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• A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-
order differential equation.
By KCL
v dv
iR iC 0 C 0
R dt
Decays faster
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Example 1
Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx, and
io for t ≥ 0.
Assume that vC(0) = 30 V.
di R Rt / L
dt i (t ) I 0 e
i L
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A general form representing a RL
t /
i (t ) I 0 e
L
where
R
• The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response
to decay by a factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial value.
• i(t) decays faster for small and slower for large .
• The general form is very similar to a RC source-free circuit. 8
Comparison between a RL and RC circuit
L
i (t ) I 0 e t /
where v(t ) V0 e t / where RC
R
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The key to working with a source-free RL
circuit is finding:
t / L
i (t ) I 0 e where
R
0, t0
u(t )
1, t0
0, t to
u (t to )
1, t to
0, t to
u (t to )
1, t to
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Represent an abrupt change for:
1. voltage source.
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• The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the
excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage
or a current source.
• Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) = V0
• Applying KCL,
dv v Vs u (t )
c 0
dt R
or
dv v Vs
u (t )
dt RC
• Where u(t) is the unit-step function 15
• Integrating both sides and considering the initial
conditions, the solution of the equation is:
V0 t0
v(t ) t /
V
s (V0 V s ) e t 0
t /
v (t) v () [v (0) v ()]e
Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws. 17
Example 5
Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below.
Assume the switch has been open for a long
time and is closed at t = 0.
Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
• Initial current
i(0-) = i(0+) = Io
• Final inductor current
i(∞) = Vs/R
t
Vs Vs
i (t ) ( I o )e u (t )
R R
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Three steps to find out the step response
of an RL circuit:
1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+.
2. The final inductor current i().
3. The time constant .
t /
i (t ) i ( ) [i (0 ) i ( )] e
Answer: i (t ) 2 e 10t 21