Vitus Bering, Centre For Higher Education: Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen

VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN

The space required to accommodate services
Translation into English:
Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen
Vitus Bering
Centre for higher education
To the architect and the plumber
This guidance is prepared by Teknologisk Institut, Energi in corporation

with Arkitekthjælpen and Forsikring & Pension. The aim is to ensure the
quality of technical installations of the house; this includes function, aes-
thetics and security for water damage and also a reasonable cost of con-
struction.
Before 1990 a normal single-family house contained about 240 hidden

pipe joints, where the risk for water damages was very big. Since then a
new generation of codes for services has been published. The codes are
an excellent basis for technical installations, if the intensions are fulfilled.
Unfortunately, experience shows that in many cases the intensions of the
codes are not fulfilled. This means, that too often technical installations
are made without required space, and these can subsequently not be
maintained.
We would like to call for you as architect, that you also include the techni-
cal installations of the building in the superior arrangements of the build-
ing, and call for you as plumber, that you make optimal use of the archi-
tect’s planning for the placing of the installations.
The following section marked with red is important for you as architect.
The section marked with blue is special aimed for the plumber.
Leon S Buhl
Teknologisk Institut, Energi
Translation into English

Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen
Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education.
The guidance is prepared by Leon S. Buhl - Teknologisk Institut in corporation with a working group
composed of:
Sune Sandø - ArkitektHjælpen, Bent Jensen - Tryg-Baltica, Birgitte Nord - Alka Forsikring, Jens
Winther - Topdanmark og Ole Harpøth - F&P.
ISBN: 87-7756-562-2
The plan drawing of the frontpage is performed by Westergaard Arkitekter M.A.A., Vedelsgade 18C,
7100 Vejle.
Layout og production PAJOR Reklamebureau.

Table of contents
For the architect…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

Pipe work of the house………………………………………………………………………………………………7
Plumbing in utility room or storeroom…………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Space conditions for bath and toilet………………………………………………………………………………12
Sanitary equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………………13
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones………………………………………………………………………… 14
Kitchen……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Flue system from natural gas boiler………………………………………………………………………………16
Check list for the architect………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
For the plumber……………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing…………………………………………………………… 19
Space conditions for installations in utility room and boiler room……………………………………………. 20
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones………………………………………………………………………… 21
Pathways for pipe work…………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Space for insulation……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Handling of pipe in pipe system………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Principles for visible pipe installations…………………………………………………………………………… 25
Principles for pipes in skirting casing……………………………………………………………………………. 26
Principles for manifold installations……………………………………………………………………………….27
Principles for heating systems……………………………………………………………………………………. 28
Floor heating……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Principles for drainage installations……………………………………………………………………………… 30
Boiler plant………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
Domestic hot water supply……………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation…………………………………………………………… 33
District heating systems…………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
Sanitary equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………………35
Machines for washing and dishwashing………………………………………………………………………….36
Manifolds for domestic water……………………………………………………………………………………... 37
Outlets for taps……………………………………………………………………………………………………...38
Manifolds for heating………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Floor drains…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
Domestic water meter installation………………………………………………………………………………... 41
Heating meters for district heating……………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Check list for the certified plumber………………………………………………………………………………..43
Legislation for services……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Examples for thought……………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
To the architect 6
This section contains information about space con-

ditions and demands for function, which should be Pipes
requested, in connection with arrangement of ser-
vices in a single-family house. In the floor construction you need space for:
• Domestic water supply of PEX pipe in
In the drawing are shown the rooms, in which space pipe system or
for plumbing equipment and installations normally • Domestic water supply of copper
should be established. • Heating pipes
• Floor heating pipes
• Drainage pipes
Remember! Pipes leading heat must be insu-

lated
Utility room
In the utility room you need space for following:
• Heating system
• Domestic hot water system
• Manifolds for heating and water system
• Flue from boiler system
• Meters for water and (heating)
• Visible pipe work
The wet rooms of the house

In toilet and bathroom you need space for:
• Possible manifolds for pipes

• Space between sanitary equipments
• Slope to floor drain
To obtain the intentional quality in the technical in-

stallations, we recommend that this publication form
part of the project material, and you as architect dis-
cuss the mentioned details with the certificated
plumber, so that the necessary coordination between
the work of architect and the work of plumbing is
obtained.
In the following part of this section the conditions,

which are mentioned above, are supplemented
with examples.
Planning of services in the single-family house. A guidance for architects and plumbers.
Translation into English: Jens Bertelsen and Jens Peder Pedersen Vitus Bering, Centre for Higher Education
Pipe work of the house 7
Demands for the pipe installations

• Pipes for domestic water supply are made with-
out joints. This means, that embedded joints in
walls and floors are not allowed.
• Heating pipes could be made with embedded

joints. However, we advise against not having
replaceable joints in directly connected district
heating installations.
• Heating pipes of plastic must be a type with

oxygen membrane, so that no oxygen can The media pipe and casing pipe go from mani-
penetrate the pipe wall and cause corrosion in fold to every single tap without joints
steel parts.
What is a pipe in pipe installation? In new heating systems pipe in pipe installation is
also used, as the media pipe and casing pipe are led
When embedded joints in domestic water pipes are from manifolds to every single radiator connection
not allowed the installation is often made as a so- without joints.
called pipe in pipe installation.
This installation consists of an internal media pipe
of PEX and an outside casing pipe.
What's an oxygen membrane
Plastic pipes for heating are supplied with a mem-
brane on the surface or inside the pipe wall. The
membrane is so tight, that no oxygen can penetrate
the media pipe.
Concerning oxygen membrane see page (29)
Pipe in pipe installation.
The installation consists of a media pipe and a

casing pipe. The casing pipe has two pur-
poses:
1. To be able to lead possible out leaking

water out, so that it can be seen
Central heating pipes either as traditional
2. To secure, that the media pipe later in placed in the floor, or as a pipe in
connection with a possible damage can be pipe/manifold installation.
replaced.
Remember!
Room/space for insulation, demands in BR
Plumbing in utility room or storeroom 8
The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, that

we have space enough for all necessary pipe instal-
lations, which shall connect the equipments.
The heating system

The heating system can either be:
• Boiler for fuel or natural gas

• Heat exchanger for district heating
• Alternative heating up by bio-system or heat
pump
Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel or

gas. Min. 60 cm for service in front of boiler.
Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuel

or gas. Min. 60 cm in front of the unit to
make service possible.
Heat exchanger for district heating. The heat

exchanger is normally placed on the wall 1
meter above floor level.
Manifolds for floor heating Meter installation for domestic water

supply
To day, many heating systems are designed as
floor heating instead of traditional radiator systems. A domestic water meter in the house is required.
A floor heating system needs a regulation system It's the office for domestic water supply, which de-
with manifold, pump and automatic regulation cide and approve the placing of the meter.
equipment. The meter shall be placed, so that it is easy to make
inspections.
Floor heating plant. Space ought to be set

aside as shown in the drawing. In front of
the manifold arrangement must be about Space ought to be set aside as shown in the
40 to 60 cm. drawing. The meter must not be placed below
tabletops or in cupboards or something like
that.
Meter installation for district heating
If the house is heated with district heating, space for
an energy meter is needed. The office for district
heating determines, where and how the meter must
be placed.
Meter for district heating. It is a demand, that

the meter is placed, so that it is easy to read.
Domestic hot water supply

Domestic hot water supply can either be a tradi-
tional hot water store tank or, with district heating, a
heat exchanger.
Measurement in cm
Measurement in cm Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solar

heating. The biggest part of the pipe installation
is placed in the lowest part of the cabinet.
Min. 60 cm free space in front of the tank should
Ordinary hot water store tank for central heat- be set aside, to make it possible to reach the
ing or district heating. The store tank is nor- pipe installation lowest in the cabinet.
mally placed about 60 – 80 cm above floor
level concerning replacement of an anode
from the bottom of tank.
Central heating supplied with fuel.

