Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

COMSATS Institute Of Information And Technology Fluid Mechanics Lab
Lab Manual
Fluid mechanics
(CHE 230)
Prepared by:
Engr. Muneeb Ur Rehman
Department of Chemical Engineering

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan.
Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page1

General information of lab manual:

Fluid Mechanics lab will provide students with a meticulous understanding of the system of
units, fluid behaviour, momentum of flowing fluid, stress and friction in fluid etc. This
engineering lab lays down the foundation of basics of chemical engineering approach and is
designed for the students to gain hands on knowledge of operating the different fluid flow
equipments for certain operations. The specific objective of the course is to familiarize students
with the concept of fluid and particle mechanics. The students are required to do independent
manual work on pumps, flow meters, valves, pipe fittings, Bernoulli‟s apparatus, and etc.
Text Book:
 Smith, M. “Unit operations of Chemical engineering Thermodynamics” 7th edition.
Learning Outcomes:
In this lab students will able to identify the case and select different equipments e.g. flow meter,
pipe fittings, pumps, and valves etc., calibrate the different flow measuring devices, calculate
head loss due to friction, familiar with different types of pumps, pipe fittings and valves, to
calculate power requirement to pump a fluid, Able to outline the applications of different fluid
flow devices, solve different fluid flow problem using Bernoulli‟s theorem, develop, analyze,
and design different fluid flow systems using the developed concepts and techniques for
academic research. They will able to use their technical and managerial skills in fluid flow
problems of particularly chemical industries.
Safety Rules and Regulations:

 Wearing close-toed shoes
 Wearing safety goggles when appropriate
 Eliminating all „horseplay‟ in lab situations
 Being respectful of the equipment and treating it with care
 Paying attention when moving around your equipment or other lab groups

Instructions for preparing laboratory reports/books:
Each experiment should include following:
1. Title of experiment
2. Objective
3. Theory/Concept/Background including relevant pictures
4. Procedure
5. Data analysis, modelling, discussion
6. Useful data/charts/tables
7. References
 Calculations to be done on blank page

 Diagrams should be neat and clean
 Readings should be completed in all aspects
 Date and experiment name should be mentioned

Table of Contents
EXPERIMENT NO.01 ............................................................................................................................... 9
Volumetric flow rate using hydraulic bench ............................................................................................. 9
Objective………………………………………………… ………………………………………….6
Theory ................................................................................................................................................... 9
General Description of Hydraulic Bench .............................................................................................. 9
Unit Description .................................................................................................................................. 10
Startup procedure for Hydraulic bench ............................................................................................... 10
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Observations and Calculations ............................................................................................................ 11
Graph................................................................................................................................................... 12
Safety and Precautions ........................................................................................................................ 12
EXPERIMENT NO. 02 ............................................................................................................................ 13
Flow through an individual pipe ............................................................................................................. 13
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Application of Pipe networking in chemical industries: ..................................................................... 15
Procedures ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Observations and calculations ............................................................................................................. 16
Graph:. ................................................................................................................................................ 17
EXPERIMENT NO.03 ............................................................................................................................. 18
Flow through parallel pipes by using different pipe configurations ........................................................... 18
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Procedures:.......................................................................................................................................... 19
Observations and calculations:............................................................................................................ 20
Graph................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2Flow through Parallel Pipes in different configuration ...................................................................... 21
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Graph................................................................................................................................................... 22
Safety and Precautions: ....................................................................................................................... 22
EXPERIMENT NO.04 ............................................................................................................................. 23

Flow through Series Pipe Network ......................................................................................................... 23

Objective: To determine the head loss of pipes connected in series ................................................... 23
Theory: ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure: Pipe connected in series.................................................................................................................. 23
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Graph................................................................................................................................................... 26
EXPERIMENT NO.05 ............................................................................................................................. 27
Flow through Ring main system ............................................................................................................. 27
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 27
When 2 valves are Open ......................................................................................................................... 28
Observations and calculations: .......................................................................................................... 28
When 3 valves are Open ......................................................................................................................... 29
Graph: ................................................................................................................................................ 30
EXPERIMENT NO.06 ......................................................................................................................... 33
Discharge coefficient determination by using venturi meter………………………………………...30
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Equipment Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 34
Experimental procedure .......................................................................................................................... 35
General start-up procedure .................................................................................................................. 35
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Graph................................................................................................................................................... 37
Maintenance and Safety Precautions .................................................................................................. 37
EXPERIMENT NO.07 ......................................................................................................................... 38
Flow rate measurement using venturi meter…………………………………………………………..35
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 38
General Start-Up Procedure ................................................................................................................ 39

Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 40
General Shut-Down Procedures .......................................................................................................... 41
EXPERIMENT NO.08 ......................................................................................................................... 42
Coefficient of discharge for Orifice meter……………………………………………………………...39
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Bernoulli‟s Principle ........................................................................................................................... 43
Applications….. …. ............................................................................................................................. 44
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 45
EXPERIMENT NO.09 ........................................................................................................................ 48
Centrifugal pumps in single operation……….……………………………………………………….45
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 48
Structure of the Demonstration Unit ................................................................................................... 49
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 50
Method to produce characteristic curve .............................................................................................. 51
EXPERIMENT NO.10 ......................................................................................................................... 55
Centrifugal pumps in parallel operation………………………………………………………………...52
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 55
Experimental Module.......................................................................................................................... 56
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 57
Method to produce characteristic curve: ............................................................................................. 58
EXPERIMENT NO.11 ......................................................................................................................... 62
Centrifugal pumps in Series operation………………………………………………………………….59

Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 62
Theory. ................................................................................................................................................ 62
Experimental Module.......................................................................................................................... 63
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Method to produce characteristic curve .............................................................................................. 65
EXPERIMENT NO.12 ............................................................................................................................. 70
Pipe flow with friction ............................................................................................................................ 70
Objective. ............................................................................................................................................ 70
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 70
Fluid Friction Apparatus ..................................................................................................................... 71
Experimental procedure ...................................................................................................................... 73
EXPERIMENT NO.13 ............................................................................................................................. 74
Mechanics of fluid under sudden contraction and enlargement.............................................................. 74
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 74
Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 77
EXPERIMENT NO.14 ............................................................................................................................. 78
Coefficient of resistance for pipe fittings ................................................................................................ 78
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 78
Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 78
Procedure: ........................................................................................................................................... 79


