (Textbook
Exercise)
Chlorine is used in water treatment plants and in swimming pools for the disinfection.
It produces a mixture of two strong acids, HCl & HOCl with water which kill the
germs.
62. Write the names and symbols of group VIIIA or zero group members?
i. Helium (He) ii. Neon (Ne) iii. Argon (Ar)
iv. Krypton (Kr) v. Xenon (Xe) vi. Radon (Rn)
63. Why group VIIIA members are called noble gases or rare gases? (IMP)
(Textbook Exercise)
→ due to complete valence shell
As the valence shell of these elements are complete so they do not react with any
other element and are called noble gases.
Also these are present only up to 1% only in the atmosphere and so called rare gases.
64. What is the occurrence and source of helium gas?
i. Produced by Radioactive decay
ii. Second abundant element after hydrogen in the universe
iii. α-particles are doubly ionized helium atoms, He+2
iv. isolated from certain natural gases by liquefaction method
65. What is the occurrence and source of argon gas?
i. Colorless and odourless gas
ii. Obtained as by-product during liquefaction of air
66. What is the occurrence and source of neon gas?
i. It is 1/65000th part of atmosphere
ii. Obtained from liquefaction of air

iii. Glows reddish in the discharge tube
iv. Liquid neon has 40 times more refrigeration than liquid helium
67. What is the occurrence and source of krypton gas?
i. Present in air in traces
ii. Colorless and odourless gas
iii. Fairly expensive gas
iv. Gives brilliant green and orange spectral lines
68. What is the occurrence and source of xenon gas?
i. It is present in air up to 0.08 ppm
ii. Obtained as by-product during liquefaction of air
iii. Slightly soluble in water i.e. 110ml/liter at 200C
69. What is the occurrence and source of radon gas?
i. α-decay product of radium
ii. from liquefaction of air
70. Why the solubility of noble gases increases down the group? (IMP)
As we go down the group,
i. the sizes of elements increase
ii. the polarizability increases
iii. solubility increases.
71. Why the m.pt. and b.pt. of noble gases increases down the group? (IMP)
As we go down the group,
i. the sizes of elements increase
ii. the polarizability increases
iii. London forces increases
72. Explain the formation of XeF2?
XeF2 is prepared by direct combination of Xe and F2 in 8 hours. The compound
formed is separated immediately from the reaction media. It is crystalline solid and is
stored in nickel vessel. It is mild fluorinating agent.
If Xe and F2 are mixed in 1:5 ratio in a nickel container under 6 atm pressure for a few
hours then XeF4 is formed. It is crystalline solid and is stored in nickel vessel. It is
strong fluorinating agent.
If Xe and F2 are mixed in 3:20 ratio in a stainless steel vessel under 50 atm pressure
and 3000C then XeF6 is formed. It is crystalline solid. It is colorless solid but yellow in
liquid and gaseous form.
75. Explain the decomposition of fluorides of xenon by hydrogen?
o
i. XeF2 + H2 4 0 0 C Xe + 2 HF
o
ii. XeF4 + 2 H2 4 0 0 C Xe + 4 HF
o
iii. XeF6 + 3 H2 4 0 0 C Xe + 6 HF

76. Write the chemical reactions of the fluorides of xenon with mercury, ammonia
and water?
i. XeF4 + 2 Hg → Xe + 2 HgF2
ii. 3 XeF4 + 4 NH3 → 3 Xe + 12 HF + 2 N2
iii. XeF6 + H2O → XeOF2 + 2 HF
77. Explain preparation of oxyfluorides of xenon? (Textbook Exercise)
Oxyfluorides of xenon are xenon oxytetraflourides and xenon oxydiflourides.
Xenon oxytetraflourides, XeOF4 are prepared as,
2 XeF6 + SiO2 → 2 XeOF4 + SiF4
Xenon oxydiflourides are prepared as,
Xe + F2O → XeOF2
78. Explain oxides of xenon?
Oxides of xenon are of two types as, XeO3 and XeO4.
XeO3 is obtained as,
XeF6 + 3 H2O → XeO3 + 6 HF
XeO4 is obtained as,
Ba2XeO6 + 2 H2SO4 (conc.) → XeO4 + 2 BaSO4 + 2 H2O
Na4XeO6 + 2 H2SO4 (conc.) → XeO4 + 2 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
79. Write the applications of helium? (IMP)
It is used in weather balloons, cooling medium for nuclear reactor, welding and in
traffic signal. A mixture of 80% helium and 20% oxygen is used for breathing by the
sea divers.
80. Write the applications of Neon? (IMP)
It is used in making neon advertising signs, in high voltage indicators and TV tubes.
Neon and helium arc is used in making glass lasers.
81. Write the applications of Argon? (IMP)
It is used in electric light bulbs, in fluorescent tubes, in radio tubes, in Gieger counters
and in arc welding and cutting.
82. Write the applications of Krypton? (IMP)
It is used to fill fluorescent tubes and in flash lamps for high speed photography.
83. Write the applications of Xenon? (IMP)
It is used in bactericidal lamps.
84. Write the applications of Radon? (IMP)
It is radioactive and used for the radiotherapy for cancer and earth quake prediction.
85. Name a gas which is used for earthquake prediction? (Textbook Exercise)
Radon is radioactive and used for the radiotherapy for cancer and earth quake
prediction.
86. Name a gas which is used in bactericidal lamps? (Textbook Exercise)
Xenon is used in bactericidal lamps.
Q.7: Write the applications of noble gases? (IMP) (Textbook Exercise)
i. Helium:
ii. Neon:

iii. Argon:
iv. Krypton:
v. Xenon:
vi. Radon:

Mehboob Ali (M.Phil Chemistry)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Mehboob Ali (M.Phil Chemistry)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

MEHBOOB ALI (M.

1. What are polymers or macromolecules? Write its different types?

2. What is the degree of polymerization (DP)? How is it related to the molecular

n CH2 = CH2 - CH2 - CH2 [- CH2 - CH2 -] - CH2 - CH2 -

5. Explain terpolymers with examples? (IMP)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

9. What is PVC? How is it formed and also write its uses?

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

n CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH - [- CH2 - CH -] - CH2 - CH -

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

n HO - C - - C - OH + HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH -C- - C - O - CH2 - CH2 - O -

Nylon 6 is formed by the self-condensation of 6-Aminohexanoic acid. It contains only

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

-D-glucose -D-glucose Fructose

20. Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other. Justify?

21. What are disaccharides or oligosaccharides? Explain with examples?

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

34. What are lipids? Write their characteristics? (Textbook Exercise)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

CH2 - OOCR CH2 - OH

CH2 - OOCR CH2 - OH

triglycerides glycerol fatty acid

45. Explain the importance of lipids?

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

CO2 + 2 NH3 NH2 - C - O- NH4+

11. Write the formation of urea from ammonium carbamate? (IMP)

NH2 - C - O- NH4+ NH2 - C - NH2 + H2O

12. Write a note on ammonium nitrate fertilizer? (IMP)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

19. Describe the composition of good Portland cement? (Textbook Exercise)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP IIIA

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

H2B4O7 r e d h o t 2 B2O3 (boric anhydride) + H2O

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

SILICONES AND SEMICONDUCTORS

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION & OCCURRENCE OF GROUP VA ELEMENTS

15P = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3d (+5)

4. Nitrogen is less reactive than oxygen. Why? (IMP)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)

MEHBOOB ALI (M.PHIL CHEMISTRY)