Computer Engineering 115 Lecture 1

UP EEEI CoE 115 Lecture 1 1
COE 115
Lecture 1
COE 115: Intro to Embedded Microcontrollers

• Instructors
• Marc D. Rosales, Ph,D.
• Class Website / Announcements / Lecture & Lab Materials

• UVLE Course:
COE 115: Intro to Embedded Microcontrollers

• Description
• Introduction to embedded microcontrollers in electronic and
electromechanical systems. Hardware and software design techniques.
System interfaces, data acquisition and control. High speed design
techniques
• Prerequisites
• EEE 105
• Credits
• 5h (2 lec, 3 lab) 3u
Coverage
• Programming structures and techniques.
• Conditional branching. Subroutines. Generating time delays and intervals.
Look-up tables. Indirect addressing.
• Digital interfacing.
• Analog sensing and A/D conversion. D/A conversion and PWM. Frequency
measurement.
• Communication.
• Bit banging, synchronous, asynchronous, SPI, I2C, USART, USB, CAN
• High-speed techniques and considerations
Grading
• Lab Grade
• 65%
• Lecture Grade
• 35%
• Short Quizzes / Attendance / Etc 10%
• Long Quizzes (3) 90%
• LONG QUIZ
• September 21, 2019 (Saturday) 10-11:30 Lectures 1 -6
• October 10, 2019 (Monday) 10 -11 :30 Lectures 7-10
• November 15, 2019 (Saturday) 10 – 11:30 Lectures 10-14
• December 7, 2019 (Saturday) 10 -11:30 Lectures 14- 18
Agenda
• Embedded Systems
• Microcontrollers
• Embedded applications using MCUs
• Basics of architecture
• PIC Microcontrollers
• PIC microcontrollers (Architecture)
• Memory organization and addressing modes
Embedded Systems Overview

• Embedded computing systems
• Computing systems embedded within
electronic devices
• Hard to define. Nearly any computing
system other than a desktop
computer
• Billions of units produced yearly,
versus millions of desktop units
• Perhaps 50 per household and per
automobile
Embedded Systems
• An embedded system is a special
purpose system that is used to
perform a dedicated function Home
Appliance
• Embedded systems encompass a
broad range of computational
power Printers
• Embedded systems seems
synonymous to “invisible” A/V Devices
Domestic Refrigerator
Autonomous Robot Platform

Ultrasound
Ranging
Module
Pulse Echo
Bump Sensor Bump Sensor

Left Right
Light Sensor Analog to Digital Light Sensor

Left Converter Right
Light Sensor Ultrasound

Rear Servo
Serial Data
PIC Compass
Power 5V
Microcontroller Serial
Regulation & Clock
Management
Serial Extension Bus
9V
Alkaline Pulse Width Modulation
Stream x2
9V Motor Drive
Interface
Motor Motor
Left Right
Example 2: Car Door Control, within a Larger Network

Car Door Control, within a Larger Network
window control buttons
window stall sensor Right
Door
Dash Climate
window motor Board Control
lock control
lock actuator open door sensor
Driver's
Steering Seat
Central
Control Air Radio
Bag & CD
CAN Bus
Left
Door
Embedded systems
• Cars
8
Embedded systems
• Examples
• Digital and analog televisions
• Set-top boxes (DVDs, VCRs, Cable boxes)
• Personal digital assistants PDAs
• MP3 Players and iPods
• Kitchen appliances ( refrigerators, microwave ovens)
• Telephones, cell phones
• Cameras
• GPS receivers
• … and many others
Embedded systems implementations

• Microcontrollers (microprocessor based systems)
• Custom digital circuits that perform the desired function

• Discrete Digital Circuits (TTL chips)
• Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
• Field-Programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)
• Application specific integrated circuits (ASIC)
• Combination of ASIC, FPGA, Microcontrollers

