Plagiarism is defined as the copying verbatim of language and ideas of other others writers and taking credit for

them. (Valdez,
2016 p. 18)

Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's writing, conversation, song, or even idea and passing it off as your own. This
includes information from web pages, books, songs, television shows, email messages, interviews, articles, artworks or any other
medium. Whenever you paraphrase, summarize, or take words, phrases, or sentences from another person's work, it is
necessary to indicate the source of the information within your paper using an internal citation. It is not enough to just list the
source in a bibliography at the end of your paper. Failing to properly quote, cite or acknowledge someone else's words or
ideas with an internal citation is plagiarism. (Retrieved from http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/whatisplag.php)

Two types of Plagiarism

1. Plagiarism of ideas occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to oneself untruthfully, For instance, if one writes a paper
on the theory of relativity of physics and no mention of Einstein is give, the writer explicitly or implicitly claims that this
theory is his or hers.

Citations are done in different ways:

A. Author-oriented citations

An author-oriented citations start with surname of the author, followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Verbs
of statement such as ARGUES, POSITS, EMPASIZES etc. at the start of the paragraph or sentence may be used.

Pulido (2012) believes that language is an online environment can be understood if other modes of online
communication are further analyzed to provide a full account of interaction in virtual words.

B. Text-Oriented citation

In a text oriented-citation, a paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with the surname of the author of the
work and the year of the publication. The citation should be enclosed in parentheses.

Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject areas, problems in comprehension of
subject matter will be a prominent issue in the teaching learning process (Estacio, 2010)

C. Another way of citation

Start the paragraph using the phrase “According to…” followed by the surname of the author and the year of
publication enclosed in parentheses.

According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century, our fuel reserves will be reduced to half, and scarcity of
energy supplies will be a big problem.

Aside from texts, movies, images and music should be cited if used on your paper. The general rule is that the Author, title of
work (may it be image, movie or music) and year it was produced (if applicable) be included in the citation.

Images:

 Luna's Spolarium (1884) inspired several artist in music and creative writing to produce works related to this powerful
painting.
 In 1884, Luna's Spolarium presented the different aspects of Philippine life.

Video:

 Spencer's (2009) "The Matchmaker" shows the different experiences of artists when they struggle with stardom and
deal with consequences of fame and fortune.
 "The Matchmaker" (Spencer, 2009) accurately captures the trials and tribulations of fame and fortune of artists making
it big in show business.

Music:

 The Beatles' song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) features John Lennon and Paul McCartney's genius that will influence
generations of musicians to create songs that challenge the norm.
 John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) which considered as one of the Beatle's
greatest hits in their illustrious career.

2. Plagiarism of language happens when an author uses the language of another writer and claims it as his her own.

Word-for-word plagiarism of the text, the writer cites the author but copies the whole text verbatim.

A writer commits patchwork plagiarism when ideas from the source are mixed with interpretations of the writer, creating
patches of text where ownership of ideas is unclear.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Prepared by:
Ms. Kyien V. Verastigue
 Points to remember about Plagiarism

 Web pages and other Internet sources are created by an author or authors, which means that if you use something
from the Internet, you have to cite it.
 Whenever you quote someone else's words you have to designate what they say by using quotation marks to show
that you've borrowed it and to set it apart from your own writing.
 When you summarize a block of text, you have to cite the source within your paper.
 Citing a conversation is not different from citing an article or a book. Whenever you quote someone's words, whether
they're printed, spoken or sung, you have to cite them.
 Proverbs are common knowledge, and therefore don't have to be cited.
 Any time you quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else's words or ideas, you have to cite them.
 The correct answer is False because using someone else's words without acknowledging who wrote them--even when
you blend those phrases with your own--is plagiarism.
 Any time you use someone's words or ideas, no matter what the form, you have to cite it.
 If you come across the phrase "era of error" and use it in your paper, you should cite it.
 The date for George Washington's birthday is common knowledge which means you don't have to cite the source in
which you found it because George Washington's birthdate can be verified in several different sources which means
it's common knowledge and you don't have to cite it.

To address plagiarism of language, effective note-taking techniques should be used.

Three types of note-taking techniques

1. Using direct quotations employed for statements that are so closely associated that altering the words may lose its
rhetorical impact.

Note: employ text-oriented citations

a. Using direct quotations means to lift text and enclose them in quotation marks. In addition to the author’s
name, the page numbers are included.

“Globalization is just a covert term for colonization” (Reyes, 1994, p. 2)

b. If the text is too long, you may omit certain parts and replace them with an ellipsis (three dots). If the words
omitted are at the end of the statement, another dot is added, making it four.

“Smartphones resulted from global innovations in technology…and therefore, consumers need to be updated on
the latest trends if they want to maximize opportunities offered by these gadgets to make daily activities more
convenient”. (De Claro, 2010, p.7)

c. Interpolation may be done to insert notes within the directly quotation passage to help readers understand
the context of the statement. Interpolation is marked by open an closed brackets.

“De Quiros, Zabala, Uy and Lee believe that the education sector should address the material conditions of
schools to improve teaching and learning” (Danao, 2011, p.7)
“[ Education] believe that the education sector should address the material conditions of schools to improve
teaching and learning”.(Danao, 2011, p.7).
d. Using too many direct quotations does not reveal your identity as an author. Specifically, it is important that
you develop your own voice and style of writing in expressing ideas. Using others’ statements help in argument
but does not show your originality and strength in making claims. Therefore as a rule of thumb, twenty percent
of the total length of the work may employ direct quotations. For instance, if the prompt essay requires you
to write in at least 1000 words, you may only have a total of 200 words allotted for direct quotations.