EXPERIMENT NO.01
Volumetric flow rate using hydraulic bench

Objective:
Calculate the volumetric flow rate using hydraulic bench
Theory:
Volumetric flow rate is a relation of how much volume of a gas or liquid solution
passes through a fixed point in a system in a given amount of time. Volumetric flow rate is the
one most widely used for liquids. As implied by the name, its units will be volume of flow per
unit time. For gases, temperature and pressure have significant effects on the gas density, and
thus on the volumetric flow rate, so mass flow rate is sometimes used instead of volumetric flow
rate for gases. For flow of fluids in pipes, ducts, or open channels, the velocity will not be
constant over the cross-sectional area of flow, yet some measure of the fluid velocity is often of
interest. The velocity parameter most widely used is the average velocity, defined to be the
volumetric flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area of flow. Volumetric flow rate can be
calculated as a product of cross sectional area of flow and velocity. It can also be calculated as
volume per unit time. Both formulae are given below:
Volumetric flow rate=Velocity*Area
Volumetric flow rate=Volume/time
The mass flow rate is simply the fluid density multiplied by the volumetric flow rate, or:m = ρ*Q
= ρ*V*A, where ρ = the density of the fluid.
General Description of Hydraulic Bench:
Water is stored in a sump tank in the lower part. A centrifugal pump is provided to draw
thewater from the sump tank through a control valve to an outlet in the bed of the openchannel.
After passing through testing unit, water is collected in the volumetric measuringtank which is
stepped to accommodate high and low flow rates. The volumetric tankincorporates a stilling
baffle and remote sight tube with calibrated volumetric scale. A dumpvalve at the base of the
tank returns water to the sump tank for recycling. An overflowopening is incorporated on the
stilling baffle to prevent overtopping if the dump valve is left closed.
Specifications:
Material: Fiberglass
Pump Type: Centrifugal Pump

Material: Stainless Steel

Motor: 0.37kW
Unit Description:
Start-up procedure for Hydraulic bench:

 Ensure that the Hydraulic Bench is placed on a level ground and lock the wheels.
 Fill water into the sump tank of the Hydraulic Bench until approximately 90% full.
 Connect the water supply from Hydraulic Bench to any fluid mechanics equipment Series
using appropriate connector and hose. Then, fasten the hose with hose clip.
 Connect a drain hose to the testing equipment and direct into the volumetric tank.
 Connect the Hydraulic Bench to the nearest single phase power supply and switch on the
main power supply.
 Fully close the flow control valve then switch on the main switch to run the centrifugal
pump.
 Gradually open the flow control valve and allow the piping to fill with water until all air
has been expelled from the system.

Note: It is necessary to prime the pump each time after draining/filling up thesump tank. To
prime the pump, loosen the air bleed screw on the pumphousing to release air trapped, then
tighten the screw.
Procedure:
1) A remote sight gauge, consisting of a sight tube and scale, is connected to a tapping in the
base of the tank and gives an instantaneous indication of water level. The scale is divided
into two zones corresponding to the volume above and below the step in the tank. A
dump valve is in the base of the volumetric tank. In operation, the volumetric tank is
emptied by allowing the entrained water to returnto the sump. When test conditions have
stabilized, retain the water in the tank.
2) Make sure that tank is empty before starting up the experiment.
3) Start up the centrifugal pump and throttle the valve up to an extent.
4) Fill up the tank to a known volume say 10 liter and note down the time requires for it.
5) For second reading again throttle the valve to set the flow rate and repeat the above
procedure.
6) Take 4 to 5 readings in the same way and observe the trend of readings.
7) Draw a graph between flow rate and time.
Observations and Calculations:
No. of
Observations Volume Time Volume/time
(Liter) (Sec) (Liter/Sec)

Graph:
Safety and Precautions:

 Set up device on even surface.
 Fill sump tank with tap water until the water level is 10cm below edge of sump tank.
 Connect electric power supply.
 Screw the discharge cap or a hose at the end of the discharge pipe.
 Switch on main power switch.
 Switch on pump.
 Open flow adjustment valve carefully.
 Replace the water weekly.
 It is important to drain all water from the tank when not in use.
 Do not place any heavy object on the hydraulic bench.
 Clean and wipe the bench with damp cloth after each laboratory session.

EXPERIMENT NO.02
Flow through an individual pipe
Objective:
To determine the head loss of a pipe connected individually
Theory:
One of the objectives of pipe network analysis is to determine how much energy the fluid will
lose by traveling through any pipe in the network. Bernoulli‟s Principle is generally expressed in
terms of energy per unit weight of water, or energy head. This is generally shown as
P V2
 zH (Equation 1)
 g 2g
Where V= Velocity;
P= Pressure;
z = Elevation;
H= Total Head
Reynolds Number is used to determine the whether the flow of fluids is laminar Flow or
turbulent Flow. In laminar flow, the fluid particles move in laminar layers following parallel
paths or streamlines; while in turbulent flow, fluid layer are mixed and particles follow irregular
paths. The Reynolds number can be obtained from the following equation:
 ud
Re  (Equation 2)

Where ρ=Density;
u= Fluid Velocity;
D=Diameter;
= Dynamic Viscosity
From Equation (1), the only term that is undefined is the head loss term due to the frictional
losses. For circular pipes of constant cross-section, the head loss can be determined using the
Darcy-Weisbach Equation, as shown below:
fLV 2
hL  (Equation 3)
2 Dg
Where f=Friction Factor;

L= Pipe Length;
D= Pipe Diameter;
V= Pipe Velocity;
g= Acceleration due to Gravity
The friction factor for laminar flow and turbulent flow can be determined as below:
Laminar Flow:
16
f  (Equation 4)
Re
Where Re= Reynolds Number
Turbulent Flow:
The Moody Chart is a graphical method to find the friction factor in pipes. Note, you enter the
Moody Chart using Reynolds number (bottom) and the relative roughness (e/D), where e is the
absolute roughness or effective pipe roughness height.
The values of effective pipe roughness height for different pipes are shown in Table 1
Pipe Material Ks (mm)

