The online of Final Tests of Fluid Mechanics 1

1) When the pump in Fig. 1 draws 220 m3/h

of water at 20 oC from the reservoir, the total
friction head loss is 5 m. The flow discharges
through a nozzle to the atmosphere. Estimate
the pump power in kW delivered to the water.
Fig. 1
Answer: P = 33.7 kW

2) The pump-turbine system in Fig. 2

draws water from the upper reservoir
in the daytime to produce power for
a city. At night, it pumps water from
lower to upper reservoirs to restore
the situation. For a design flow rate
of 15,000 gal/min in either direction,
the friction head loss is 17 ft. Estimate
the power in kW (a) extracted by the Fig. 2
turbine and (b) delivered by the pump.

Answer: (a) Pturbine = 410 hp, (b) Ppump = 540 hp

3) Water at 20o C is pumped at 1500 gal/min

from the lower to the upper reservoir, as in
Fig. 3. Pipe friction losses are approximated
by hf ≈ 27V2/(2g), where V is the average velocity
in the pipe. If the pump is 75 percent efficient, Fig. 3
what horsepower is needed to drive it?

Answer: Ppump = 112 hp

4) Kerosene at 20 oC flows through the pump

in Fig. 4 at 2.3 ft3/s. Head losses between 1
and 2 are 8 ft, and the pump delivers 8 hp
to the flow. What should the mercury- Fig. 4
manometer reading h ft be?

Answer: h = 3.92 ft
5) For the pipe-flow reducing section
of Fig. 4, D1 = 8 cm, D2 = 5 cm, and
p = 1 atm. What is the manometer
reading h by using Bernoulli’s equation.
All fluids are at 20 oC. If V1 = 5 m/s Fig. 5
and the manometer reading is h = 58 cm,
estimate the head loss?

Answer: p1 = 170300 Pa, hloss = 0.21 m

6) Water flows through a circular nozzle,

exits into the air as a jet, and strikes a plate.
The force required to hold the plate
steady is 70 N. Assuming frictionless
one dimensional flow, estimate
Fig. 6
(a) the velocities at sections (1) and (2)
(b) the mercury manometer reading h.

Answer: (a) V2 = 9.96 m/s, V1 = 0.9 m/s (b) h = 0.4 m

7) Oil (SG=0.9) flows downward through

a vertical pipe contraction as shown in Fig. 7
If the mercury manometer reading h Fig. 7
is 100 mm determine the volume flow rate
for frictionless flow.

Answer: Q = 0.42 m3/s

8) A siphon is used to draw water at 70 F from a large

container as indicated in Fig. 8. The inside diameter of
the siphon line is 1 in. and the pipe centerline rises 3 ft
above the essentially constant water level in the tank.
Show that by varying the length of the siphon below
the water level h the rate of flow through the siphon
can be changed. Assuming frictionless flow, determine
the maximum flow rate possible through the siphon.
The limiting condition is the occurrence of cavitations
in the siphon.
Fig. 8
Answer: Q = 4.58×10-3 m3/s
9) The pressure rise Δp across a pump can be expressed as Δp = f (D, ρ, ω, Q) where D is
the impeller, ρ the fluid density, ω the rotational speed, Q and the flow rate. Determine
a suitable set of dimensionless parameters by using D, ρ and ω as repeating variable.

Answer: Δp/D2ρω2 = f (Q/D3ω)

10) At a sudden contraction in a pipe the diameter changes from D1 and D2. The pressure
drop Δp which develops across the contraction is a function of D1 and D2 as well as
the velocity V in the large pipe, and the fluid density ρ and viscosity μ. Use D1, V and
μ as repeating variables to determine a suitable set of dimensionless parameters.

Answer: ΔpD1 /Vμ = f (D2 /D1, ρD1V/μ)

11) Water flows over a dam as illustrated in Fig. 11.

Assume the flow rate q per unit length along,
the dam depends on the head H, width b,
acceleration of gravity g, fluid density ρ and
fluid viscosity μ. Develop a suitable set of
dimensionless parameters for this problem Fig. 11
using b, g and as repeating variables.