In a lot of modern boiler units the hot water store
tank is incorporated in the unit, and requires there-
fore no extra space.
Boiler for natural gas.

It’s possible to get units, but it’s common to place
the hot water store tank just beside the boiler on the
wall.
Measurement in cm
If we use a hot water store tank prepared for solar
heating, this tank requires more space than a tradi-
tional tank. Furthermore space is required for the
pipe installations, because the tank is connected to
solar heating, central heating and domestic water. Besides the space for the domestic hot wa-
ter exchanger space should also be set
It is to be expected, that future building regulations aside for the pipe connections below this. If
will make demands for tanks prepared for solar the domestic water supply is a manifold sys-
heating. tem, space for the manifolds should also be
set aside.
It is not always allowed to use heat exchanger for
heating up domestic hot water.
Manifolds for domestic hot water supply

Most of all installations to day are designed as
manifold pipe systems, when the installation is hid-
den in floor or wall constructions. The reason is,
that it is forbidden to have non-replaceable joints
placed inside the building constructions.
When the manifolds for the domestic water installa-

tion are placed, following demands shall be re-
spected:
• Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaks

from joints and media pipe are discovered at
once. There must be tight sealing round the
pipe coming up the floor. Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water
supply.
• If the pipe installation is made of plastic pipes About 50 x 50 x 20 cm should be sat aside for
as pipe in pipe, the casing pipes have to be led the manifold arrangement. Where PEX pipe in
up above the floor surface, so that possible out pipe system is used, the casing pipe shall be
leaking water will be led out on a waterproof led 20 cm above the finished surface of the
floor and not penetrating to the building con- floor
structions.
• The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easy

to inspect and repair. Furthermore space for leading domestic cold-
and hot water pipes to manifolds shall be set
• A floor drain ought to be placed close to the aside.
manifold installation. Those pipes are normally placed visible from
the water meter and the hot water equipment.
Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typical

fill up like shown in the drawing above.
Remember! Domestic hot water pipes must

be insulated.
Space conditions for bath and toilet 12
In case of long pipelines to bath and toilet room of Floor drain

the house, the manifolds could necessarily be
placed in the rooms or in direct adjoining rooms. In bathrooms with space for shower, it's necessary to
place a floor drain.
By placing manifolds in these rooms you should It is important to establish sufficient depression and
notice the following: slope to the floor drain.
• The manifold must – in the same way as in

utility room - be placed, so that possible out-
leaking water will be discovered at once.
• Possible out-leaking water must not be able to

damage the building constructions, but shall be
led to floor drain.
Cabinet for manifolds

If it is planned in advance, it is possible to use spe-
cial cabinets for manifolds.
The manifold cabinet must have a waterproof bot-

tom, so that possible water cannot penetrate the
building constructions.
Possible out-leaking water must only be able to flow Example on placing floor drain, so that neces-
out, where the floor is waterproof. sary slope and depression will be obtained.
Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which is

incorporated in the wall construction.
The bottom of the cabinet must be waterproof.
Sanitary equipment 13
When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatories

and bathrooms, you must be sure about necessary
space.
In the following drawings are shown sketches with
examples on space demands and distance condi-
tions.
In bathrooms for older people and handicapped,

more space must be estimated. Wheel chairs must Measurement in m
have a turning area with a radius of min. 1,5 m –
and best 1,7 meters.
See BR-S98 Space requirement for different types of sani-

tary equipment.
*) Other measurements you can find in HFB, Hånd-
bog for Byggeindustrien.
Measurement in m
Example on space requirements in connection

with lavatories for older people and handi-
capped.
Measurement in m
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 14
Definitions and demands for wet rooms

Definitions on the wet room’s wet zones are shown
in the figures.
The areas in the floor, where daily water influence

shall be expected, must have slope towards floor
drain and be without depressions. These areas are
shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the draw-
ings.
Measurement in mm
Moist zone
Wet zone
The figures above show wet- and moist zones

in connection with arrangement of showers.
Pipe penetrations in wet zones

Measurement in mm
Moist zone In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence
Wet zone shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must
be allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the
membranes, these penetrations have to be made
watertight.
The figures above show wet- and moist These demands come from the building regulations
zones in connection with bathtub and sink. BR 95 and BR-S 98.
Further information: SBI-direction 189
Kitchen 15
In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchen

sink with connected water- and drain installation.
Furthermore, you need space to place an auto-
matic dishwasher.
For the automatic dishwasher you need water-

and drain connection.
If the automatic dishwasher doesn’t have an

incorporated security for water outflow, it must
be placed on a waterproof bedplate, which se-
cure, that water outflow is discovered at once.
The drainage from the automatic dishwasher is

connected to the drainpipe from the kitchen sink.
The domestic water connection must be done
with an approved flexible tube.
If the automatic dishwasher doesn’t have an
incorporated security for water outflow, it must
be placed on a waterproof bedplate.
Flue system from natural gas boiler 16
In connection with a gas boiler system it is impor-

tant to make good planning of the flue system from
the gas boiler. The solution above roof will be the
best, because you will have no condensing prob-
lems on the outer wall.
Very often, the flue can set up limits for the design
of the boiler room or other rooms, where you want
to place the boiler.
In the following drawing are shown examples of

possible flue systems from gas boiler systems.
Gasreglement - Afnit A: Contains the demands for

placing of flue system and for work with gas instal-
lations
The local gas distribution company will make the
final approval.
Examples of possibilities for placing the flue