Brass, Copper, Glass, Perspex 0.003
Asbestos Cement 0.03
Wrought Iron 0.06
Galvanised Iron 0.15
Plastic 0.03
Bitumen-lined Ductile Iron 0.03
Spun Concrete Lined Ductile Iron 0.03
Slimed Concrete Sewer 6.0
Table 1: Effective Pipe Roughness Height Values

For local head loss, rough turbulent flow is usually assumed which gives the simple formula:
KL u2
hL  (Equation 5)
2g
For the case of sudden contraction (e.g. flowing out of tank into a pipe) of a sudden enlargement
(e.g. flowing from a pipe into a tank) then a theoretical value of KL can be derived.
For sudden enlargement:

2
K L  0.44 K L  1 
A1 
 (Equation 6)
 A2 

For sudden contraction:
K L  0.44
Table 2 shows a few of KL value used in practice.
KL value
Practice
Bellmouth Entry 0.10
Sharp Entry 0.5
Sharp Exit 0.5
90°Bend 0.4
90°Tees In-line Flow 0.4
90°Tees Branch to Line 1.5
90°Tees Gate Value 0.25
Table 2: KL Values
Application of Pipe networking in chemical industries:

Water distribution network analysis provides the basis for the design of new system and the
extension of the existing systemin an industry. The flow and pressure distribution across a
network are affected by the arrangement and the sizes of the pipes and the distribution of the
outflow. Optimal design methods almost invariably incorporate the hydraulic analysis of the
system in which the pipe diameters are systematically altered.
Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow rate and the pressure heads
which satisfy the continuity and energy conservation. This may be stated as:
a) Continuity Equation: The algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipes meeting at a
junction, together with any external flows, is zero.
b) Energy Conservation: The algebraic sum of the head losses in the pipes, together with
any heads generated by in-line booster pumps, around any closed loop formed by pipes is
zero.

Procedures:
1. Connect the pipes according to Figure 1.
2. Open only for Valve 1 and Valve 6.
3. Run the system for a while to check for any leakages.
4. Connect the manometer.
5. Record the pressure differences (P1 - P2) for 8 different flow rates. Measure the
volume of water discharged and note down the time taken.
6. Plot a graph of head loss vs discharge flow rate. All readings should be tabulated as
in Table 4.
7. Repeat procedure 2 to procedure 5 by switching Pipe 5 to Pipe 3 and Pipe 2
respectively. Record all the relevant results.
Figure 1: Flow through individual pipe
Observations and calculations:
Sr. Volume, Time, Flow rate, Head loss, H

No.
V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/s) (PSI)

Graph: Plot the graph between volumetric flow rate and Head loss.

 Switch on pump.

EXPERIMENT NO.03
Flow through parallel pipes by using different pipe configurations
Objective:
To determine the head loss of pipes connected in parallel network
Theory:
When two or more pipes in parallel connect two reservoirs, then rejoins at a junction
downstream, the total flow rate is the sum of the flow rates in the individual pipes. This is shown
in Figure 1.
f1 ,L1,D1
PA PB < PA
A B
f 2,L 2 ,D 2
hL,1 = h L,2
Figure 1: Pipes connected in parallel

The pressure drop (or head loss) in each individual pipe connected in parallel must be the same
since P= PA – PB and the junction pressures PA and PB are the same for all the individual pipes.
For a system of two parallel pipes 1 and 2 between junction A and junction B with negligible
minor losses, this can be expressed as hL,1= hL,2.
So:
L1 V12 L V2
f1  f 2 2 2 (Equation 1)
D1 2 g L1 2 g
Then the ratio of the average velocities and the flow rates in the two parallel pipes become
1
V1  f 2 L2 D1  2
  (Equation 2)
V2  f1 L1 D2 
And
 1
V1 Ac ,1V1 D12  f 2 L2 D1  2

  2   (Equation 3)
V2 Ac ,2V2 D2  f 1 L1 D2 

Therefore, the relative flow rates in the parallel pipes are established from the requirement that
the head loss in each pipe be the same. This result can be extended to any number of pipes
connected in parallel. The result is also valid for pipes for which minor loses are significant if the
equivalent lengths for components that contributes to minor losses are added to the pipe length.
Procedures:
1. Connect the pipes according to figure 2.
2. Open Valve 1, Valve 2, Valve 3, Valve 4 and Valve 5
4. Record the pressure differences (P1 and P2) for 8 different flow rates. Measure the
volume of water discharged and note down the time taken.
5. Plot a graph of discharge flow rate head loss.
6. Repeat procedure 2 to procedure 6 by switching Pipe 3 to Pipe 2. Record all the
relevant results.
Figure 2: Pipe network in parallel


Volume Time Flow rate Head loss
V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/s) (PSI)
Graph: Plot the graph between volumetric flow rate and head loss.

2.2Flow through Parallel Pipes in different configuration
Procedure:
1. Connect the pipes according to figure given below.
2. Open Valve 1, Valve 4 and Valve 5.
5. Record the pressure differences (P1 - P2) for 8 different flow rates. Measure thevolume of
water discharged and note down the time taken.
6. Plot a graph of head loss vs discharge flow rate. Repeat procedure 2 to procedure5 by
switching Pipe 5 and Pipe 6 to Pipe 3 and Pipe 4. Record all the relevantresults.

No. Volume Time Flow rate Head loss
of V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/s) (PSI)
Obs.

Graph:Plot the graph between volumetric flow rate and head loss

 Switch on pump.