Answer: q/(b3/2g1/2) = f (H/b, μ/b3/2g1/2ρ)

12) The pressure drop per unit length Δp/L in a porous, rotating duct depends upon
average velocity V, density ρ, viscosity μ, duct height h, wall injection velocity Vw,
and rotation rate Ω. Using ρ, V and h as repeating variables, rewrite this relationship
in dimensionless form.

Answer: Δph/LρV2 = f (ρVh/μ, Ωh/V, Vw/V)

13) A 1:50 scale model is to be used in a towing tank to study the water motion near
the bottom of a shallow channel as a large passes over. Assume that the model is
operated in accordance with the Froude number criteria for dynamic similitude.
The prototype barge moves at a typical speed of 25.35 ft/s.
(a) At what speed (in ft/s) should the model be towed?
(b) Near the bottom of the model channel a small particle is found to move 0.15 ft in
one second so that the fluid velocity at that point is approximately 0.15 ft/s.
Determine the velocity at the corresponding point in the prototype channel.

Answer: (a) Vm = 3.58 ft/s (b) Vp = 1.06 ft/s

14) As show in Fig. 13, a thin flat plate containing
a series of holes is to be placed in a pipe to filter
out any particles in the liquid flowing through
the pipe. There is some concern about the large
pressure drop that may develop across the plate
and it is proposed to study this problem with
a geometrically similar model. The following
data apply.
(a) Assuming that pressure drop Δp depends on the variables listed above,
use dimensional analysis to develop a suitable set of dimensionless
parameters for this problem by using D, μ and V as repeating variables.
(b) Determine values for the model indicated in the listed in the list above with
a question mark. What will be the pressure drop scale, Δpm/Δp?

Answer: (a) Δp/ρV2 = f (d/D, ρVD/μ), (b) Δpm/Δp = 25

15) River models are used to study many different types of flow situations. A certain
small river has an average width and depth of 60 ft and 4 ft, respectively, and carries
water at a flow rate of 700 ft3/s. A model is to be designed based on Froude number
similarity so that the discharge scale is 1:250. At what depth and flow rate would the
model operate?

Answer: Qm = 2.8 ft3/s.

16) An orifice flow meter uses a pressure drop measurement to determine the flow rate
through a pipe. A particular orifice flow meter, when tested in the laboratory,
yielded a pressure drop of 8 psi for a flow of 2.9 ft3/s through a 6 in pipe. For a
geometrically similar system using the same fluid with a 24 in pipe, what is the
required flow if similarity between the two systems is to be maintained? What is
the corresponding pressure drop? Use D, ρ and μ as repeating variables to determine
an appropriate set of dimensionless.

Answer: ρQ/μD = f (d/D, ΔpD2ρ/μ2), Δp = 0.5 psi, Qp = 2.8 ft3/s.

17) Water is pumped steadily from
one large, open tank to another at
the same elevation as shown in
Fig. 17. Determine the maximum
power the pump can add to the
water if the flow is to remain laminar. Fig. 17
Answer: Wpump = 0.00376 lb ft/s.
18) Oil (γOil = 8900 N/m3, viscosity = 0.1 N·s/m2)
flows through a horizontal 23 mm diameter
tube as shown in Fig. 18. A differential U-tube
manometer is used to measure the pressure
drop along the tube. Determine the range of
values for h for laminar flow. Fig. 18

Answer: h = 0.509 m Fig. 19

19) The tank-pipe system of Fig. 19 is to deliver
at least 11 m3/h of water at 20 C
(ρ = 998 kg/m3, μ = 0.001 kg/m·s)
to the reservoir. What is the maximum
roughness height ε allowable for the pipe?