Embedded systems implementations Comparison

The Embedded System –

Embedded System: Generic Block Diagram
Generic Block Diagram (User Interface)
(display, keypad etc.)
(User Interface)
(display, keypad etc.)
Embedded Computer
Conditioning
Conversion
Signal
Input
Output
Drive
EmbeddedSoftware
Computer Output
Conditioning
Data
Conversion
Variables Variables
Signal
Input
Output
Drive
Output
Data
Variables Software Variables
Hardware
Hardware
(Link to other Systems)

(Link to other Systems)
An embedded system is a system whose principal function is not

computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it.
Common Characteristics of Embedded Systems

• Single-functioned
• Executes a single program, repeatedly
• Tightly constrained
• Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
• Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
• Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
An embedded system example -- a

An embedded system example
digital camera– a digital camera
Digital camera chip
CCD
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A

A2D
lens
JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum
DMA controller Display ctrl
Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl
• • Single-functioned
Single-functioned -- always a--digital
always a digital camera
camera
• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Tightly constrained – Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent
• Reactive and real-time – only to a small extent
13
Design Challenge – optimizing design metrics

• Obvious design goal:
• Construct an implementation with desired functionality
• Key design challenge:
• Simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics
• Design metric:
• A measurable feature of a system’s implementation
• Optimizing design metrics is a key challenge

• Common metrics
• Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
• NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost) : the one-time monetary cost
of designing the system
• Size: the physical scape required by the system
• Performance: the execution time or the throughput of the system
• Power: the amount of power consumed by the system
• Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without
incurring heavy NRE cost

• Time-to-prototype: the time needed to build a working version of the
system
• Time-to-market: the time required to develop a system to the point that
it can be released and sold to costumers
• Maintainability: the ability to modify the system after its initial release
• Correctness, safety, many more
The Embedded System – What Disciplines does

it Involve?
Digital Integrated Circuit

Electronics Design
Analog
Electronics Computer Architecture
Embedded Systems
Sensors and Software Engineering
Measurements
Data
Electric Motors & Communications
Actuators Control
Engineering
What is a Microcontroller?
• Full computer system on a

chip, even if its resources are
far more limited than a
desktop personal computer
• Designed for stand alone

operations
The Microcontroller
• A microcontroller is a microprocessor designed primarily to perform
simple control functions.
• Usually have these features
• low cost,
• physically small,
• input/output intensive, and capable of easy interfacing,
• limited memory capability for program and data,
• instruction set leading to compact code, with limited arithmetic capability, •
ability to operate in a real-time environment.
• For some applications, these features may also be needed:
• ability to operate in hostile environment, e.g. high or low temperature,
tolerant to electromagnetic interference, low power, with features adapted
to battery power.
• Difference between microcontroller and a microprocessor
system.
The Microcontroller
• A microcontroller has a processor and many peripherals integrated
with it on the same chip, like a flash memory, RAM, I/O ports, serial
communication ports, ADC …Etc.
• A timer module to allow the MCU to perform tasks for certain time
periods.
• A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the MCU and other
devices such as a PC or another MCU
• An ADC to allow the MCU to accept analog inputs for processing

A Typical Microcontroller
• Central processing unit
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs computation.
• Registers needed for the basic operation of the CPU, such as the program
counter (PC), stack pointer (SP), and status register (SR). or Special
function registers (SFR)
• Further registers to hold temporary results.
• Instruction decoder and other logic to control the CPU, handle resets,
and interrupts, and so on.
• A microprocessor can’t do all the functions of a computer system
on its own, and needs another circuits or devices to support it.
• I/O devices, RAM, ROM, DMA controllers, Timers, ADC, LCD driver.. Etc.
A Typical Microcontroller
• Memory for the program: Nonvolatile (read-only memory, ROM),
meaning that it retains its contents when power is removed.
• Memory for data: Known as random- access memory (RAM) and
usually volatile.
• Input and output ports: To provide digital communication with the
outside world.
• Address and data buses: To link these subsystems to transfer data
and instructions.
• Clock: To keep the whole system synchronized.
A Typical Microcontrollers: Peripherals