EXPERIMENT NO.04
Flow through Series Pipe Network
Objective:
To determine the head loss of pipes connected in series network
Theory:
When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form a pipe line, they are said to
be in series, as shown in Figure. When the pipes are connected in series, the flow rate through
the entire system remains constant regardless of the diameters of the individual pipes in the
system. This is natural consequence of the conservation of mass principle for steady
incompressible flow. The total head loss in this case is equal to the sum of the head losses in
individual pipes in the system, including the minor losses. The expansion or contraction losses at
connections are considered to belong to smaller-diameter pipe since the expansion and
contraction loss coefficient are defined on the basis of the average velocity in the smaller-
diameter pipe.
A
B
f B ,L B, DB
fA ,LA ,DA
h L,1-2 =h L,A +hL,B
Figure: Pipe connected in series
Procedure:
2. Open only for Valve 1 and Valve 6.
5. Record the pressure differences for (P1 - P2) and (P2 - P3) for 8 different flow rates.
Measure the volume of water discharged and note down the time taken.
6. Plot a graph of head loss vs discharge flow rate for both pressure differences. Obtain
the total head loss by adding the head loss between P1 - P2 and P2 - P3.

Valve 1
Pipe 5
P2
Pipe 8
Valve 2
Pipe 6
P1 P3
Valve 3 Pipe 7
Valve 6
Pipe 15 Pipe 11
Valve 4
Figure: Pipe network in Series

From P1 to P2:
Sr. Volume Time Flow rate Head loss

No. V (Litre) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Litre/s) (PSI)

From P2 to P3:
Sr. Volume Time Flow rate Head loss

Total head loss from P1 to P3:
Sr. Volume Time Flow rate, Head loss


Graph: Plot the graph between volumetric flow rate and Head loss
Graph of Head Loss VsDischarge flow rate from P1 to P2, P2 to P3 and P1 to P3

 Switch on pump.

EXPERIMENT NO.05
Flow through Ring main system
Objective:
To determine the head loss of pipes connected in ring main system
Procedure:
2. Open valve 1, valve 4, valve 7 and valve 8.
5. Record the pressure differences for (P1-P2) and (P1-P3) for different flow rates.
Measure the volume of water discharged and note down the time taken.
6. Repeat step 2 to step 6 by opening the valve 6 and record the pressure differences
(P1-P2), (P1-P3) and (P1-P4) for eight different flow rates.
7. Plot the head loss vs discharge flow rate for the 2 valve opening and the 3 valve opening
in the same graph.
Figure: Pipe network in ring main system

When 2 valves are Open

From P1 to P2:
Volume, Time, Flow rate, Head loss, H

V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/sec) (PSI)
From P1 to P3:


When 3 valves are Open

From P1 to P2:

No. V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/s) (PSI)
From P1 to P3:

No. V (Liter) T (Sec) Q= V/T (Liter/s) (PSI)

From P1 to P4:

Graph: Plot the graph between volumetric flow rate and Head loss
Graph of Head Loss VsDischarge flow rate from P1 to P2 for 2 and 3 valves open

Graph of Head Loss VsDischarge flow rate from P1 to P3 for 2 and 3 valves open
Graph of Head Loss VsDischarge flow rate for 3 Valves open

 Switch on pump.


EXPERIMENT NO.06
Discharge coefficient determination by using venturi meter

Objective:
To determine the discharge coefficient of the venturi meter
Theory:
The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and a suitable differential pressure gauge. The
venturi tube has a converging portion, a throat and a diverging portion as shown in the figure
below. The function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the fluid and lower
its static pressure. A pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus developed, which
pressure difference is correlated with the rate of discharge. The diverging cone serves to change
the area of the stream back to the entrance area and convert velocity head into pressure head.
Assume incompressible flow and no frictional losses, from Bernoulli‟s Equation:
………………………… (1)
Use of the continuity Equation Q = A1V1 = A2V2, equation (1) becomes

…………………….... (2)
Ideal
…………….…… (3)
−1
1
𝐴 2
𝑄𝑖 = 60000 × 𝐴𝑡 × 1 − ( 𝑡 )2 × 2𝑔 × 𝐴 − 𝐶 2 …..………. (4)
𝐴𝑖
However, in the case of real fluid flow, the flow rate will be expected to be less than that given
by equation (3) or (4) because of frictional effects and consequent head loss between inlet and
throat. Therefore
Qa=Cd*A2*[1-(A2/A1)^2]^-1/2 [2*g(P1-P2/Ɣ+Z1-Z2)]^1/2…………….. (5)
In metering practice, this non-ideality is accounted by insertion of an experimentally determined

coefficient, Cd that is termed as the coefficient of discharge. With Z1 = Z2 in this apparatus, the
discharge coefficient is determined as follow:
Cd = Qa / Qi
Discharge co-efficient, Cd usually lies in the range between 0.9 and 0.99.
Equipment Diagram:

Experimental procedure:
General start-up procedure

1. Fully closed the water supply valve of hydraulic bench and fully open the discharge
valve.
2. Ensure that discharge hose is properly directed to the sump tank.
3. Turn on the pump and gradually open the water supply valve. At this point, you will see
water flowing into the venturi and discharge into the collection tank of hydraulic bench.
4. Proceed to fully open the water supply valve. When the flow in the pipe is steady and
there is no trapped bubble, start to close the discharge valve to reduce the flow to the
maximum measurable flow rate.
5. You will see that water level in the manometer tubes will begin to display different level
of water heights. If the water level in the manometer board is too low/high where it is out
of visible point, adjust the water level using the straddle valve. With the maximum
measurable flow rate, retain maximum readings on manometer. Reduce the water supply
head by adjusting the water supply valve if necessary.
6. At this point, slowly reduce the flow by controlling the flow discharge valve; you may
close this discharge valve totally.
7. You will begin to see that the water level in manometer tubes turn into same height.
8. This level may be at the lower or maybe at the higher end of the manometer board range.
(Take note that the pump from the hydraulic bench is at this time, still supplying water at
a certain pressure in the system).
9. Also check for “=Trapped Bubbles” in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube. You would
need to remove them from the system for better accuracy.
Note:
To remove air bubbles, you will have to bleed the air out as follow:
 All that is required is the use of small object such as pen or screw driver, to depress the
staddle valve, found at the top right side of manometer board.
 Depress staddle valve lightly to allow fluid and trapped air to escape out. (Take care or
you will wet yourself or the premise).
 Allow sufficient time for bleeding until all bubbles escape.
Procedure:
 Perform the General Start-Up Procedures mention in Section above.
 Adjust the discharge valve to the maximum measurable flow rate of the venturi .This is
achieved when tube 1 and 3 give the maximum observable water head difference.
Note: - Refer to the venture specification for the designed flow rate.
 After the level stabilizes, measure the water flow rate using volumetric method and
record the manometer reading.

