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 Rational choice refers to the idea that social interaction can be considered as social exchange, which
is patterned on economic action that people are motivated by the rewards and costs of actions and by
the profits that they can make at the lowest possible costs.
 According to rational choice, people make decisions according to what would give them the greatest
satisfaction at the lowest costs possible.
 Gary Becker investigated human behavior and interactions such as discrimination, crime and
punishment, human capital, families, and organ market.
 George Homans espoused the Exchange Theory.
 Strengths of the Rational Choice Theory include: generality, parsimony and predictive.
 Whereas, weaknesses consist of the critiques forwarded by the heretics, sociologists,
psychologists, and political scientists.
 Feminism – the belief that women and men are, and have been treated differently by our society and
that women have frequently & systematically been unable to participate fully in all social arenas and
institutions.
 First Wave of Feminism – took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emerging out of an
environment of industrialism and liberal socialist poliics
 Second Wave of Feminism – began in 1960s and continued into 90s
 Third Wave of Feminism – began with protest against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City in
1968
 Sex – a biological distinction based on roles in the process of biological reproduction
 Gender – social transformation of a biological diferrence into social difference.
 Gender Inequality
-Inequality in the family – polygamy, patriartchal set up
-Natality – Sex preference of first born, boys are more preferred.
-Professional & Employment Inequality – men get priority in seeking job than women.
 Hermeneutics -from the Greek word “to interpret”
 Natural Landscapes – refers to visible features of the environment.
 Relief – heigtht and shape of land
 Climate – Average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time
 Natural resources is classified into :
*Renewable resources – are resources that people r Earth can replace.
* Non- renewable resources – are esources that cannot be replaced in a relatively short period of time.
 Renewable energy resources:Windmill, Geothermal Electric Plant, Hydroelectric Plant, Solar
Panels
 Non-renewable energy resources :coal, fossil fuels
 People activities can also produce pollution or waste that makes soil, air and water less clean.

FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKERS

Jose Rizal (Reformist)
-intelligence is the solution to the ills of the country
-their consciousness should be freed from fanaticism, doctility, inferiority and hopelessness.
-started the La Liga Filipina
-“What is the issue of independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow.”

Andres Bonifacio (Revolutionist)

-transformed blood compact (sandugo) as a kinship contract
-“ a revolution of war is justified when there is breach of contract”
- founded the KKK
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Emilio Jacinto (Revolutionist)

-capitalized on the idea of a free reign of reason, of freedom to think and do, rather than the
freedom to will and do.
-Filipinos must get rid of slavery; must embrace liberty again with a price, a bloody
revolution.

Manuel L. Quezon (Political Philosopher)

-political pragmatism & political operation for an eventual Philippine Independence.
-“one must fight for a goal but if obstacles towards that goal are difficult to summon then one
must fall back to an alternative that is better than nothing provided it’s in the right direction.”
-believed in social darwanism – governments are products of Political struggles for survival.
- equal access to essential law materials.

Isabelo delos Reyes ( Labor Activist/Anthropologist)

-Father of Filipino Socialism
-Founded “El Ilocano”
-Mother Tongue based Multilingual Education

Teodoro M. Kalaw
-published Cinko Reglas de Nuestra Moral Antigua

FILIPINO SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

SAKOP
-Sakop is the place where he says “TAYO”
-Tayo-tayo is where fellowship prevails.
-Sakop can be either one’s relatives, barkada and the like.

KAPWA
-is a recognition of shared identity, an inner self shared with other.
-means togetherness
- the core construct of Filipino Psychology.

2 Categories of Kapwa
1. Ibang Tao (outsider)

5 domains of Kapwa as Ibang Tao:

a. Pakikitungo – civility, treatment, dealings
b. Pakikisama – act of mixing, socializing
c. Pkikilahok – participation
d. Pakikibagay – conformity
e. Pakikisama – being united with the group or comradeship
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2. Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)

a. Pakikipagpalagyang-loob – act of mutual trust
b. Pakikisangkot – act of joining others.
c. Pakikipagkaisa – being one with others.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino
(Filipino psychology)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the
experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture
and language. The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from within’’ whereby the theoretical
framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the
indigenous culture.

VirgilioEnriquez: Pioneerof Sikolohiyang Pilipino

He established the Philippine Psychology Research House (PPRH) which later became the
Philippine Psychology Research and Training House (PPRTH). This place became home to
materials on Sikolohiyang Pilipino, growing to its present size of more than 10,000
references.

Filipino Values
Bahala Na
- ‘‘the Filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems, leaving everything to
God. ‘Bahala na ang Diyos (God will take care of us)’ .
- is not ‘‘fatalism’’ but ‘‘determination and risk-taking’’

Hiya
- ‘‘shame’’- the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially
unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action
- ‘‘an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their visitors,
even to the extent of going into debt’’
- the more appropriate translation of hiya in English is not ‘‘shame’’ but ‘‘sense of propriety’’.

Utang na loob
- ‘‘debt of gratitude’’
-‘‘the principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another.
- it actually means ‘‘gratitude/solidarity’”

Pakikisama
- smooth interpersonal relations’’ by going along with the group or the majority decision
- companionship

Pakikipagkapwa
- means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being
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Hospitality
- the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers

Language – divided into two categories

*Formal language
*Informal language
1. gaylingo
2. jejemon
3. salitang kalye

 The Filipino society should be analyzed from the eyes of Filipino perspectives or any dominant
approaches related to Filipino perspectives.
 The dominant approaches were originated from the West.
 The individual and social behavior of Filipinos are different from the Westerners.
 Structural functionalism sees society as a complex whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability.
 Conflict perspective or Marxism sees society as an arena of two conflicting forces.
 Symbolic interactionism depends on the symbolic meaning developed by people in the process of
interaction.
 Human-environment system deals with broader studies into the intricate nature of mutual interactions
and feedbacks between humans on the environment and the effect of the environment on humans
 Feminism promotes the belief that women and men should be treated equally and that steps have to
be taken to realize the goal of gender equality.
 Multidisciplinary Approach – The world has many different disciplines each of which attempts to
explain “the same” phenomena from their respective disciplinary viewpoints.
 Interdisciplinary Approach – Looking at “the same” issue/s from multiple disciplinary perspectives, in
a way that tries to integrate or make holistic sense of the various explanations of “the same”
phenomena that are generated from each of the disciplinary perspectives.
 Social analysis makes use of the tools of the various social sciences to look at historical and structural
causes of an issue involving social inequality.
 The various social sciences serve as different “lenses” to provide a multifaceted view of a
single issue.
 Interdisciplinarity involves multiple disciplines [i.e., social sciences] working together to provide a
richer perspective of social reality.
 Sociology is a close relative of anthropology that deals with how people interact with one another.

 Charles Darwin– 19th century British naturalist

- Explain the theory of evolution through the principle of natural selection.
- Darwinism- the name taken from Charles Darwin.
- It highlighted and popularized only some Darwin thoughts, particularly the
survival of the fittest and natural selection.
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