• Timers: Most microcontrollers have at least one timer because of
the wide range of functions that they provide.
• Watchdog timer: This is a safety feature, which resets the processor
if the program becomes stuck in an infinite loop.
• Communication interfaces: A wide choice of interfaces is available
to exchange information with another IC or system.
• Nonvolatile memory for data: This is used to store data whose
value must be retained when power is removed.
A Typical Microcontrollers: Peripherals

• Nonvolatile memory for data: This is used to store data whose
value must be retained when power is removed.
• Analog-to-digital converter: This is very common because so many
quantities in the real world vary continuously.
• Digital-to-analog converter: This is much less common, because
most analog outputs can be simulated using PWM.
• Real-time clock: These are needed in applications that must track
the time of day.
• Monitor, background debugger, and embedded emulator: These are
used to download the program into the MCU
Comparison
Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

• Consider a simple demo project: A heat control system
• periodically read the temperature
• (analog value, is digitized by sensor; uses 4-bit interface),
• control heating according to the temperature
• (turn heater on/off; 1 bit),
• display the current temperature on a simple 3-digit numeric display
• (8+3 bits),
• allow the user to adjust temperature thresholds
• (buttons; 4 bits), and
• be able to configure/upgrade the system over a serial interface.
Some Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Microprocessors and microcontrollers

Motorola PIC 16F877
PIC 16C72 68HC05B16
PIC 16F84A
Motorola 68000
PIC 12F508
Microprocessor based solution

2 CHAPTER 1. MICROCONTROLLER BASICS
memory), and EEPROM (for constants).1 The resulting board layout is depicted in Figure 1.1; as you
can see, there are a lot of chips on the board, which take up most of the space (euro format, 10 ⇥ 16
cm).
• Using Zilog Z80
Figure 1.1: Z80 board layout for 32 I/O pins and Flash, EEPROM, SRAM.
Incidentally, we could also solve the problem with the ATmega16 board we use in the Microcon-
troller lab. In Figure 1.2, you can see the corresponding part of this board superposed on the Z80
PCB. The reduction in size is about a factor 5-6, and the ATmega16 board has even more features
than the Z80 board (for example an analog converter)! The reason why we do not need much space
Microcontroller Solution
Using
•1.1. An Atmega 16 board
INTRODUCTION 3
Figure 1.2: ATmega16 board superposed on the Z80 board.

Microcontroller and Microprocessor

Figure 1.2: ATmega16 board superposed on the Z80 board.
Figure 1.3: Pinouts of the Z80 processor (left) and the ATmega16 controller (right).
PC0-PC7, PD0-PD7, which can be used for different functions. For example, PD0 and PD1 can be
used as the receive and transmit lines of the built-in serial interface. Apart from the power supply,
the only dedicated pins on the ATmega16 are RESET, external crystal/oscillator XTAL1 and XTAL2,
and analog voltage reference AREF.
Popular microcontrollers
• 8051 (Intel and others)
• 80286 EX (Intel)
• PIC (Microchip)
• 68HC05 (Motorola)
• Z8 (Zilog)
• MSP430 (TI)
Agenda
• What are embedded systems? How do we implement them?
• What is a microcontroller
• Developing embedded applications using MCUs
• Basics of PIC micro devices architecture
• C Programming language
Developing Embedded Systems

Hardware Development
• This includes choosing the right MCU for your application so that it
can satisfy the required applications.
• The criteria for choosing a microcontroller is:

• Number of I/O ports,
• Serial communication modules
• Peripherals like (Timer, ADC, PWM, .. Etc.)
• Memory requirements
• Processing speed requied
• Power requirements
Which Microcontroller ?
• Which one for a given application
• Cost is important.
• Cheapest device that matches the application needs
• Microcontrollers are generally tailored for specific applications.
• Wide variety to choose from
Which Microcontroller ?
• Controller family
• Defines the controller architecture
• Microcontrollers of same family will contain same processor core
• Code compatible
• Differ in additional components:
• amount of memory, number of timers, a different peripherals
• INTEL 8051, HC, PIC, ATMEL, TI
• Even in a single family there will be different controllers
A Manufacturer’s Microcontroller Portfolio
Family 1 Family 2 Family 3
Memory Memory
Core P Core Q Core R
Peripherals Peripherals Memory
Peripherals
Core P Memory Core Q Memory
Peripherals Peripherals
Core R Memory
Memory Core Q Memory

Core P Peripherals
Memory
Core R
Memory Memory
Core Q
Core P
Peripherals
Software Development
• Using assembly language involves learning the microcontroller’s
specific instruction set and may result in more compact and faster
codes
• Using C programming language makes codes portable.

