Wireless Networks

Assignment # 01

(Demonstrate Model of 5G Technology)

5G networks are the next generation of mobile internet connectivity, offering faster speeds and
more reliable connections on smartphones and other devices than ever before. With 5G, data
transmitted over wireless broadband connections could travel at rates as high as 20 Gbps by some
estimates -- exceeding wireline network speeds -- as well as offer latency of 1 ms or lower for uses
that require real-time feedback. 5G will also enable a sharp increase in the amount of data
transmitted over wireless systems due to more available bandwidth and advanced antenna
technology.In addition to improvements in speed, capacity and latency, 5G offers network
management features, among them network slicing, which allows mobile operators to create
multiple virtual networks within a single physical 5G network. This capability will enable wireless
network connections to support specific uses or business cases and could be sold on an as-a-service
basis. A self-driving car, for example, would require a network slice that offers extremely fast,
low-latency connections so a vehicle could navigate in real time. A home appliance, however,
could be connected via a lower-power, slower connection because high performance is not crucial.
The internet of things (IoT) could use secure, data-only connections.

How 5G Works?

Wireless networks are composed of cell sites divided into sectors that send data through radio
waves. Fourth-generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) wireless technology provides the
foundation for 5G. Unlike 4G, which requires large, high-power cell towers to radiate signals over
longer distances, 5G wireless signals will be transmitted via large numbers of small cell stations
located in places like light poles or building roofs. The use of multiple small cells is necessary
because the millimeter wave spectrum the band of spectrum between 30 GHz and 300 GHz that
5G relies on to generate high speeds -- can only travel over short distances and is subject to
interference from weather and physical obstacles, like buildings. Previous generations of wireless
technology have used lower-frequency bands of spectrum. To offset millimeter wave challenges
relating to distance and interference, the wireless industry is also considering the use of lower-
frequency spectrum for 5G networks so network operators could use spectrum they already own
to build out their new networks. Lower-frequency spectrum reaches greater distances but has lower
speed and capacity than millimeter wave.

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In Figure,
where each rectangular block is a
potential NFVI-PoP where some VNF
can run. According to the NFV
specifications, each flow can receive a
Network Service (NS) that can be
constituted by either one VNF or an
ordered chain of them. In the following,
without losing in generality, we will use
the acronym VNF to indicate either a
single virtual network function, or a
chain of virtual network functions
running on the same node. Moreover, we
will use the term flow to indicate either a
single flow or an aggregate of
elementary flows originated from the
same RAN, and requesting the same
chain of VNFs.The internal architecture of an NFVI-PoP is compliant with the NFV specifications. According to the
indicationsreceived by the NFV Orchestrator (NFVO) of the Management and Orchestration (MANO) entity, which
implements global management and orchestration policies, the Virtual Infrastructure Manager (VIM) interacts with
the local hypervisor to assign computing, storage and network resources to the VNFs running on the node, in such a
way that they respect some given performance requirements. For each running VNF, a VNF Manager (VNFM) and
an Element Manager (EM) are instantiated, the former to perform lifecycle management functions, like instantiation,
configuration, update/upgrade, out/in and up/down scaling, termination and performance result collections, and the
latter for FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security) management functionalities.
Finally,an SDN Controller is in charge of implementing routing policies among the local elementary VNFs, in order
to chainthem to each other, and to other external VNFs.

What is the status of 5G deployment?

Wireless network operators in four countries -- the United States, Japan, South Korea and China
are largely driving the first 5G buildouts. Network operators are expected to spend billions of
dollars on 5G capital expenses through 2030, according to Technology Business Research Inc.,
although it is not clear how 5G services will generate a return on that investment. Evolving use
cases and business models that take advantage of 5G's benefits could address operators' revenue
concerns.Simultaneously, standards bodies are working on universal 5G equipment standards.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) approved 5G New Radio (NR) standards in
December 2017 and is expected to complete the 5G mobile core standard required for 5G cellular
services. The 5G radio system is not compatible with 4G radios, but network operators that have
purchased wireless radios recently may be able to upgrade to the new 5G system via software
rather than buying new equipment.
With 5G wireless equipment standards almost complete and the first 5G-compliant smartphones
and associated wireless devices commercially available in 2019, 5G use cases will begin to emerge
between 2020 and 2025, according to Technology Business Research projections. By 2030, 5G
services will become mainstream and are expected to range from the delivery of virtual reality
(VR) content to autonomous vehicle navigation enabled by real-time communications (RTC)
capabilities.

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What types of 5G wireless services will be available?

Network operators are developing two types of 5G services:
1. 5G fixed wireless broadband services deliver internet access to homes and businesses
without a wired connection to the premises. To do that, network operators deploy NRs in small
cell sites near buildings to beam a signal to a receiver on a rooftop or a windowsill that is
amplified within the premises. Fixed broadband services are expected to make it less expensive
for operators to deliver broadband services to homes and businesses because this approach
eliminates the need to roll out fiber-optic lines to every residence. Instead, operators need only
install fiber optics to cell sites, and customers receive broadband services through wireless
modems located in their residences or businesses.
2. 5G cellular services will provide user access to operators' 5G cellular networks. These
services will begin to be rolled out in 2019 when the first 5G-enabled (or -compliant) devices
are expected to become commercially available. Cellular service delivery is also dependent
upon the completion of mobile core standards by 3GPP.
5G VS. 4G
Each generation of cellular technology is separated by not just their data transmission speed, but
also a break in encoding methods which requires end-users to upgrade their hardware. 4G can
support up to 2Gbps and are slowly continuing to improve in speeds. 4G featured speeds up to 500
times faster than 3G. 5G can be up to 100 times faster than 4G.
The main difference between 4 and 5G is the level of latency, of which 5G, will have much lower
of. 5G will use OFDM encoding, similar to 4G LTE. 4G, however, will use 20 MHz channels,
bonded together at 160 MHz. 5G will be up to between 100-800MHz channels, which requires
larger blocks of airwaves than 4G.
Samsung is currently researching into 6G. Not too much is currently known on how fast 6G would
be and how it would operate; however, 6G will probably operate in similar magnitudes more than
the differences between 4 and 5G. Some think 6G may use millimeter waves on the radio spectrum
and may be a decade away.

Why 5GE is not really 5G

AT&T has released a 5GE network, and in an update, 4G LTE users have gotten an “upgrade” to
5GE. However, 5GE—standing for 5G Evolution—really is just a rebranding of AT&T’s gigabit
4G LTE network. AT&T argues that the speeds are close enough to 5G, but it is technically not
5G. The G stands for generation, typically signaling a compatibility break with former hardware.
5GE does not follow this trend and is technically not 5G. This marketing strategy may mislead
individuals who do not know 5GE is not actually 5G.

Deployment 2015/2015
Bandwidth >Gbps
Technology 4G+WWWW
Service Dynamic information access, variable devices with AI capabilities
Multiplexing CDMA
Switching All Packet
Core Network Internet
Handoff Horizontal & Vertical

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Conclusions and Future Work:

The target of this paper is to define a simulative model of a 5G network, constituted with a three-level tree
structure, that is, from the bottom to the upper layer, the RANs, the FANs, and the Telco Operator Core network.
Assuming an SDN/NFV paradigm that runs VNFs as software tools in the servers located in the FAN Access Nodes,
in the Edge Clouds and in the Core Cloud, the proposed model is able to evaluate end-to-end delay as composed by
the delay suffered in the VNF queues and the delay experienced in the NIC queues of all the NFVI-PoP nodes in the
network. As a future work, we are planning to introduce a Markov-based model within the NFVI-PoP model tool, in
such a way that the whole model will be completely analytical.

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