THE ROLE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AS

HERBICIDE

By :
Nahdlini Salma Sabila (B1B017002)
Pratiwi Kusuma Kurniawati (B1B017007)
Mellya Rizki Pitriani (B1B017031)
Fakhri Naufal Ramadhan (B1B017022)
Group :2
Entourage : D1
Assistant : Juniar Susiani

PRACTICAL REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Herbicides are compounds or materials that are distributed on agricultural

land to suppress or eradicate disturbing plants that cause a decrease in the number of
weeds. Herbicides are used as a means of weed control. Herbicides work by
interfering with the anabolic process of important compounds such as starch, amino
acids through competition with normal compounds in the process. Herbicides are
competitors because they have similar structures and become substrates recognized
by the enzymes they target (Barus, 2003).
2,4-D (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is used extensively as a plant
herbicide. 2,4-D compounds are absorbed through the leaves and translocated to the
plant meristem. Generally, body regulators (ZPT) in auxin groups such as 2.4 D work
mainly in the process of cell division and enlargement and root cuttings when given
in low concentrations, if applied in high concentrations the process of cell division
and enlargement occurs very quickly exceeds the normal situation as a result of cell
division and enlargement becoming erroneous which results in a process of growth
inhibition which ultimately occurs with death with weeds (Heddy, 1989). Weeds are
defined as plants that grow in places that are not desired by humans. This plant harms
both directly and indirectly. The limits for weeds are so extensive that they can cover
all types of plants in the world of plants. Types of weeds that grow generally are in
accordance with the place of growth (Sastroutomo, 1990).
The presence of weeds in the
plant life cycle can affect plant yields. This period describes the time intervals for
two separate competitions, namely the length of time a plant must be free of weeds
so that weeds that grow back do not reduce crop yields and the length of time weeds
stay together with plants before weeds begin to disrupt plant growth. The main
principle in weed control in plant cultivation is to suppress weed populations before
harming plants. Delaying weed control until flowering weeds will provide weed
opportunities to breed and spread weeds on cultivated land. T o obtain maximum
quality and quantity of production weed control needs to be considered and the
frequency of weed control depends on weed growth in cultivated land. Weed
weeding is done to clean plants from weeds that can interfere with the process of
plant growth so that plants can grow and develop optimally (Dinata et al., 2017).

B. Purpose

The objective of this laboratory activity is to knowing the effect of various

2,4D concentrations as Herbicides
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Herbicides are chemicals that can kill or inhibit weed growth. The reaction of
herbicides to weeds varies. This is strongly influenced by the content of the active
ingredients of herbicides and the morphology of weeds to be controlled. Herbicides
based on their work are distinguished by systemic herbicides and contact herbicides.
Based on the time of application, herbicides are differentiated into pre-planted
herbicides, pre-grown and grown puma (Moenandir, 1988).
Weeds are plants that grow at times, places, and conditions that not desired by
human. Based on its subjective definition, weeds can be interpreted as plants that
humans do not want because they grow in places that are not desirable and have a
negative influence on humans either directly or indirectly. The existence of weeds is
not desirable because weeds have a high competitive power (space, water, air,
nutrients) to cultivated plants, thus disrupting growth and decreasing the quality and
quantity of crops harvested. In addition, weeds often become temporary hosts of
plant diseases and parasites and inhibit the smooth running of agricultural activities
(Sukman & Jacob, 2002). Weeds are complex in nature and these unwanted plants
have significantly negative effect on agriculture, forestry, public health so on. Unlike
other random and irregular diseases, insects, pests weeds are relatively constant and
pose severe problems in crop production. Yield reduction due to weeds differs
accordingly weed spp., crop and management practices. When weed emerges in high
density, crop losses due to competition will be highest. Also they contaminate the
crop seed and deteriorate quality of produce. Harvesting operation also affected by
weeds. They produce allelochemicals and are host the insects-pest and diseases
(Kumar & Kumar, 2017).
The introduction of a type of weed can be done by looking at the state of its
morphology, habitat, and form of growth. Based on the morphological conditions, in
grasses weeds, sedges, and leaf boards. The group of weeds is mostly from the
family Gramineae (Poaceae). The size of weeds in the grass group varies, some are
erect, propagating, seasonal, or annual. The stem is called a culms, divided into
sections with books between the segments. The stem grows alternately in two books
on each of the leaf segments consisting of two parts, the leaf midrib and leaf strands,
for example weeds from Panicium repens, Eleusine indica, Axonopus compressus
and many more. The sedges group mostly comes from the family Cyperaceae. This
group from its appearance is almost similar to the group of grasses, the difference
lies in the shape of the stem. The stem of the sedges class is triangular. In addition,
the sedges group does not have slender tubers or roots in the soil. Examples of
sedges groups are Cyprus rotundus, Cyprus Compresus. The broadleaf weeds
include: Mikania sp., Ageratum conyzoides, Euparotum odorotum. Based on its
growing habitat, it is known as land weeds, and water weeds. Land weeds are weeds
that live on land, can be weeds that live a year, two years, or yearly (unlimited).
Spread can be through seeds or by vegetative means. Examples of land weeds
include Agerathum conyzoides, Digitaria spp., Imperata cylindrical, Amaranthus
spinosus. Water weeds are weeds whose life is in water. Types of water weeds are
divided into three, namely water weeds that live floating on the surface of the water
(Eichhorina crassipes, Silvinia spp.), weeds that sink in water (Ceratophylium
demersum), and weeds that arise to the surface grow from the base (Nymphae sp.)
(Sinuraya, 2007).
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Material