system from gas boilers depending on their
placing in the building.
Check list for the architect 17
Remember! Description
Has space for scullery / boiler room been set aside, Utility room / boiler room should be able to con-
and does this have a size, which makes space for tain following technical installations:
the components, that should be placed in the room? Boiler or heat exchanger
Hot water store tank or heat exchanger
Manifolds with shunt system, regulating
valves and pumps for floor heating or radia-
tor system
Manifolds for domestic cold and hot water
supply, and perhaps circulation pump for
domestic hot water.
Inlets of service pipe for domestic water
supply or district heating system, with the
meters arrangement.
Is scullery / boiler room and other installation heavy Long pipe routing means that:
rooms placed in a way proportional to each other, Possibility for circulation on domestic hot wa-
that will give the shortest possible pipe routing. ter supply
Possible renewing of media pipe can be
more difficult.
Is utility room / boiler room placed in a way in the For gas boiler systems the following have to be
building, so that it’s possible to make chimney or fulfilled:
flue system and maybe openings for fresh air for Either horizontal or vertical flue system
the boiler. should be possible to establish. Vertical sys-
tem is best.
Maybe openings for combustion air, but it
depend on choice of boiler system.
Is it possible to place manifolds other places in the The following must be fulfilled:
building outside the utility room or boiler room, and If a manifold cabinet is placed in the wall
is it possible to get a quick report if leaks occur. construction, the cabinet must have a water-
tight bottom.
Manifolds must not be hidden in cupboard
plinths or recesses in floor construction after
being installed.
Have pathways for the installations been taken into Space for the pipe installation must be available
consideration, and are these sufficient for the instal- inclusive the necessary insulation, therefore re-
lations? member:
The Insulation of the pipes can increase the
diameter with 30-40 mm
Distance between the insulated pipes must
be min. 50 mm.
Pipes placed in building constructions must
not heat up or cool down each other.
To the plumber 18
This section contains information about the installa-

tion technical conditions, which shall be met in con- Pipe work
nection with planning and execution of the pipe In wall- and floor constructions following pipes
installations of the single-family house. can be built in:
Already in the outline phase of the plan solution the Domestic water pipes made of plastic
architect has made a lot of lay out proportions, as pipe in pipe system.
which you have to continue working from. It’s your Domestic water pipes made of copper.
job to ensure, that the final installations fulfil the Outlets for taps.
demands, given in valid regulations and different Heating pipes.
codes, and that the installations work all right. Floor heating pipes.
Drainage pipes.
From the drawing appears, where you especially
shall be careful, when you plan and execute the
pipe installations.
Utility room
In the utility room following pipes and compo-
nents ought to be placed:
Heating system for the house.

Domestic hot water system
Manifolds for heating and domestic
water supply system.
Meters for domestic water supply and
possible meter for district heating sys-
tem.
Lavatory and bathroom

In separate lavatory and bathroom, following
should be taken into consideration:
Pipes and pipe penetrations in wet

zones.
Floor drains placed in shower pit.
Distances between sanitary equip-
ment.
Placing of possible manifolds.
Domestic water supply and possibility for renewing 19
Principles for renewing

How do you evaluate if a pipe is renew-
The Danish code of practice for domestic water
able?
supply distinguishes between renewable installa-
tions and non-renewable installations. Domestic
The most important factor, when you have to
water installations must be made without joints in
decide, if a pipe is renewable, is not so much
the non-renewable part of the installation. However
the installation technical aspects, as the re-
it is allowed to make parts of the installation as non-
spect for the building itself.
renewable, when copper pipes or stainless steel
If renewing of a pipe demands demolition of
pipes are used.
walls or breaking up floors, the pipe is non-
PEX-pipes could be embedded in floor or wall with-
renewable.
out a casing pipe, if these are only used for domes-
The pipe is renewable; if it is visible or if it is
tic cold water.
accessible for renewing by removing a cover
by unscrewing few screws.
The Danish code of practice for domestic water
supply defines renewable pipes in the following
In case a pipe is insulated the demand about
way:
renewing is valid for the whole pipe construc-
tion that is for pipe and insulation.
Renewable installations are installations, which are
accessible for repair without doing any harm to the
building constructions.
Non-renewable pipe installations are installations,

which only can be repaired by performing an opera-
tion in the building constructions.
Examples on renewable installations
Space conditions for installations in utility room
and boiler room 20
The technical installations are normally

placed in utility room or boiler room. The Boiler room with the most important equipment
room shall be designed in a way, with suffi- for technical installations. Besides the compo-
cient space for all necessary components nents themselves, space for the necessary pipes
and additional control and service. and smaller components – as pumps etc. have to
be set aside.
There must furthermore be placed a floor
drain or other drains, so that water from
high-pressure safety valves and water from
draining the systems can be led to the drain-
age installation.
A waterproof floor must be casted below

boilers and store tanks placed directly on the
floor, so that out flowing water not penetrates
the floor construction in this place.
Solar heating
Notice, that a hot water store tank prepared
for solar heating normally takes more space
than an ordinary domestic hot water store
tank. Furthermore a hot water store tank
prepared for solar heating requests more
pipe connections as solar heating pipes,
extra circulation pump and pressure expan-
sion tank.
See also the pages 10, 31 and 32
Utility room or boiler room should be able to

contain following components and additional
pipe installations:
Boiler or heat exchanger for heating up

the building.
Store tank or heat exchanger for domestic
hot water supply.
Manifolds with shunt arrangement, regula-
tion valves and pumps for floor heating or
system with radiators.
Manifolds for domestic water supply (cold-
and hot water, maybe also circulation on
hot water).
Inlet of service pipes for domestic water
supply – and district heating incl. meters
Wash machine and tumble dryer.
Wet rooms and demands for wet zones 21
Definitions and demands for wet rooms
Definitions on wet room zones are shown on the fig-

ures.
The areas in the floor, where daily water influence

shall be expected, must have slope towards floor
drain and be without depressions. These areas are
shown with light blue (the wet zone) in the drawings
The figures above show wet- and moist zones

in connection with arrangement of showers.
The marked area shows, where the floor must

have a slope towards the floor drain. No pene-
trations with vertical pipes are allowed in wet
zone.
The figures above show wet- and moist zones Pipe penetrations in wet zones
in connection with bathtub and sink.
In the areas of the floor, where daily water influence
If a hand shower is placed in connection with shall be expected, no vertical pipe penetration must be
washbasin, a floor drain must be placed inside allowed. Where horizontal pipes penetrate the mem-
the marked area, and slope must be made to branes, these penetrations have to be made water-
this. No penetrations with vertical pipes are tight.
allowed in the wet zone.
Demands from BR95 and BR-S98
Further information: SBI-anvisning 189
Pathways for pipe work 22
In connection with the pathways for the pipes it is Pipes always have to be done inside the thermal
important to ensure, that sufficient space for every insulation of the building, so that heat loss will
single pipe and the legal insulation is present. benefit the building, and so that the pipes are not
expose to frost. This means, that the pipes always
have to be placed inside the insulation of the build-
ing.
Space requirements for pipes incl. insulation.
In rooms, where visible pipes are placed below the

ceiling, it will be necessary with a headroom of min.
1,9 m.
Pipes must be placed inside the insula-

tion of building.
BR-demand of headroom below pipes.
Space for insulation 23
Where heat-leading pipes are placed in the building Pipes for a single radiator don’t need to be insulated
components you must have space for not only in the same room as the radiator, if a thermostatic
every single pipe but also the insulation. Normally valve is mounted on the radiator. The distribution
the insulation increases the pipe diameter with 30- pipes for more radiators always have to be insulated.
40 mm.
Necessary thickness of pipe insulation

for heating- and domestic water pipes.
Heating pipes of copper 10-15 mm.