 Repeat step 1 to 3 with at least three decreasing flow rates by regulating the venture
discharge valve.
 Obtain the actual flow rate, Qafrom the volumetric flow measurement method.
 Calculate the ideal flow rate, Qifrom the head difference between hAand hC using
equation 3.
 Plot Qa vs. Qi and finally obtain the discharge co-efficient, Cd which is the slope.

Data Analysis:
Throat dia. D3 = 16mm
Inlet dia. D1 = 26mm
Throat area At= 2.011E-04 m2
Inlet area A = 5.309E-04 m2
Water Head
Qa(LPM)
hA hB hC hD hE hF

Graph:
35
30
Cd=5
25
Actual
y = 5x + 4
Flow 20
Rate
15
10
0
10 15 20 25 30
Ideal Flow Rate
Maintenance and Safety Precautions:

1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatusshould be
stored properly to prevent damage.
2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tappingor
connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect theflexible
connection tube and blow through.
3. The apparatus should not be exposed to any shock and stresses.
4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory session.
5. Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.

EXPERIMENT NO.07
Flow rate measurement using venturi meter

Objective:
To determine the flow rate using venturi meter and percentage error calculation in actual flow
rate and calculated flow rate (Obtained after calculating Cd)
Theory:
Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe. The
basic principle on which a venture meter works is that by reducing the cross sectional area of
the flowof passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure
differenceenables the determination of the discharge through a pipe.
Venturimeter consists of three main parts as shown in figure.

1. Convergent cone
2. A Cylindrical throat
3. Divergent cone
The inlet section of the venture meter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe, which is
followed by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short pipe, which tapers from
theoriginal size of the pipe to that of the throat of the venture meter. The throat of the venture
meter is a short parallel-sided tube having uniform cross sectional area smaller than that of the
pipe. The divergent cone of the venture meter is a gradually diverging pipe with its cross

sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. At the inlet
section and at the throat, (i.e., section 1 and 2) pressure taps are provided to measure the
pressure difference. By applying the Bernoulli equation to the inlet section and at the throat,
(i.e., section 1 and 2) an expression for the discharge is obtained.
Water is allowed to flow through the meter at different rates ranging from zero to the
maximum. And the corresponding pressure differences shown in the manometer are noted. The
actualdischarge is determined using the measuring tank and the stop watch.
General Start-Up Procedure:

10. Fully closed the water supply valve of hydraulic bench and fully open the discharge
valve.
11. Ensure that discharge hose is properly directed to the sump tank.
12. Turn on the pump and gradually open the water supply valve. At this point, you will see
water flowing into the venturi and discharge into the collection tank of hydraulic bench.
13. Proceed to fully open the water supply valve. When the flow in the pipe is steady and
there is no trapped bubble, start to close the discharge valve to reduce the flow to the
maximum measurable flow rate.
14. You will see that water level in the manometer tubes will begin to display different level
of water heights. If the water level in the manometer board is too low/high where it is out
of visible point, adjust the water level using the straddle valve. With the maximum
measurable flow rate, retain maximum readings on manometer. Reduce the water supply
head by adjusting the water supply valve if necessary.
15. At this point, slowly reduce the flow by controlling the flow discharge valve; you may
close this discharge valve totally.
16. You will begin to see that the water level in manometer tubes turn into same height.
17. This level may be at the lower or maybe at the higher end of the manometer board range.
(Take note that the pump from the hydraulic bench is at this time, still supplying water at
a certain pressure in the system).
18. Also check for “=Trapped Bubbles” in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube.You would
need to remove them from the system for better accuracy.
Note:
To remove air bubbles, you will have to bleed the air out as follow:
 All that is required is the use of small object such as pen or screw driver, to depress the
staddle valve, found at the top right side of manometer board.
 Depress staddle valve lightly to allow fluid and trapped air to escape out. (Take care or
you will wet yourself or the premise).
 Allow sufficient time for bleeding until all bubbles escape.

Procedure:
1. Perform the general start-Up procedure in mention above.
2. Adjust the discharge valve to a high measurable flow rate.
3. After the level stabilizes, measure the water flow rate using volumetric method and
record the manometer reading.
4. Repeat step 1 to 3 with at least three decreasing flow rates by regulating the venture
discharge valve.
5. Calculate the venture meter flow rate of each data by applying the discharge co-efficient
obtained.
6. Compare the volumetric flow rate with venturi meter flow rate

Data Analysis:
Coefficient of discharge=Cd=
Throat dia. D3 = 16mm
Inlet dia. D1 = 26mm
Throat area At= 2.011E-04 m2
Inlet area A = 5.309E-04 m2
Calculated Flow Rate= Qi*Cd
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
Water Head
Qa(LPM)
hA hB hC hD hE hF

Qa(LPM) hA-hC (m) Calculated Flow Rate Error (%)

(LPM)
General Shut-Down Procedure:

1. Close water supply valve and venturi discharge valve.
2. Turn off the water supply pump.
3. Drain off the water from the unit when not in use.

1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatus
should be stored properly to prevent damage.
2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tapping or
connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect the flexible
4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory
session.
5. Always run the experiment after understand the unit and procedure.

EXPERIMENT NO.08
Coefficient of discharge for Orifice meter

Objective:
To calibrate the given orifice meter and find the co-efficient of discharge and draw a graph
between co-efficient of discharge and Reynolds‟s number
Theory:
An orifice plate is a device used to measure the rate of fluids flow. It uses the same principle as a
venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli‟s principle which says that there is a relationship between the
pressure of fluids and the velocity of the fluids. When the velocity increases, the pressure
decrease and vice versa.
An orifice plate basically a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in
which fluids flow. As fluid flow through the pipe, it has a certain velocity and a certain pressure.