The tools that we used in this practical lab activity are Polybag, beaker glass,
and sprayer.
The material that we used in this practical lab activity are 2,4D, aquadest, wide
leaf weeds (Ageratum conyzoides), and narrow leaf weeds (Axonopus compressus).

B. Methods

Observed for 4
weeks

Polybag contain soil, 3 24-D Sprayed in each

wide leaf weeds, and 3 polybag with ( 0, 1000,
narrow leaf weeds 2000, 3000) ppm

Parameter :
-
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 4.1.1 Observation of Plant Herbiside Entourage D1

Treatment Number Before Treatment Number After Treatment
Weed Type Kons 2,4D 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
0 3 2 3 3 3 0 0 1 3 0
Wide 1000 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 2 0
Leaves 2000 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 3
3000 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 3
0 3 3 3 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
Narrow 1000 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 0
Leaves 2000 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 2
3000 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3

Table 4.1.2 Table of Result Number of Herbiside Entourage D1

Treatment Repetition of-
Kons Total Average
Weed Type 1 2 3 4 5
2,4D
0 3 2 2 0 3 10 2
Wide 1000 2 3 2 1 3 11 2,2
Leaves 2000 0 0 2 3 0 5 1
3000 0 0 1 3 0 4 0,8
0 3 3 1 0 3 10 2
Narrow 1000 2 2 1 1 3 9 1,8
Leaves 2000 1 2 0 1 0 4 0,8
3000 0 2 2 0 0 4 0,8
Total 11 14 11 9 12 57

Table 4.1.3 Table of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Source Number F table
Free
of of Middle of Notatio
Degre F Count 0,0 0,0
Diversit Square(JK Square (KT) n
e (db) 5 1
y )
2,4-D 3,37142857 2,9 4,5
3 13,275 4,425 *
(A) 1 2 1
Wide
0,17142857 4,1 7,5
Leaves 1 0,225 0,225 ns
1 7 6
(B)
0,09166666 2,9 4,5
AXB 3 0,275 0,06984127 ns
7 2 1
Galat 32 42 1,3125
Total 39 55,775
Description :
Ns : Not Significant
* : Significant
** : More Significant
Table 4.1.4 Least Significant
Difference (LSD/BNT) of
Herbicide

daun daun daun

lebar lebar lebar
Treatm
3000 3000 3000
ent

Avera
0,8 0,8 0,8
ge
daun
n
lebar 0,8 0
s
3000
daun
n n
lebar 0,8 0 0
s s
3000
daun
n n
lebar 0,8 0 0 0
s s
3000
daun
0, n 0, n 0,
lebar 1
2 s 2 s 2
2000

daun
n n
sempit 1,8 1 1 1
s s
1000
Daun
1, n 1, n 1,
Lebar 2
2 s 2 s 2
Kontrol
Daun
1, n 1, n 1,
Lebar 2
2 s 2 s 2
Kontrol
daun
1, 1, 1,
lebar 2,2 * *
4 4 4
1000
Description:
Ns : Not Significant
* : Significant
** : More Significant
Picture 4.1 Herbiside in 0 weeks