Heating pipes of steel 15 mm.
Domestic water pipes of copper 15-20

mm.
Domestic water pipes of steel 20 mm.
The domestic hot water pipes, which only supply Pipes for a single radiator don’t need to be
one tap, should not be insulated inside the room, insulated in the same room as the radiator, if a
where the tap is placed. Outside the room the pipe thermostatic valve is mounted on the radiator.
have to be insulated. Domestic hot water pipes,
which lead water for more taps always have to be
insulated. Pipes for heating and domestic hot water, that are
placed between two layers of insulating in a floor
construction and not placed too close to each other,
can be considered as legal insulated.
Are domestic coldwater pipes led together with hot

water and heating pipes, the distance between these
should be made, so that you don’t get the cold water
heated.
Domestic hot water pipes in the same room

as tap, don’t need to be insulated.
Heating pipes can be placed inside the insula-

tion in ground deck in connection with new
buildings as shown in the drawing.
Handling of pipe in pipe system 24
In connection with the pipe laying and the handling of

pipe in pipe system for heating and domestic water it
has to be ensured, that these are laid and fixed so,
that the media pipe later can be renewed. This means
in practice, that:
The pipes must be fixed

No sharp bendings on the pipes pipe
All bendings and change of direction shall be
done with soft curves.
Fixing can be done with special steel clamps, which

do not compress the casing pipe flat. The drawing shows bending clamps that are
used outside the casing pipe and ensure the
When entering the wall or leading above the floor right bending radius.
construction it is very important, that the bending ra-
dius isn’t too small. Therefore it will be suitable to use
special bending-clamps in these places.
Remember! All pipes with hot liquid must be insu-

lated.
When entering the wall you can either use

bending-clamps, which give media-pipe and
casing pipe the correct bending radius, or you
can use components, as shown above.
For both types it’s important, that the media
pipe following can be drawn out from the cas-
ing pipe.
Casing pipes can be fixed to the floor con-
struction with special cable clips. The cable
clips must not compress the casing pipes, so
that the media pipe can’t be drawn out.
Principles for visible pipe installations 25
Visible pipe installations are typically used in utility

room, boiler room and basement. Normally it will be
necessary to connect the different components as
boiler, store tank and manifolds by means of visible
pipe work.
Demands for insulation of visible pipes.

Technical installation as heating and domestic hot
water must always be insulated according to the
Building Regulations.
If the pipes are placed in places, where walking

below them should be possible, the Building Regu-
lations have a demand, that the headroom shall be
1,9 meter below the pipes (incl. insulation).
It’s important already in design and planning of the

pipe pathways to consider, that pipes, which have
to be insulated, take more space than non-insulated
pipes.
The table shows pipes incl. insulation.
Pipes that are placed visible must be suspended

in a way that makes it possible to insulate them.
Principles for pipes in skirting casing 26
Skirting cases and prefabricated panels

for pipes.
In case it is necessary to place the pipes inside the
room, but visible pipes are not desired, then it is
possible to hide the pipes behind skirting cases.
When this pathway is chosen, the pipes will still be
replaceable, but not visible.
Lots of prefabricated panels are in trade, and it’s
possible to use skirting cases of wood as a partly
integrated part of the building constructions.
Pipe installations led along the floor in a skirt-

ing panel.
Service shafts
It is not common to use service shafts in single-family
houses. In buildings with 1½ storey it will in some
cases be necessary to find a vertical pathway for
parts of the installation placed inside a service shaft.
Pipe installations led along the ceiling inside
a pipe panel.
Principles for manifold installations 27
Manifold installations are chosen where domestic

water installations should be hidden on their way to
the taps. The manifold installation can either be
made as replaceable or non-replaceable, depend-
ing on the pipe material that is chosen.
The manifold system have 3 principal factors:
1. The manifolds that are connected domestic

cold- and hot water. Manifolds must be placed
centrally, and in a way, that possible leaks will
be discovered at once, before essential dam-
age is made on building constructions.
2. Pipes without joints in building construc-

tions. The pipes can either be copper pipes or
PEX-pipes.
Pipe work in floor construction.
3. Outlets in wall for taps. In connection with the If copper pipes are used, these could be non-
taps the joints must be replaceable. Outlets in replaceable. If PEX-pipes are used, these
the wet zone must be tight, so that no water must be led in casing pipes.
can penetrate into the building constructions.
Se also the pages 11, 12, 17, 37 and 50
Manifolds in connection with domestic hot

water supply. The connected pipes can ei-
ther be copper pipes or PEX- pipes.
Outlet in wall construction.
The used principles for joints must be replace-
able for both copper and PEX-pipes.
Principle for heating systems 28
Pipe installations for a heating installation in a build- Pipe work from radiator to radiator without joints
ing will normally be partly visible in utility room and in floor construction.
boiler room, but will from there be made as hidden
and most often non-replaceable. The most common
thing to do is to place the pipe installation in the
floor construction, and from there lead up the pipes
to every single radiator
Building regulation and code of practice for heating

systems have no demands for replaceable pipes
and no hidden joints. But it’s mentioned, that hidden
joints are not sufficient in district heating systems
with directly connection.
A lot of heating installations are nowadays made so

that the pipes are led in unbroken length as non-
replaceable in the floor construction, while all joints
are made as replaceable in connection with the
connections to for example radiators or manifolds. Pipes are led from radiator to radiator without
joints in the floor construction. The installation
can either be made of copper pipes or plastic
Concerning oxygen diffusion: see page 34 pipes with oxygen membrane.
Pipe work from manifolds to every single radiator

Pipe work in floor construction with joints without joints in floor
The installation can either be made of steel Pipes are led unbroken from a centrally placed
pipes or copper pipes. The joints are placed manifold to every single radiator without hidden
below the floor, which is legal, but not the best joints. The installation can either be made of
solution. By directly connected district heating copper pipes or plastic pipes with oxygen mem-
systems this solution is not recommended, brane.
because leaks can give big damages in the Manifolds must be placed above floor.
constructions.
Floor heating 29
Floor construction and floor heating
The floor construction for floor heating must fulfil BR.

demands for U-values. However, it is at the same time
advisable, doing extra insulation to minimize the heat
loss downwards. Normally this can be done with 25 %
extra insulation.
Pipes for floor heating in concrete floors must be

placed in a dept of 6-10 cm in the finished concrete
slap.
In a wood construction the pipes are placed just below

the floor covering. The pipes are often placed on heat
distributing plates of aluminium.
The manufacturer of the wooden floor should be con-
sulted regarding risk for following damages in the
wooden floor.
Structure of a floor heating construction with
The floor heating installation can either be made of the pipes placed in a wooden floor.
plastic pipes (PEX, PP or PB) or copper pipes. Other
materials are not recommended.
The floor heating installation will normally be able to

heat the dwelling by a heat-forward temperature of 35
– 40 oC.
If the floor heating installation is made of plastic pipes,

these should be a type with an oxygen stop, which
prevents absorption of oxygen through the pipe wall.
The oxygen stop can either be a nylon covering
placed outside the pipe, or an aluminium casing
placed in the middle of the pipe wall.
Pipes with oxygen stop are normally signed like this:

DIN 4726/9 SAUERSTOFFDICKT.
Structure of pipes with oxygen membrane.
Placing of floor heating pipes in casted floor

construction.
Principles for drainage installations 30
The drainage installations in the building are nor- Drainage installations in a single family
mally placed, so that a minimum of inconvenience house
is obtained.
In houses with one ground floor the drainage pipes

are normally placed in ground deck below the
building, and led up to every single sanitary object.
The drainage must be led out of the building with a
minimum depth of 0,75 m from garden level to the
inside bottom level of pipe.
In buildings with more storeys, it will normally be

necessary to lead the pipes through one or more Drainage installation placed in ground deck
rooms. Often the pipes could be led in a shaft or below the building.
pipe recess.
If drainpipes are passing living rooms or kitchen,

you should either choose a pipe material that muf-
fles the noise, or the pipes should be placed in a
sound insulated shaft. The Building Regulations Drainage installation in buildings with 1½
give demands for maximum sound level.
storey
In single family houses the local authorities will
often make demands, so that the drain installation
have to be ventilated above roof, instead of using a
vacuum valve. The demand is given to ventilate
the main sewer.
In buildings with 1½ storey, it’s necessary to find

a pathway for possible installations in 2. storey.
Boiler plant 31
Boiler plants for oil heating should be placed in

utility / boiler room. Chimney or outlet from the
boiler together with necessary ventilation in the
room must be established to cover the need of
fresh air for the system.
Pipes and chimney passing inflammable material

must not give higher temperatures than 80 oC on
the material.
Gas fired boilers are also placed in utility / boiler

room. By gas fired boilers it’s important to place
boiler, so that discharge can be established to flue
or chimney. Flue can be established horizontal
through the outer wall, but notice problems with
condensation and product of combustion.
Demands for gas systems and flue systems see Fuel- or gas fired unit (boiler + hot water store
“Gasreglement, afsnit A.” tank) with incorporated equipment in cabinet.
The height of a boiler can vary from 1 – 1.7 m
Furthermore you should have a possibility for fresh depending on manufacturer and type. In order
air supply to the boiler room, this must be un- to allow future service you must have a free
closeable. space in front of boiler of 50 – 60 cm.
Notice!!
If the boiler is placed standing on the floor, the
floor below must be waterproof, so that out
flowing water cannot penetrate the floor con-
struction.
Gas fired boiler placed on wall. The boiler is

typical placed 60 – 100 cm above floor level.
Wall placed boilers normally have balanced
Fuel- or gas fired boiler with external mounted flue system (double pipe). Requires space
burner. In order to allow future service you below boiler for pipe work.
must have a free space in front of boiler of 50
– 60 cm.
Domestic hot water supply 32
Domestic hot water store tank
The store tank must be placed in a room with drain-

age, so that water outflow from safety valve can be
led off. Furthermore, the tank shall be placed, so
that it’s possible to empty the tank without damag-
ing the building constructions.
The size of a hot water store tank depends on the

type of heating system. Recommended sizes are
shown in the following table:
The table is valid for single-family houses.
Heating system Number of litres

Gas fired 50 – 80 litre
Fuel fired 60 – 110 litre Traditional domestic hot water tank connected
District heating 80 – 160 litre a central heating system. The tank is placed
Solar heating 160 – 280 litre on the wall next to heating boiler either hori-
zontal or vertical. Common tank size 60 – 150
litres. If the tank is a solar heating tank, the
For guarantee reasons the manufacturer have de- volume should typical be 180 – 300 litres.
mands about, that tanks with anode must have In connection with the tank you need space for
control and possible replacement of the anode replacement of the anode.
every second year. Space for service and repair is very important
in solar heating systems as well as other sys-
tems.
Tanks prepared for solar heating
Tanks prepared for solar heating require more
space than other tanks. The tank is bigger and
more space for pipe work is necessary.
It has to be expected; that the Building Regulations

in the future give demands about installation of
solar prepared heating tanks.
Domestic hot water store tank placed in bot-

tom of unit for fuel or gas firing. This placing is
normal for modern boiler units. In front of the
unit must be space for service and repair. The
tank size in this type of unit is typical 60 –80
litres.
Heat exchanger and domestic hot water circulation 33
Heat exchangers for domestic water for district

heating can be placed in a unit, which contains
both heat exchangers for the central heating
system and for domestic hot water. In connec-
tion with the heat exchanger should space be
set aside below this for pipe installations, just
as space for future service of the exchanger
inside the cabinet should be set aside.
Domestic water heat exchangers must be

placed in room with drainage for the overflow
from the safety valve of the system. The drain-
age possibility could be a funnel, which above a
water trap is connected to the drainage installa-
tion.
If the domestic hot water tank is connected

either solar heat or district heating the connec-
tion must take place to a special branch to en-
sure, that the stratification in the tank will not be
destroyed. For the sake of the energy economy
a timer should be mounted in connection with
the pump. Domestic water heat exchanger for district heating
will often be built together with the ordinary district
If the taps are placed a long distance from each heating exchanger, so that all components are
other, it can be necessary to establish circula- built into the same cabinet. If the system is made
tion on domestic hot water system. This will be as a split system, the heat exchanger for domestic
the case, if it takes more than 10 seconds for water will be placed and operated by it self.
the hot water to reach the farthest tap. The
pump for circulation is normally placed in con-
nection with the hot water supply.
If the system is made of copper pipes, the

pump must not be too big. This will cause too
high a water velocity and from that the following
risk for corrosion.
If the water system is designed as a manifold sys-

tem, there is normally no need for circulation, be-
cause the waiting time is less than 10 seconds.
District heating systems 34
Heat exchangers for central heating can in principle be

placed other places than in utility / boiler room, but
according to BR., code for drainage and code for do-
mestic water supply there must be drainage for the
overflow from the safety valve of the installation.
The drainage can be a floor drain or other suitable sani-

tary object.
The district heating system can either be made as a

split system, where the single components are built
together for a finished installation on site, or as a fin-
ished unit that contains all components.
You have to notice, that the different district heating Split system for directly connected district heating.
distribution companies make different demands for the
components and types that are set up in exactly their
district heating area. This can typically be demand on
use of heat exchanger or use of pressure regulation
valve. As well different demands could often be made
in connection with placing and installation of meters for
district heating.
Split systems require more space than units, but often it
will be possible to arrange the space in the room, so
that pipe installations to connect other components will
be simpler.
Split system build up with two heat exchangers –

one for central heating and one for domestic hot
water. Instead of a heat exchanger for domestic
hot water a hot water store tank could be used.
Example on a unit system including all necessary

components.
Sanitary equipment 35
All installation objects require supply of domestic cold

and or hot water. The installations require also con-
nection to the drainage installation. The installation
objects must be VA-approved. The installation must
according to the Building Regulations be made ac-
cording to DS 432, (Code for drainage installations),
and DS 439, (code for water installations).
Measurement in m
When the installation objects are placed in lavatory
and bathroom it must be ensured, that the space is
sufficient. In the following drawings are shown sketch- Space requirement for different types of
ily examples on space requirement and distance con- installation objects.
ditions.
In bathrooms, intended for older and handicapped

people, more space must be figured out. Wheel chairs
must have a turning area with a radius of at least 1,5
meters – and rather 1,7 meters.
Measurement in m
Examples on space requirement in connec-