Answer: ε = 0.012 mm

20) The pipe flow in Fig. 20 is driven by

pressurized air in the tank. What gage
pressure p1 is needed to provide a 20 C
water flow rate Q = 60 m3/h Fig. 20

Answer: ε = 0.012 mm

21) Water at 20 C is to be pumped though

2000 ft of pipe from reservoir 1 to 2 at
a rate of 3 ft3/s as shown in Fig. 21. If
the pipe is cast iron of diameter 6 in and
the pump is 75 percent efficient, what
horsepower pump is needed?
Fig. 21
Answer: Ppump = 204 hp

22) The water pipe in Fig 22 slopes upward

at 30o. The pipe is 1 in diameter and
smooth. The flanged globe valve is fully Fig. 22
open. If the mercury manometer shows
a 7 in deflection, what is the flow rate
in cubic feet per second?

Answer: Ppump = 204 hp

23) In Fig. 23 there are 125 ft of 2 in pipe, 75 ft of
6 in pipe and 150 ft of 3 in pipe all cast iron. Fig. 23
There are three 90o elbows and an open globe
valve all flanged. If the exit elevation is zero,
what horsepower is extracted by the turbine
when the flow rate is 60 ft3/s of water at 20 C?

Answer: Pturbine = 1.32 hp

24) The pump shown in Fig. 24 delivers a head of 250 ft to the water. Determine the
power that the pump adds to the water. The difference in elevation of the two
ponds is 200 ft.

Answer: Ppump = 155 hp

Fig. 24

25) Water flows at a rate of 0.02 m3/s from reservoir A to B through three concrete pipes
connected in series as shown in Fig. 25. Find the difference in water-surface
elevations in the reservoirs. Neglect minor losses.

Answer: H = 16.95 m

Fig. 25
26) Three concrete pipes are connected in series as shown in Fig. 26. Determine the
length of an 8 in diameter equivalent pipe and the diameter of a 4200 ft long
equivalent pipe. Let Q = 1 ft3/s.

Answer: Ld=8 in = 5979 ft, D = 7.5 in

Fig. 26

27) The parallel galvanized-iron pipe system

of Fig. 27 delivers water at 20 C
(ρ = 998 kg/m3, μ = 0.001 kg/m·s) with
a total flow rate of 0.036 m3/s. If the pump
is wide open and not running, with a loss
coefficient K = 1.5, determine
(a) the flow rate in each pipe and
(b) the overall pressure drop.
Fig. 27
Answer: Ld=8 in = 5979 ft, D = 7.5 in

28) Water is pumped from a lake, into a large pressurized tank and out through two pies
as shown in Fig. 28 . The pump head is hp = 45 + 27.5Q -54Q, where hp is in feet and Q
(the total flow rate through the pump) is in ft3/s. Minor losses and gravity are negligible,
and the friction factor in each pipe is 0.02. Determine the flow rate through each of the
pipes Q1 and Q2.

Answer: Ppump = 155 hp

Fig. 28
 29) A pitot tube is inserted in an air flow (at STP)
to measure the flow speed. The is inserted
so that it points upstream into the flow and Fig. 29
the pressure sensed by the tube is the stagnation
pressure. The static pressure is measured at
the same location in the flow, using a wall
pressure tap. If the pressure difference is 30 mm
of mercury, determine the flow speed.

Answer: V= 80.8 m/s

30) A 0.064 m diameter nozzle meter is installed

in a 0.097 m diameter pipe that carries water
Fig. 30
at 60 C (ρ = 938.2 kg/m3, μ = 4.665×10-4 N·s/m).
If the inverted air-water U-tube manometer
used to measure the pressure difference across
the meter indicates a reading of 1 m,
determine the flow rate.

Answer: Q = 0.0157 m3/s

Fig. 31
31) Water flows through the orifice meter shown in
Fig 31. at a rate of 0.1 ft3/s. If h = 3.8 ft,
determine the value of d.

Answer: d = 0.109 ft

32) Water flows through the venturi meter

shown in Fig 32. The specific gravity
of the manometer is 1.52.
Determine the flow rate. Fig. 32
Answer: Q = 0.115 ft3/s

Good Luck……By Dr. Bundit Krittacom