Picture 4.2 Herbiside in 4 weeks

B. Discussion

In this laboratory practice we can be the result that the color of the weed
leaves turns brownish. In the last week of observation of the weed death percentage
reached 90%, the color of fruiting weed leaves browned, and the color of the leaves
of the cultivation plant turned yellowish green, this means proving that the herbicide
we use is a selective herbicide, which only kills weeds without having a big effect on
cultivated plants. More broadleaf weeds die than narrow leaf weeds. The results we
get are in accordance with Sembodo (2010) statement which states that herbicides
are chemicals or biological cultures that can inhibit growth or kill plants. Herbicides
applied in high doses will kill all parts and types of plants. While at low doses,
herbicides will kill certain plants and do not damage other plants. Herbicides are
toxic to weeds or plants that interfere with plants. The chemical properties of
herbicides not only determine the workability of herbicides on controlled weeds
(efficiency), but also determine the level of poisoning (toxicity) in non-targeted
organisms such as plants.
Various types of herbicides and their effectiveness. Based on the working
power of the herbicide divided into several parts, namely: Herbicides Contact and
Systemic Herbicides. Herbicides Contact is a herbicide that can directly kill the
affected plant tissue, especially green ones and Systemic Herbicides, which are
herbicides which usually enter plant tissues and are translocated to other plant parts.
Based on its Power herbicides are classified into several parts, namely selective
herbicides and selective herbicides. Selective Herbicides are herbicides which only
kill or inhibit certain types of weeds and do not affect other types of weeds and
Nonselective Herbicides are herbicides that are toxic to all existing plant species
(Djojosumarto, 2008)
Mechanism of action of herbicides is the use of herbicide mixtures can
increase the spectrum of herbicide dose control. The herbicide mixture with the
active ingredient glyphosate will kill the weeds by inhibiting the amino acid
biosynthetic pathway. Herbicides with 2,4-D active ingredients will inhibit weed
growth by accelerating respiration, this causes the presence of both active ingredients
to accelerate the death of weeds. Another way of working is to disrupt the balance of
production of chemicals needed by plants (Moenandir, 1990)
2,4-D (2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid) is a chlorphenoxy group pesticide. Its
relative safety and broad leaf selectivity makes it a favourite herbicide of many home
gardeners and agricultural workers. Severe systemic toxicity requiring hospital
admission and intensive care usually occurs following intentional oral ingestion. 2,4-
D poisoning is an underrecognised cause of a potentially lethal toxic syndrome,
especially in low- and middle-income countries, where such compounds are widely
used in farming and readily available in households. It warrants close monitoring and
high-quality supportive care along with plasma alkalinisation or extracorporeal
removal of the toxin (Pannu et al., 2018). The widely-used herbicide 2,4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; CAS No.94-75-7) was first synthesized in 1941.
Ingestion, skin contact and inhalation are the three main pathways of human
exposure to 2,4-D herbicides. The overuse of 2,4-D by both the farmers and the
manufacturers in the tropics has greatly damaged the health of the local ecosystem
because it is deleterious to both terrestrial and aquatic living organisms (Chen et al.,
2018).
The advantages of herbicide 2,4-D, which can control a yearly and annual
broad-leaf weed through roots and leaves. If applied, it will damage the growth of
weeds resulting in curved and twisted weeds. 2,4-D compounds are concentrated in
young embryos and growing meristem tissue (Widayat et al., 2018).
According to Schulz & Segobye (2016), auxinic herbicides such as
clopyralid, picloram, dicamba, especially, 2,4-D which is one of the most widely
used herbicides as an weed control agent since its introduction in 1945. The
importance of controlling weeds by using herbicides cannot be overestimated. The
potential for yield loss among all plants without weed control is around 37%; through
effective use of herbicides, this loss has been reduced to around 9% through all
planting systems. Weed control without an effective herbicide program will
substantially increase production costs, because manual labor input needs to be
increased.
According to Akobundu (1987), factor that influence systemic herbicide
effectiveness are:

1. Weeds in a period of active growth.

2. The weather is sunny when spraying the herbicide.
3. Do not spray in the rainy weather.
4. Dry the area to be sprayed.
5. Use destiled water as a solvent
 Factors like light, CO2, temperature, moisture, relative humidity, rainfall and
wind can affects herbicides efficiency by altering the penetration and translocation of
herbicides in target plant or indirectly by changing the growth and physiological
characteristics of the plants. As light intensity increases Net photosynthetic rate also
increases and higher photosynthesis and subsequent phloem translocation will
increase the movement of foliar-applied systemic herbicides. Elevated CO 2
concentration and temperature alter the photosynthetic activity in plants which may
subsequently affect the herbicide activity. Temperature causes direct and indirect
effect on herbicides efficiency. Higher temperature stimulate stomata conductance,
lowers the viscosity of cuticular lipids leads to increase permeability and diffusion of
herbicides through the cuticle. Climate change alters the frequency and intensity of
rainfall. Precipitation after application of herbicides can wash out the herbicides and
reduces efficiency. Moisture is needed for weed seed germination. So weed adaption
to these stress have more competitive advantages over crops. Increased rainfall
frequency and intensity will have an adverse effect on uptake, retention, and activity
of soil-applied herbicides. At high humidity, leaf retention time increases mean more
penetration. Relative humidity primarily influences the activity of foliar-applied
herbicides through its effects on herbicide uptake. Effect of humidity was higher on
hydrophilic herbicides than lipophilic herbicides. Spray droplets dry up due to wind
blowing so reduces efficiency (Kumar & Kumar, 2017).
 IV. CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

Based on the results and discussion it can be concluded that herbicide 2. 4 D

lethal is a selective herbicide, because it causes weeds (Ageratum conyzoides) to die.

B. Suggestion
We suggest that, it would be better if students are more orderly and more
conducive when inside the greenhouse.
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