tion with toilets for older and handicapped
people. Normally the architect will take this
into account in connection with the plan
solution.
Measurement in m
Machines for washing and dishwashing 36
The washing machine of the dwelling is placed in flood securing

utility room or bathroom. The machine requires con-
nection for domestic water and connection to the
drainage installation. The washing machine can either
have its own drainage installation with water trap or
be connected to drainage of another installation ob-
ject, e.g. floor drain or similar.
The dishwasher is placed in the kitchen or utility room

of the dwelling. The machine requires connection for
domestic water and a connection to the drainage in-
stallation. The drain can either be connected to the
drain of the kitchen- or utility sink, or be led to an in-
dependent drain above a water trap.
Demands are made about, that washing machines

and dishwashers must be placed on a waterproof
bedplate, in case they are not provided with a special Flood securing that interrupt the water sup-
securing against out streaming water. The bedplate ply by abnormal water streams e.g. by hose
could possible be an underlay, which leads possible leaks.
out streaming water forward in front of the machine.
Machines with special securing can be placed any-

where.
Washing machines and dishwashers that are sold in

solenoid valve
Denmark must be approved according to EN 50 084.
Hose connections for washing machines and dish-

washers must be VA-approved, and must not have a
length exceeding 2 meters. The hose must be with
factory-mounted couplings.
Flood securing based on level control in

bedplate below washing machines and
dishwashers and also shut-off by means of
solenoid valve.
Manifolds for domestic water 37
For manifold installations are used either copper

pipes or plastic pipes led in casing pipes.
Manifolds for domestic water must be VA-approved.

The manifolds have to be placed, so that possible
leaks in the pipes or joints will be discovered at
once, e.g. if water flows up from the casing pipe.
To ensure that there is a correct report in connec-

tion with a possible leak, the casing pipes in pipe in
pipe systems should be led at least 20 cm up above Measurement in cm
finished floor. The floor around the pipes must be
tight.
Necessary space conditions for installation of
The manifolds must be placed, so that it is possible
manifold installations for domestic water-
unhindered to inspect them. This means, e.g. that
they must not be placed in the plinth of a cupboard
or in a recess in the floor construction.
In connection with the placing of the manifolds it

has to be ensured, that sufficient space around the
pipes will be present, so that the installation later
can be controlled and possible service be made.
If the manifolds are placed in a cabinet in the wall,

the cabinet must have a solid and waterproof bot-
tom, so that possible out-leaking water cannot
penetrate to the wall. Measurement in cm
Embedded water pipes must be made without

joints. Where the installation is made with PEX-pipes
in casing pipes, it must be secured, that the
casing pipe is at least 20 cm above the fin-
ished floor, and the concrete must be casted
tight around the pipes.
Where the manifolds are placed in a cabinet,

this must have a waterproof bottom.
Outlets for taps 38
Depending on which material that is used for the

pipe installation there are different solution models
in connection with outlets in the wall construction.
Following from the Building Regulations must be
remembered:
• In the water charged part of a wet room pipe

penetrations are not allowed.
• Walls and wall coverings and also joints, con-

nections, pipe penetrations and alike must be
waterproof in the water charged part of the
room.
These rules make special demands for the pipe

penetrations, which necessarily must be made e.g.
in connection with a shower niche, a bathtub etc.
By the penetration of the membrane of the wall

tightness must be re-established like the original.
There are several solutions, which fulfil this.
Is the installation made as pipe in pipe instal-
lation with PEX-pipes, a solution as the here
shown could be used, also if it is a lightweight
construction. The shown solution form part of
a membrane, which secures, that no water
can penetrate into the wall. The joint between
PEX-pipe and coupling takes place inside the
coupling box, and by a possible leak the out
flowing water will be led through the casing
pipe forward to the manifold. It is possible to
separate the coupling box, so that later can
get access to the coupling and possibly re-
place this one.
Where the pipe installation is made as mani-

fold installation with copper pipes, a solution
as the here shown could be used – also in
connection with a plasterboard wall con-
struction. The solution form part of more
than rubber seal rings, also a membrane
that secures, that no water can penetrate
into the wall. The joint between copper pipe
and coupling takes place outside the wall
construction. By a possible leak the out
flowing water will be led outside the wall
construction.
Manifolds for heating 39
In connection with manifolds for heating there are

no demands for placing and report by leaks. The
manifolds should however be placed in the same
way as manifolds for domestic water.
The manifold consists of a main pipe with connec-

tion possibilities for the pipes, which are led forward
to the single components or installation object.
Pumps and automatics

In connection with the placing of manifolds for heat-
ing- and floor heating installations, there should be
– besides the demands for space conditions for the
manifolds and pipe connections –space also for
pumps, valves and automatics.
Manifold central intended for floor heating

system in the whole building. There will be
both a pump and temperature control for
every single floor-heating circle.
Manifolds intended for central heating with

radiators. The pipes are led from the mani-
fold forward to every single radiator. Soft
steel pipes, copper pipes or PEX-pipes with
membrane could be used.
Manifolds intended for a smaller floor heat

installation.
Floor drains 40
It is important, that sufficient slope towards the floor

drain is made. You do not need floor drains in bath-
rooms and in rooms with taps that are not placed
above an installation object or a floor drain. The
floor drain should be placed, so that it subsequently
is easy to clean it. You have to ensure, that the
chosen floor drain type fits the actual floor construc-
tion.
The floor drain must be mounted according to the

instructions of the manufacturer. The height siting
must be OK and membranes etc. correctly
mounted.
Connections to the side inlets in the floor drain must

be made with VA-approved connection nipples. Not Floor drains placed in a concrete floor must be
used side inlets must be corked up. led to the surface of the floor.
Floor drains that are placed in a light floor construc-

tion must be secured, so that they can stand the
vertical loads, which arise, when you walk on the
floor.
Floor drains in light constructions must be

secured, so that they can stand, that you walk
on them.
There must be sufficient slope towards the

floor drain, and no depressions are allowed.
By connection of side inlets must be used VA-

approved connection couplings. Not used side
inlets must be corked up.
Domestic water meter installation 41
All domestic water installations must nowadays be

provided with a meter for the water consumption.
It is the local water supply company that must
approve the placing of the meter. The installed
meter is property of the supply company.
The domestic water meter must be installed, so

that it is easy to read and replace it. This means,
that it must not be placed in cupboards, below
tables and similar.
Regular reading of the water meter can ensure
the user against leaks and water waste.
In the following sketches are shown the space

demands, which are made for placing of a water
meter.
In single cases the water supply company accept,

that the water meter is placed in a meter well out-
side the building, but in general the demand is,
that it should be placed inside the building.
Placing of domestic water meter in room. It is
The meter must be placed, so that it will not important, that the meter can be read and re-
subsequently be exposed for damage. placed.
a. max. 0,4 m
b. min 1,0 m for pipe dimensions up to 32 mm
b. min. 1,8 m for pipe dimensions bigger than 32 mm
c. min. 2 x meter dimension
The above drawing states the distances, which

are necessary to be able to replace the meter
and to ensure, that this will not be kept in press.
Heating meters for district heating 42
In buildings heated with district heating, you must

install a meter for the district-heating consump-
tion. It is the district heating contractor, who de-
cides the placing and type of meter. A lot of dis-
trict heating units have been prepared for a meter,
which will satisfy the demands of the district-
heating contractor.
If a split system is made, the meter should be built
in with sensors according to a drawing that will be
delivered from the heating contractor. Most me-
ters that are used for settling of the district heating
consumption are electronic, and in certain areas
are used meters, which can be read in a cup-
board outside the building in the same way as
electricity consumption.
The heating meter inclusive the necessary pipes

will normally require space as shown in the draw- Space demands for pipe installation around
ings. meter and sensors
All measures in mm
Space demands in connection with the meter

and the pipe installations, when the meter is
placed on the wall.
Check list for the certified plumber 43
By planning of the installation