When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the hole in middle, the fluid is forced to converge
to go through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly
downstream of the physical orifice, at the so called vena-contracta. Beyond the vena contracta,
fluid expands, velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the difference in fluid
pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass
flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli‟s equation.
Bernoulli’s Principle:
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli‟s principle states that for an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed
of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid‟s
potential energy.
Bernoulli‟s principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely
denoted as Bernoulli‟s equation. In fact, there are different forms of Bernoulli‟s equation for
different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli‟s principle is valid for incompressible
flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and also for compressible flow (e.g. gases) moving at low Mach
number. More advanced form may in some cases be applied to compressible flow at higher Mach
number.
Bernoulli‟s principle is equivalent to the principle of conservation of energy. This states that in a
steady flow the sum of all form of mechanical energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at
all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy
remain constant. If the fluids is flowing out of a reservoir the sum of all forms of energy is the
same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit mass (the sum of pressure and
gravitational potential (∆g*h) is the same everywhere.
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing
horizontally and along a section of streamline, where the speed increase it can only be because
the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower
pressure; and if I speed decrease, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower
pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the
highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the
pressure is highest.

Applications:
They are used in small river systems to measure flow at locations where the river passes through
a culvert or drain. Only a small number of rivers are appropriate for the use of the technology
since the plate must remain completely immersed i.e. the approach pipe must be full, and the
river must be substantially free of debris. In the natural environment large orifice plates are used
to control onward flow in flood relief dams. In these structures a low dam is placed across a river
and in normal operation the water flows through the orifice plate unimpeded as the orifice is
substantially larger than the normal flow cross section. However, in floods, the flow rates rises
and flood outs the orifice plate which can then only pass a flow determined by the physical
dimension of the orifice. Flow is then held back behind the low dam in a temporary reservoir
which is slowly discharged through the orifice when the flood subsides.
Unit Description:

Procedure:
First of all measure the volume of the tank. Switch on the pump then open the valve and measure
the ∆h in the manometer. Note the time to fill the tank. Calculate Volumetric flow rate (Q=V/t).
Take at least five reading of ∆h by varying the volumetric flow rate and calculate the valve of ∆P
by using
∆P = ρH2O* g*∆h
Now calculate the mass flow rate by multiplying V with the density of water. Then calculate
velocity at the orifice by dividing the vol. flow rate by the area of orifice. After this calculate the
Reynolds‟s number by using.
NRe = d*u*ρ/µ
Then calculate the value of co-efficient of discharge (Cd) by using the relation.
𝐴
𝐺 1 − (𝐴 𝑜 )2
𝑝
𝐶𝑑 =
𝐴0 2 × 𝜌 × ∆𝑃
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge
G = Mass flow rate
Ao = Area of orifice
Ap = Area of pipe
P = Density of the fluid
At the end draw a graph between Cd &NRe and between mass flow rate & ∆h.

Given Data:
Density of water = ρH2O = 1000 kg/m3
Diameter of pipe Dp = 0.017 m
Diameter of orifice Do = 0.014 m
Gravity = g=9.81m/s2

No. of ∆h ∆P Time Q G V=Q/A NRe Cd

3
Obs. (m) (Sec) (m /sec) (kg/sec) (m/Sec)

1. It is important to drain all water from the apparatus when not in use. The apparatusshould be
stored properly to prevent damage.
2. Any manometer tube, which does not fill with water or slow fill, indicates that tappingor
connection of the manometer is blocked. To remove the obstacle, disconnect theflexible
4. Always wear protective clothing, shoes, helmet and goggles throughout the laboratory session.
5. Always run the experiment after fully understand the unit and procedures.


EXPERIMENT NO.9
Centrifugal pumps in single operation

Objective:
To report the pressure-flow characteristics at different speeds of centrifugal pump in single
operation
Theory:
A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant. Its purpose is
to convert energy of a prime mover (electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy
and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by
virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the
rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the
stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The centrifugal pump used is a so-called turbine pump. In this pump, the water
passes through the blow wheel several times. This allows the pump to build up an
extremely high pressure compared to a typical centrifugal pump, despite the low
speed and low blow wheel diameter. Nowadays, almost all small centrifugal
pumps are based on this principle. The characteristic curves show the relationship
between one measured variable and other variables. Usually the volumetric flow
rate is taken on abscissa, while the other variables are taken on ordinate. The
pictorial view obtained in this regard is known as characteristic curves of a pump
and the pump performance is normally described by a set of the curves obtained.
Performance curves or characteristic curves are used by the customer to select pump matching
his requirements for a given application.

Structure of the Demonstration Unit:

Procedure:
 Switch on interface module.
 Switch on power meter using switch on rear.
 Completely open inlet butterfly valve.
 Completely close outlet butterfly valve.
 Set the pumps to the desired speed with the speed regulator and note this value.
 Slightly open outlet butterfly valve and set the flow for the first measuring point.
 As the pump speed increases with the flow, it must be adjusted to the desired speed on
the speed regulator.
 When the measured values have stabilized, plot the measuring point.
 Repeat this procedure in small steps until the outlet butterfly valve is fully open and the
entire characteristic curve has been plotted.

The software can calculate the differential pressure, hydraulic pressure and efficiency using the
following formulas:
1. The head of the pump is given by the difference between the inlet and outlet pressure:
dppump= p2– p1 in bar

2. The hydraulic power of the pump can be calculated from the head and the delivery flow:
3. If the recorded electrical power of the pump is to be measured using the power meter HM
280.02, the overall efficiency is given by:

Method to produce characteristic curve:

 After opening the software, you first have to select the demonstration unit, in this case
HM 283. You then reach the Main window, from where you can branch into the various
sub-programs.
 The System diagram sub-program displays a process diagram. The measured values are
shown numerically online.

 In the System values sub-program, an overview of the measured variables from the
measuring instruments reproduced is displayed. Due to the large, sometimes analogue
display, this window allows readings to be made from further away, making it ideal for
demonstration.
 The Curve measurement sub-program can be used to plot the measured values
graphically and save them. This sub-program contains a variety of options that provide
optimum support for producing a measuring curve.

