Saturated hydrocarbon

It is a hydrocarbon in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds. Saturated hydrocarbons are the
simplest type of organic compound.
Alkane – is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atom arrangement is acyclic, it contains
carbon–carbon single bonds and has no rings of carbon atoms.
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group.
4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name.
5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to
designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
6.If there are two or more longest chains of equal length, the one having the largest number of
substituents is chosen.
7. If both ends of the root chain have equidistant substituents: (i) begin numbering at the end nearest a
third substituent, if one is present. (ii) begin numbering at the end nearest the first cited group
(alphabetical order).
Example:
PENTANE 2-Methylpentane 4-ethyl2,7-dimethyloctane.
Isomerism in alkane
Ex.
Butane 2-methylpropane
(positional isomerism is not possible for alkanes because they lack a functional group.)
Cycloalkane- is a saturated hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms connected to one another in a cyclic
arrangement are present.
The general formula for cycloalkanes is CnH2n
IUPAC naming procedures for cycloalkanes are similar to those for alkanes. The ring portion of a
cycloalkane molecule serves as the name base, and the prefix cyclo- is used to indicate the presence of
the ring. Alkyl substituents are named in the same manner as in alkanes. Numbering conventions used in
locating substituents on the ring include the following.
1. If there is just one ring substituent, it is not necessary to locate it by number.
2. When two ring substituents are present, the carbon atoms in the ring are numbered beginning with
the substituent of higher alphabetical priority and proceeding in the direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise) that gives the other substituent the lower number.
3. When three or more ring substituents are present, ring numbering begins at the substituent that
leads to the lowest set of location numbers. When two or more equivalent numbering sets exist,
alphabetical priority among substituents determines the set used
Example.
Methylcyclopropane; b. 1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane; c. 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
DRAW ALL
ISOMERISM IN CYCLOALKANES
Constitutional isomers are possible for cycloalkanes that contain four or more carbon atoms.
Example: C5H10
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclobutane
1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane DRAW ALL
1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane
Ethylcyclopropane
Stereoisomerism, is possible for some substituted cycloalkanes.
Cis–trans isomers are isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but different
orientations of atoms in space because of restricted rotation about bonds
1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane (need to draw

halogenated alkane is an alkane derivative in which one or more halogen atoms are present. Similarly, a
halogenated cycloalkane is a cycloalkane derivative in which one or more halogen atoms are present.

Nomenclature of Halogenated Alkanes and halogenated cycloalkanes

1. Halogen atoms, treated as substituents on a carbon chain, are called fl uoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and
iodo-.
2. When a carbon chain bears both a halogen and an alkyl substituent, the two substituents are
considered of equal rank in determining the numbering system for the chain. The chain is numbered
from the end closer to a substituent, whether it be a halo- or an alkyl group.

3. Alphabetical priority determines the order in which all substituents present are listed.

EX. -Chloro-3-methylbutane 3-Bromo-1-chlorobutane 1-Ethyl-2-fluorocyclohexane

Alkyl group- is the group of atoms that would be obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an
alkane.
Example: Ethane becomes Ethyl
The “ane” substituted by suffix “yl”

Different structural formula:

EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
SKELETAL STRUCTURAL FORMULA
LINE-ANGLE STRUCTURAL FORMULA
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON -is a hydrocarbon in which one or more carbon–carbon multiple bonds
(double bonds, triple bonds, or both) are present.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP is the part of an organic molecule where most of its chemical reactions occur.
Carbon–carbon multiple bonds are the functional group for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Alkenes - contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

General formula: CnH2n (for one double bond)
Suffix = -ene
In the carbon-carbon double bond, two pairs of electrons are being shared, leaving the carbon free to
bond to two other things.

The geometrical shape of ethene is trigonal planar arrangement of bonds

Functional group

Ex. Ethene and propene

Draw

Cycloalkene- contains one or more carbon– carbon double bonds within the ring system.
Molecular formula CnH2n-2
Two hydrogen atoms are lost because of the double bond and two because of the ring structure.
Ex. Cyclopropene
draw

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALKENES AND CYCLOALKENES

1. Suffix -ene, is used to indicate the presence of a carbon–carbon double bond.
2. Select as the parent carbon chain the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains both
carbon atoms of the double bond
3. Number the parent carbon chain beginning at the end nearest the double bond.

4. Give the position of the double bond in the chain as a single number, which is the lower-numbered
carbon atom participating in the double bond. This number is placed immediately before the name of
the parent carbon chain.
5. Use the suffi xes -diene, -triene, -tetrene, and so on when more than one double bond is present in
the molecule. A separate number must be used to locate each double bond.

6. Do not use a number to locate the double bond in unsubstituted cycloalkenes with only one double
bond because that bond is assumed to be between carbons 1 and 2. Rule

7. In substituted cycloalkenes with only one double bond, the double-bonded carbon atoms are
numbered 1 and 2 in the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) that gives the first-encountered
substituent the lower number. Again, no number is used in the name to locate the double bond.

8. In cycloalkenes with more than one double bond within the ring, assign one double bond the numbers
1 and 2 and the other double bonds the lowest numbers possible.
Common Names- used almost exclusively for the compounds
Ex. Ethylene, Propylene

CONTITUTIONAL ISOMERISM
Two different subtypes of constitutional isomerism are represented among the alkene isomers.
Positional isomers - the same carbon-chain arrangement but different hydrogen atom arrangements
resulting of different location of the functional group present.
Ex.draw
1-butene and 2-butene
1-pentene and 2-pentene
2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, and 2-methyl-2-butene

Skeletal isomers - different carbon-chain arrangements and different hydrogen atom arrangements.
Ex.draw
1-butene and 2-methylpropene

CIS–TRANS ISOMERISM
draw
cis means “on the same side”
trans means “across from.”

2-Chloro-2-butene
cis-2-Chloro-2-butene
trans-2-Chloro-2-butene

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical state
Ethene, Propene, and Butene exists as colorless gases. Members of the 5 or more
carbons are liquid, and members of the 15 carbons or more are solids.
Density
Lighter than water
Solubility
Alkenes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. The reasons for
this are exactly the same as for the alkanes.
Boiling Points
The higher the intermolecular mass is, the higher the boiling point
Melting Points
Alkenes have similar melting points to that of alkanes, however, in cis isomers
molecules are package in a U-bending shape, therefore, will display a lower melting
points to that of the trans isomers.
In addition polymers, every atom in the reacting molecules becomes incorporated into the resulting
polymer molecule. In most addition polymers, the monomer contains a double bond.

An alkenyl group is a noncyclic hydrocarbon substituent in which a carbon–carbon double bond is

present.
Methylene group (IUPAC name: methylidene group)
Vinyl group (IUPAC name: ethenyl group)
Allyl group (IUPAC name: 2-propenyl group)
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