Remember Description
Are main components placed, so that they subse- • At least 60 cm must be set aside in front of oil
quently can be repaired? and gas heated systems for service.
• Space must be made, so that the anode of the
domestic hot water tank can be replaced.
• Pumps and automatics must be able to get ser-
vice.
Are manifolds for domestic hot water placed, so that • Manifolds must be placed, so that they can be
they give report about possible leaks? inspected without difficulty.
• The casing pipes must be finished at least 20 cm
above floor surface, so that possible out-flowing
water is discovered at once.
Will the chosen systems for the domestic water • Vertical pipe penetrations must not be found in
installation fit the wet room constructions in the the water charged zone.
water charged zone? • Outlets for taps must fit the chosen wall con-
(SBI 180 and supplement to BRS-98) struction.
Have floor drains been chosen, so that they fit the • In floor constructions with membranes the floor
floor construction – especially in the water charged drain must be fit for building into these. Possible
zone? make control with the manufacturer’s directions
for the floor drain.
Have material combinations for domestic water • Copper pipes always have to come after galva-
installations been chosen, so that they later will nized steel pipes.
generate corrosion damages? • Change between copper and steel in the main
pipe must be provided with an ion trap.
• Stainless steel only should be used, if the chlo-
ride content in the water is < 150 mg/l.
Have the main pathways been chosen, so that pos- • Main pipes must be placed inside the weather
sible heat loss from the pipes will benefit the build- screen of the building, this means inside the in-
ing. sulation. Main pipes should not be placed in at-
tics and inside crawl space. If this nevertheless is
the case, they must be insulated inside the
weather screen.
44
Have the pathways been planned and projected, so • Domestic hot water pipes and heating pipes
that they make allowance for the installations that must be insulated against heat loss. The insula-
have to be led forward? tion increase the pipe diameter with about 60
mm. Domestic cold water pipes must be secured
against heating up either by insulation, or by
placing away from hot water pipes. The insula-
tion increases the diameter with about 60 mm.
By execution of the installation

Remember Description
Are main components as boiler and hot water tank • The floor covering must be led totally in below
placed on the finished floor covering? the boiler and tank, so that possible out flowing
water from safety valve etc. cannot penetrate
into the floor construction.
Have manifolds for domestic water been placed and • Manifolds must not be hidden in toe recess for
mounted, so that possible leaks can be discovered cupboards etc.
at once? • Manifolds must be placed, where you have a
finished floor covering, so that possible water
from the casing pipe will be discovered at once.
• The casing pipes must be led about 20 cm up
above floor surface and tight casted around, so
that out flowing water is discovered at once.
Have material combinations for domestic water • Have copper pipes been installed after galva-
installations been made, so that they later will gen- nized steel pipes?
erate corrosion damages? • Are changes between copper/steel in the main
pipes made with ion trap?
• When stainless steel pipes are used, the chloride
content must be examined.
Are the floor drain construction correctly made ac- • Slope towards the floor drain is needed.
cording to the manufacturer’s directions? • PVC coverings must not bulge around the floor
drain.
• Connections to side inlets must be made with
approved connection coupling.
• No distance between floor drain and grating is
allowed.
Is the pipe in pipe installation with PEX-pipes for • The casing pipe must be led at least 20 cm up
domestic water laid out and fixed, so that it is pos- above floor surface by manifolds and must be
sible to replace the media pipe later? tight casted around.
• The installation must be fixed in straight sections
• The casing pipe must not have breaks or be
squeezed flat.
• There must be sufficient bending radius, where
the installation is bended.
45
Have floor-heating pipes been made and fixed, so • The floor-heating pipes should normally be laid
that no damages can take place in connection with out on a steel reinforcement net. They are fixed
the casting of the floor? either with special binding wire or with finished
clips. In certain finished systems the pipes are
pressed down in traces in insulation plates.
Have correct coupling boxes / wall penetrations for • If you have a demand on a membrane in the wall
domestic water in water charged zones been used? construction, where the coupling box / wall pene-
tration penetrate this, a coupling box must be
used or a penetration with built in membrane.
Has it been secured, that penetrations of the wet • Pipe holders for visible pipes must not be
room membranes have not taken place in connec- screwed through the wet room membranes.
tion with mounting of other components?
Are the pipe installations placed, so that renewable • Replaceable pipes must be placed in a pathway,
pipes later can be replaced? so that it is possible to remove cover plates or
similar without doing any harm to the building
constructions.
• Casing pipes must be laid out and fixed, so that
they have no breaks or similar, that do, that the
media pipe cannot be drawn out later.
Are the pipe installations placed in their pathways, • If pipes are placed in pipe panels, shafts or simi-
so that make reports by possible leaks? lar, they must be made, so that out flowing water
is discovered at once.
Is the size of the chosen pathway sufficient for the • The outline of the pathway must be, so that you
chosen pipe installation? have space for legal insulation of the pipe instal-
lation. This means for smaller pipes, that the out-
side pipe diameter will be 2 – 3 times bigger.
Are the heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes • Heating pipes and domestic hot water pipes that
regular insulated? are used, as distribution pipes always have to be
insulated.
Legislation for services 46
By planning of new installations it is important, that In the following are mentioned codes of practice from
existing codes of practice and directions are re- “Ingeniørforeningen Danmark” and “Dansk Stan-
spected. In this section are explained about the dard”. From the regulations is referred to these
regulations, codes of practice and directions, which codes, which at present are the codes that are valid
must be followed in connection with projecting and for installations in the building activities.
execution of services.
DS 432, Code of practice for drainage installa-
tions
The Building law
This code gives the rules for design and installation
The Building law is the administrative law that of drainage installations in buildings and below
regulates all building activity in Denmark. The ground in private property.
Building law doesn’t give direct rules about,
how the building activities should be planned DS 439, Code of practice for water installations
and carried out. In chapter 5 of the law is re-
ferred to, that the Ministry of Housing can work This code gives the rules for design and execution of
out a Building Regulation, and that this must water installations in buildings and below ground in
be based on existing standards and codes of private property. A substantial condition that is stated
practice within the building activity. in this code is, that it is not allowed to have joints in
the non-replaceable part of a water pipe.
DS 452, Code of practice for thermal insulation of