 To produce a new curve, you first have to specify the measured variables to be displayed.
To do this, press button (9).
 You will then see a list of the available measured variables. While only one measured
variable can be selected for the abscissas (x-axis), for the ordinates (y-axis), a maximum
of 4 different measured variables can be displayed simultaneously. To illustrate this
graph is shown below where four characteristics of pump are taken on Y axis and one on
X axis.
 You then need to assign a file name. To do this, press button (4). A window opens up, in
which you can enter the file name and any comments.

 Each group has to save the characteristic curve chart and plot a graph on Microsoft Excel
from readings obtained by pressing the button of “Take measuring point”.

 Ensure the required voltage for pumping operation.
 Do not allow the pump to run dry.
 Only operate the system in dry, closed rooms in which there are no flammable or caustic
gasses, vapors or dusts.
 Do not apply any external voltages to sensor sockets and short circuit outputs.
 Only connect sensors using the specified cables.
 No not remove or swap any hoses from the pressure sensors or measuring fittings, as this
can lead to incorrect measured values being displayed.

EXPERIMENT NO.10
Centrifugal pumps in parallel operation
Objective:
To report the pressure-flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump in parallel operation.
Theory:

Experimental Module:
The experimental module contains the centrifugal pumps to be investigated, the pipe work, the
supply tank and the sensors. All components are mounted on a stable base plate.
This apparatus consists of:

- Transparent supply tank T1 with 15 litre content (1) and waste valve V6 (14).
- Suction pipe with inlet butterfly valves V1, V2 (2) and suction pressure sensor P1 (4).
- Centrifugal pumps 1 and 2 (5) with single-phase A.C. motor.
- Pressure pipe (13) with outlet pressure sensors P2, P3 (6), outlet butterfly valve V5 (7) and
vane flow meter F1 (8).
- Connecting conduit (3) with stop valve V3 for series connection of pumps.
- Two speed regulators allow speed control of the pump motors via a potentiometer (10).
- Inductive proximity switches (11) record speed n1, n2 of the impeller.

Procedure:
 The pumps are connected in parallel when conduit V3 is closed and V4 is open.
 Both pumps suck via their upstroke valve V1 or V2.
 The combined delivery flow can be restricted in thepressure line by V5. This is followed
by a vane flow meter F1 for measurement of the delivery flow.
 Repeat this procedure in small steps until the outlet butterfly valve is fully open and the
entire characteristic curve has been plotted.

following formulas:
The head of the pump is given by the difference between the inlet and outlet pressure:
The hydraulic power of the pump can be calculated from the head and the delivery flow:
If the recorded electrical power of the pump is to be measured using the power meter HM


sub-programs.
shown numerically online. Process flow diagram is also shown in it which helps the
observer to easily understand about the whole process.

demonstration.


X axis.
 Save the chart and also note down the readings at the points where you take measuring
points and plot it on Microsoft Excel.

 No not remove or swap any hoses from the pressure sensors or measuring fittings, as this
can lead to incorrect measured values being displayed.

EXPERIMENT NO.11
Centrifugal pumps in Series operation

Objective:
To report the pressure-flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump connected in series
Theory:

Experimental Module:
The experimental module contains the centrifugal pumps to be investigated, the pipe work, the
supply tank and the sensors. All components are mounted on a stable base plate.
This apparatus consists of:

- Transparent supply tank T1 with 15 litre content (1) and waste valve V6 (14).
- Suction pipe with inlet butterfly valves V1, V2 (2) and suction pressure sensor P1 (4).
- Centrifugal pumps 1 and 2 (5) with single-phase A.C. motor.
- Pressure pipe (13) with outlet pressure sensors P2, P3 (6), outlet butterfly valve V5 (7) and
vane flow meter F1 (8).
- Connecting conduit (3) with stop valve V3 for series connection of pumps.
- Two speed regulators allow speed control of the pump motors via a potentiometer (10).
- Inductive proximity switches (11) record speed n1, n2 of the impeller.

Procedure:
 The pumps are connected in parallel when valves V2 and V4 are closed and V3 is open.
 Repeat the procedure and note down the readings at different points.

following formulas:
The head of the pump is given by the difference between the inlet and outlet pressure:

The hydraulic power of the pump can be calculated from the head and the delivery flow:
If the recorded electrical power of the pump is to be measured using the power meter HM


sub-programs.
shown numerically online.

demonstration.

X axis.

 Save the chart and also note down the readings at the points where you take measuring
points and plot it on Microsoft Excel.

 No not remove or swap any hoses from the pressure sensors or measuring fittings, as
thiscan lead to incorrect measured values being displayed.


EXPERIMENT NO.12
Pipe flow with friction
Objective:
Determination of the pressure loss Pvor the head loss hvfor a flow subject to friction.
Theory:
With turbulent pipe flow, where the flow is considered steady at Reynolds numbers of Re >
2320, pressure loss is proportional to the
• Length l of the pipe
• Coefficient of pipe friction
• Density of flowing medium
• Square of the flow speed v.
In addition, the pressure loss increases as the pipe diameter reduces. It is calculated as follows
The associated head loss hvis calculated as follows
For turbulent pipe flow (Re > 2320) the pipe friction coefficient depends on the pipe roughness k
and the Reynolds numberRe. The pipe roughness k specifies the height of the wall elevations in
mm. The relationship between Re, and k is shown in the Colebrook and Nikuradse diagram.Here,
the wall roughness k is related to the pipe diameter d.The Reynolds numberRe is calculated with
thepipe diameter d, flow speed v and kinematic viscosity
The flow speed v is calculated from the volumetric flow rate (V) and the pipe cross-section.
For hydraulically smooth pipes (Re < 65d/k) and a Reynolds‟ number in the range of 2320 <Re<
105000, the pipe friction coefficient is determined using the Blasius formula.