• Could be used for another target microcontroller
• Eases process of software development (shorter time to market) with
acceptable quality
C vs Assembly language
• Assembly programs are optimized more than C programs,

but to develop more complicated programs, using C is
more practical and also efficient
Linker
• The linker’s function is to link code modules saved in different files
together into a single final program .
• At the same time it takes care of the chip's memory allocation by

assigning each instruction to a microcontroller memory addresses
in such a way that different modules do not overlap.
Debugger
• Common debugging features include:
• The capability to examine and modify the microcontroller’s on-chip

registers, data – and program- memory
• Pausing or stopping program execution at defined program locations by

setting breakpoints
• Single-stepping ( execute one instruction at a time ) through the code ;

and looking at a history executed code (trace)
• An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) puts all of the
previously discussed software components under one common
unified user interface
• MPLAB / MPLAB X ( Proprietary to Microchip)
• TI Code composer Studio ( Proprietary to TI)
• IAR Systems (3rd Party)
• KEIL (3rd Party)
• 3rd Party IDE supports multiple microcontrollers

Agenda
Architecture (Memory Access)

Architecture (Memory Access)

Harvard and von Neumann
Architectures
21
Architecture (Instructions)
CISC vs. RISC

• CISC
• complex microcoded instruction which may take many clock cycles to execute
• large and variable instruction size and offers many powerful instructions and
added addressing modes
• relatively longer to execute instructions, but the instruction set is richer
• RISC
• Simple, hard-wired instructions which often take only one or a few clock
cycles to execute
• Small and fixed instructions size with comparatively few instructions and few
addressing modes
• Execution of instruction is very fast, but the instruction set is rather simple
CISC vs. RISC

• CISC
• complex microcoded instruction which may take many clock cycles to execute
• large and variable instruction size and offers many powerful instructions and
added addressing modes
• relatively longer to execute instructions, but the instruction set is richer
• RISC
• Simple, hard-wired instructions which often take only one or a few clock
cycles to execute
• Small and fixed instructions size with comparatively few instructions and few
addressing modes
• Execution of instruction is very fast, but the instruction set is rather simple
Pipelining
Pipelining
Classic 5-stage RISC pipeline
Pipelining in the PIC microcontroller

Agenda
PIC microcontrollers
• One of the leading architectures
for low end applications (
applications requiring 4,8,16-bit
processors)
• RISC, Harvard architecture

processors
• Easier implementation to
pipelining without having a
complex hardware, less silicon
area and less power consumption
PIC Microcontrollers
• PICmicro devices architecture
• Harvard, RISC architecture
• Single Word Instructions

• Each instruction take one word of memory (14-bits)
• Single Cycle Instructions

• Each instruction is fetched in one instruction cycle, decoded and executed in the
next instruction
• Instruction Pipelining
• An instruction is fetched and another instruction is executed at the same time
every single TCY
PIC Microcontrollers example

Agenda
Oscillator
• Choice of suitable oscillator mode in the applications according to:
• The required processing speed