The Building Regulations technical installations
BR 95 & BRS 98 This code gives the rules for insulation of the installa-
tions that are placed in the building. This code could
At present we have two valid building regula-
have meaning in relation to the space conditions for
tions, the ordinary building regulation, BR 95
the different installation objects.
and the regulation for small houses BRS 98. In
both regulations are special sections, which
DS 469, Code of practice for heating systems
specify conditions in relation to the services of
with water as heat conducting fluid
the building.
This code gives the demands for the thermal indoor
In BR 95 it is chapter 12 of the regulation,
climate and rules for design and execution of heating
which refer to codes of practice and directions
systems in buildings.
for services.
“Arbejdstilsynets” publications no. 42 and 58
In BRS 98 it is chapter 7, which refer to codes
of practice and directions for services.
In these publications are given the demands for se-
curity equipment and safety pipes in heating sys-
In both regulations are, besides references to
tems. These conditions could have meaning for
different codes of practice, some direct rules,
boiler and service room concerning arrangement and
that have relation to services. One of the most
lay out.
essential in this connection is the condition for
penetrations by installations in the water
Gas regulations
charged part of a wet room.
The gas regulations give the rules for gas-heated
BR 95 7.4.1d and BRS 98 4.6.1d say: In the
systems, their arrangement and placing and chim-
water charged part of the room must not be
ney- and outlet conditions. Especially the rules have
made pipe penetrations in the floor.
meaning for the possibilities you have for placing and
arrangement of boiler room / service room.
47
SBI directions MK-approvals
In connection with the codes there are a lot of SBI This approval agreement includes materials and
directions, which aim to give instructions and ex- constructions in the building act. For the area of in-
amples on projecting, arrangement and execution stallations special referring could be made to materi-
of installations. The SBI directions cannot be re- als and constructions that take part of wet rooms and
garded as a directly part of the demands of The wet room coverings.
building Regulations, but should to a great extent
be used as foundation. Following SBI directions are
relevant in connection with installations: Law no. 250, Law for authorization with addition-
ally regulations
• SBI direction 165, Water installations
• SBI direction 185, Drainage installations This law says that work with gas; water and drainage
• SBI direction 169, Wet rooms of the building installations alone must be made of companies and
• SBI direction 180, Examples on wet rooms of persons that have acquired authorization as Gas,
buildings. This is a collection of examples from Water- and Sanitary master – Certificated plumber.
direction 169.
The law concerns primarily the relations between the
VA- approvals authorized company and the supply company or the
local authorities.
The VA-approvals are prepared by the Ministry of
Housing. The approvals include all materials and For buildings that have their own water supply, the
components that are built into water- and drainage law is not valid in relation to the water installations of
installations. Furthermore the regulations in the the building.
approvals in connection with treatment of a building
case must be regarded in the same way as the
demands in the building regulations. The electrical power regulations
Excepted from the rules for approval are certain The electrical power regulations should only be men-
products that are mentioned in the circular for ap- tioned here, because it can have a meaning for plac-
proval agreement, and also linked products that are ing of parts of the installations of the building near to
meant for installation in a single installation. switchboards or other electrical installations.
Examples on VA-approvals
VA 1.12/DK to VA 1.14/DK Pipes and fittings

VA 1.22/DK to VA 1.26/DK Joints and solder fluxes
VA 2.41/DK to VA 2.42/DK Water traps and floor drains
Examples for thought 48
Example 1:
If not already in connection with arrangement of
the plan solution of the house space for installa-
tions is set aside, the plumber must subsequently
try to cram everything down into a broom cup-
board.
If service or repair will become necessary, big

parts of the installation in this example must be
removed.
Furthermore no floor is casted below the cup-
board. Out flowing water will therefore be able to
penetrate into the floor construction.
In this example it has been necessary to com-

press all pipe installations, gas boiler and gas
meter in a 60 x 60 x 180 cm cupboard – which is
all too small space.
49
Example 2:
From the picture you can see, that no casting of a
tight floor has been made, and that the casing
pipes on the water pipes have not been led up
above the concrete. Out-flowing water will there-
fore be able to flow out into the floor construction
without being discovered.
Segment of a pipe installation with manifolds for

domestic water and floor heating, inlet of water
main pipe and water meter, and also pumps for
floor heating and hot water circulation.
50
Example 3:
No casting around the pipes has been made,
and therefore it has not been possible to make
a tight surface, e.g. in the shape of tile covering
around the pipes. The manifolds are not fixed.
Manifold installation for the floor heat placed in

bathroom outside the wet zone.

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VITUS BERING, CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

JENS BERTELSEN & JENS PEDER PEDERSEN

Translation into English:

Jens Bertelsen & Jens Peder Pedersen

This guidance is prepared by Teknologisk Institut, Energi in corporation

Before 1990 a normal single-family house contained about 240 hidden

Translation into English

Layout og production PAJOR Reklamebureau.

For the architect…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

This section contains information about space con-

Remember! Pipes leading heat must be insu-

The wet rooms of the house

• Possible manifolds for pipes

To obtain the intentional quality in the technical in-

In the following part of this section the conditions,

Demands for the pipe installations

• Heating pipes could be made with embedded

• Heating pipes of plastic must be a type with

Concerning oxygen membrane see page (29)

Pipe in pipe installation.

The installation consists of a media pipe and a

1. To be able to lead possible out leaking

The utility room or storeroom shall be so big, that

The heating system

• Boiler for fuel or natural gas

Boiler for external mounted burner for fuel or

Unit (boiler + hot water story tank) for fuel

Heat exchanger for district heating. The heat

Manifolds for floor heating Meter installation for domestic water

Floor heating plant. Space ought to be set

Meter for district heating. It is a demand, that

Domestic hot water supply

Measurement in cm Domestic hot water store tank prepared for solar

Central heating supplied with fuel.

Boiler for natural gas.

Manifolds for domestic hot water supply

When the manifolds for the domestic water installa-

• Manifolds must be placed so that possible leaks

• The manifolds must be placed so, that it is easy

Visible pipes led to the manifolds, will typical

Remember! Domestic hot water pipes must

In case of long pipelines to bath and toilet room of Floor drain

• The manifold must – in the same way as in

• Possible out-leaking water must not be able to

Cabinet for manifolds

The manifold cabinet must have a waterproof bot-

Manifold installation placed in cabinet, which is

When sanitary equipment is placed in lavatories

In bathrooms for older people and handicapped,

See BR-S98 Space requirement for different types of sani-

Example on space requirements in connection

Definitions and demands for wet rooms

The areas in the floor, where daily water influence

The figures above show wet- and moist zones

Pipe penetrations in wet zones

Further information: SBI-direction 189

In the kitchen you need space to place a kitchen

For the automatic dishwasher you need water-

If the automatic dishwasher doesn’t have an

The drainage from the automatic dishwasher is

In connection with a gas boiler system it is impor-

In the following drawing are shown examples of

Gasreglement - Afnit A: Contains the demands for

Heating system for the house.

Pipes and pipe penetrations in wet

Boiler or heat exchanger for heating up

Heating pipes of copper 10-15 mm.

Domestic water pipes of copper 15-20

The pipes must be fixed