For pipes in the transition range to rough pipes (65d/k < Re < 1300d/k, the range below the limit
curve in the diagram) the pipe friction coefficient is calculated according to Colebrook.
It is an implicit formula that has to be iteratively resolved. First of all estimate, place it in the
formula and calculate an initial approximation. This approximation is re-used in the equation to
calculate a second approximation. If the estimated value is taken from the Colebrook and
Nikuradse diagram, the initial approximation is generally sufficiently accurate and the values
only differ after the 3rd decimal place.
Fluid Friction Apparatus:


Experimental procedure:
In the following experiment, the pipe is investigatedin measuring section II.The measuring
section is l = 800mm. The series of measurements is carried out based on the head loss hv, i.e.
the ball cock before the measuring section is used to set certain heights on the pressure gauge
and determine the relevant volumetric flow. The pressure gauge is connected and the
measurements are carried out.

No. of 1 2 3 4
observations
Head Loss(mm)
Volumetric flow
rate (l/min)
No. of 1 2 3 4
observations
Head loss hv
in m
Volumetric flow
V
in l/min
Volumetric flow
in m³/s
Flow speed
in m/s
Reynolds‘
number Re
Pipe friction
coefficient
according
to Blasius
Calculated head
loss hv
Variance in %
Note:
 Draw a graph volumetric flow rate verses calculated and experimental head loss.
 Take volumetric flow rate on X-axis while head loss on Y-axis.

EXPERIMENT NO.13
Mechanics of fluid under sudden contraction and enlargement
Objective:
To study the mechanics of fluid under sudden contraction and sudden enlargement
Theory:
The changes in cross-section available on the experimental unit take the form of discontinuous
expansion or constriction. For a continuous change of cross-section, the coefficient of resistance
values can be taken from:

For a discontinuous change in cross-section, the coefficient of resistance can be derived from
Bernoulli‟s equation and the principle of linear momentum.
For expansion
For constriction

Here, A0 and d0 respectively represent the constricted cross-section. As this is normally un-
known, the coefficient of resistance for constriction is taken from the following diagram.
Unit Description:

Procedure:
In this experiment, the changes of cross-section are investigated in the measuring section I.
The pressure gauge is connected and the measurements are carried out.
Maximum volumetric flow has been set for the following measured results.

When installing the measuring objects, it must be ensured that the sealing rings are properly
fitted in the groove.
Union nuts should only be hand tight.
The measuring connections on the measuring object are used, not those on the measuring section.
Use distilled water.
Ensure the required voltage for pumping operation.
Do not allow the pump to run dry.

EXPERIMENT NO.14
Coefficient of resistance for pipe fittings
Objective:
Experimentally determination of coefficient of resistance for pipe fittings (Slanted seat valve and
socket shut-off gate valve.
Theory:
Slanted seat valve:Due to its jagged passage cross-section, the slanted seat valve has a
significantly higher coefficient of resistance in the range of coefficient of resistance = 1.5 – 2.0.
However, it is still significantly more favourable in terms of the flow than a standard DIN screw-
down stop globe valve, in which the flow has to be diverted twice by 90°. In this case, a
coefficient of resistance of around coefficient of resistance = 3.0 can be expected.
Socket gate valve:The socket shut-off gate valve, in this case a sluice valve, has a completely
free passage cross-section. However, there are side recessesfor holding sealing surfaces, resulting
in swirling. This results in coefficients of resistance with a = 1.0 – 1.5. As the socket shut-off
gate valve is symmetrical, the direction of flow makes no difference.
The coefficients of resistance for the fittings are now calculated using the following formula:
The distance between the measuring connections is used as the length l.

Procedure:
 In this experiment, the slanted seat valve and the socket shut-off gate valve are
investigated in the movable measuring section VI.
 When installing the measuring objects, it must be ensured that the sealing rings are
properly fitted in the groove. Union nuts should only be hand tight.
 The direction of flow in the slanted seat valve must be correct.
 The pressure gauge is connected and the measurements are carried out.
 The measurements are carried out with the fittings fully open.
 For the following measured results, the head loss for both fittings is set to 850mm and the
volumetric flow is determined.

Calculation of coefficients of resistance for the fittings:

When installing the measuring objects, it must be ensured that the sealing rings are properly
fitted in the groove.
Union nuts should only be hand tight.
The measuring connections on the measuring object are used, not those on the measuring section.
Use distilled water.
Ensure the required voltage for pumping operation.
Do not allow the pump to run dry.


Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

COMSATS Institute Of Information And Technology Fluid Mechanics Lab

Department of Chemical Engineering

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page1

General information of lab manual:

Safety Rules and Regulations:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page2

Instructions for preparing laboratory reports/books:

Each experiment should include following:

 Calculations to be done on blank page

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page3

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page4

Flow through Series Pipe Network ......................................................................................................... 23

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page5

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page6

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page7

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page8

Volumetric flow rate using hydraulic bench

Volumetric flow rate=Velocity*Area

Volumetric flow rate=Volume/time

General Description of Hydraulic Bench:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page9

Material: Stainless Steel

Start-up procedure for Hydraulic bench:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page10

Observations and Calculations:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page11

Safety and Precautions:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page12

Where f=Friction Factor;

Where Re= Reynolds Number

Pipe Material Ks (mm)

Table 1: Effective Pipe Roughness Height Values

For sudden enlargement:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page14

For sudden contraction:

Table 2 shows a few of KL value used in practice.

Bellmouth Entry 0.10

Sharp Entry 0.5

Sharp Exit 0.5

90°Tees In-line Flow 0.4

90°Tees Branch to Line 1.5

90°Tees Gate Value 0.25

Application of Pipe networking in chemical industries:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page15

Figure 1: Flow through individual pipe

Observations and calculations:

Sr. Volume, Time, Flow rate, Head loss, H

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page16

Safety and Precautions:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page17

Figure 1: Pipes connected in parallel

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page18

Figure 2: Pipe network in parallel

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page19

Observations and calculations:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page20

2.2Flow through Parallel Pipes in different configuration

Observations and calculations:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page21

Safety and Precautions:

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page22

Figure: Pipe connected in series

Prepared By: Engr. Muneeb UrRehman Page23

Figure: Pipe network in Series

Qa=CdA2[1-(A2/A1)^2]^-1/2 [2*g(P1-P2/Ɣ+Z1-Z2)]^1/2…………….. (5)