• The required timing precision
Oscillator
Oscillator
Instruction Cycle
• Time of fetching, decoding and executing an instruction is
the instruction cycle.
• For PICmicro devices:
Instruction Cycle
• The instruction fetch begins with the program counter incrementing
Q1
• In the execution cycle, the fetched instruction is latched in the
“Instruction Register (IR) in cycle Q1. This instruction is then
decoded and executed during the Q2, Q3 and Q4 cycles. Data
memory is read during Q2 (operand read) and written during Q4
(destination write)
Instruction Cycle
• Each instruction is fetched in one instruction cycle, and
then decoded and executed in another instruction cycle
• With pipelining, while the current instruction is fethed,

the previous instruction is executed. This means that
each instruction is fetched, decoded and executed in one
instruction cycle (4 clock cycles)
Instruction cycle
• Ex. If you use a 4 MHz oscillator, the MCU will execute 1 Million
instruction per second (1 MIPS)
• Clock frequency (4MHz) = Instruction execution (1MHz)

Agenda
Memory Organization
Memory organization
Memory Organization
Memory Organization
Memory Organization
Agenda
C Programming Language
• Features of C
• Extensive use of function calls
• Low level (Bitwise) programming readily available
• Pointer implementation- extensive user of pointers for memory and
arrays
• Structures and functions
• Can handle low-level activities
• Produces efficient programs
• Fast
• It can be compiled on a variety of computers
C Programming Language
Data Types
Operators
Operators
Conditional Statements
Switch Statements
For loop
While & Do-while loop

Arrays
Functions
MIX C and Assembly

Agenda
• Embedded Systems
• Microcontrollers
• Embedded applications using MCUs
• PIC microcontrollers (Architecture)
Summary
• An embedded system is a product that has one or more

computers embedded within it, which exercise primarily a
control function.
• The embedded computer is usually a microcontroller: a
microprocessor adapted for embedded control applications.
• Microcontrollers are designed according to accepted
electronic and computer principles, and are fundamentally
made up of microprocessor core, memory and peripherals; it is
important to be able to recognise their principal features.
End of Lecture Note

Computer Engineering 115 Lecture 1

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UP EEEI CoE 115 Lecture 1 1

COE 115: Intro to Embedded Microcontrollers

• Class Website / Announcements / Lecture & Lab Materials

COE 115: Intro to Embedded Microcontrollers

Embedded Systems Overview

Autonomous Robot Platform

Bump Sensor Bump Sensor

Light Sensor Analog to Digital Light Sensor

Light Sensor Ultrasound

Example 2: Car Door Control, within a Larger Network

Embedded systems implementations

• Custom digital circuits that perform the desired function

• Combination of ASIC, FPGA, Microcontrollers

Embedded systems implementations Comparison

The Embedded System –

(Link to other Systems)

An embedded system is a system whose principal function is not

Common Characteristics of Embedded Systems

An embedded system example -- a

CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A

JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum

DMA controller Display ctrl

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

Design Challenge – optimizing design metrics

Design Challenge – optimizing design metrics

Design Challenge – optimizing design metrics

The Embedded System – What Disciplines does

Digital Integrated Circuit

• Full computer system on a

• Designed for stand alone

• An ADC to allow the MCU to accept analog inputs for processing

A Typical Microcontrollers: Peripherals

A Typical Microcontrollers: Peripherals

Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

Microprocessors and microcontrollers

Microprocessor based solution

Figure 1.2: ATmega16 board superposed on the Z80 board.

Microcontroller and Microprocessor

Developing Embedded Systems

• The criteria for choosing a microcontroller is:

Family 1 Family 2 Family 3

Memory Core Q Memory

• Using C programming language makes codes portable.

• Assembly programs are optimized more than C programs,

• At the same time it takes care of the chip's memory allocation by

• The capability to examine and modify the microcontroller’s on-chip

• Pausing or stopping program execution at defined program locations by

• Single-stepping ( execute one instruction at a time ) through the code ;

• 3rd Party IDE supports multiple microcontrollers

Architecture (Memory Access)

Architecture (Memory Access)

CISC vs. RISC

CISC vs. RISC

Pipelining in the PIC microcontroller

• RISC, Harvard architecture

• Single Word Instructions

• Single Cycle Instructions

PIC Microcontrollers example

• The required processing speed

• With pipelining, while the current instruction is fethed,

• Clock frequency (4MHz) = Instruction execution (1MHz)

While & Do-while loop

MIX C and Assembly

• An embedded system is a product that has one or more