2. Summarizing a short restatement of the main idea of a text. Ideally, it is a third of the original text of your paper.
a. Make sure that you read the text thoroughly and highlight the important details of the text. Bear in mind that
certain details have relationships (cause and effect for example) and this should be noted as well.
b. After getting the main idea/s ue your own words in your summary. Make sure to check if the relationship of
ideas are established.
c. When done with your summary, recheck your output with the original to see if your output does not stray from
the original text. You may seek your teacher or peer’s feedback to be sure.

3. Paraphrasing is restatement in your own words of the main idea and supporting details of a text. A paraphrase may
match the length of the original work.

Tips in crafting your paraphrase:

a. Read the text thoroughly, noting both main ideas and supporting details. If confronted with along text, you
may outline these ideas to distinguish the major points from the minor ones.
b. After identifying these, carefully state that the relationships between and among these
ideas are observed.
c. Finally, when the paraphrase is done, compare your work with the original to make sure that the original
intentions of the author are not change.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Prepared by:
Ms. Kyien V. Verastigue
 The following are also several ways in paraphrasing:

1. Literal Paraphrasing: This type only replaces vocabulary terms from the original text.
Ex. Personal profit can serve as an inspiration to business to better serve their customers.

2. Structural paraphrasing- This type changes the structure as well as the word class of key words of the original
text.
3. Alternative paraphrasing- In this type, the writer first poses questions about the text is about, how the main idea is
supported, and the stand of the author about the topic. Then, the writer answers these questions using his/her own
words after reading the text; making sure that all ideas are connected.

Example of Summarizing and Paraphrasing

Original Text Summary Paraphrase

Mobile and computer technology Subia and Tatel (2014) view Subia and Tatel (2014) points out
may also affect children’s technology as something that that through technology may
sociability. The use of this may affect the social lives of have a negative impact in
technology may take away hours children in a negative and children’s ability to socialize since
from children’s social and playing positive way. it minimizes chances of real life
time. Yet from another interaction with others, they
perspective, it can help cultivate believe that through interactive
their communicative and social features of technology such as
skills through using different social sharing apps and varying
media platforms and sharing apps platforms for exchange,
with friends (Subia and Tatel, technology can enhance social
2014). skills among its young users.

Planning Essay and Presentation

Thesis statement is the overall idea or argument of your work. It is a general statement that presents essential points that
leads the reader to the light direction.
A good thesis statement should be focused and succinct and must be framed as a declarative sentence. Ideally, the
statement should have at least three ideas that will developed in succeeding sections of the work. Consider the following
example:

The ASEAN region is a dynamic system because it capitalizes on cultural diversity, rich resources, and a variety of
perspectives.

This thesis statement contains the main idea that the ASEAN region is a dynamic system. In order to support this, there are
three points that need elaboration—cultural diversity, resources, and a variety of perspectives. These three points will then
be developed in each paragraph in order to make a well elaborated one.

Thesis statement Topic Sentence

 Thesis statement is the main idea of an essay. This  Topic sentence serves as the main idea of a paragraph
means that since an essay has several paragraphs, the  Topic sentence usually has one supporting point.
thesis statement covers the main idea of a paragraph.
 Thesis statement contains at least two supporting points
which are developed in succeeding paragraphs.
A good thesis statement has several qualities:

1. A thesis statement is always framed as a declarative statement.

Poor example: What is Plagiarism?
Improved Version: Plagiarism can be explained from cultural and socio-political perspective.

2. A good thesis statement is focused, meaning it provides supporting points that strengthen the main claim.
Poor example: An effective local government unit should have good communication facilities and efficient resource
management programs since these initiatives will be beneficial for its citizens.

Improved version: Effective dissemination of information and efficient resource management are indicators of
effective local governance.

3. A good thesis statement has clear boundaries. Meaning, it sets limits to what the essay intends to explore.
Poor example: Guitar skills can be improved if the player is dedicated and there are sessions devoted to technique
and investments on good equipment must be considered since these will be influential in performing
in front of an audience.

Improved version: Excellent guitar playing requires countless hours of practice, strategic decisions and purchasing
equipment, and tireless dedication.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Prepared by:
Ms. Kyien V. Verastigue
 Presentation of Papers

Simply reading your paper is not a good way of sharing your work, It is important that the written output be effectively
designed for oral presentation. This means that not everything is presented but only the salient parts. The following are
some tips to help your presentation:

Before the presentation

1. Familiarize yourself with the mechanics of the presentation (time limit, equipment to use and audience)
2. Prepare (outline for presentation, media to be use, PowerPoint presentation)
3. Rehearse your presentation
4. Select appropriate attire for your presentation.

During the presentation

1. Relax. Focus on the points you rehearsed, referring to your notes/outline from time to time. Once you start talking,
tension will begin to lessen.
2. Elaborate. Add interesting ideas in your presentation that you came across while writing the paper.
3. Establish eye contact. It is good to look at the audience from time to time, perhaps at their foreheads. This allows
you to create the illusion that you are looking into their eyes minimizing your anxiety.
4. Start and finish strong. Good presentations start with the central theme or idea. Make sure to conclude with a
restatement of the central idea. Remember that the beginning and the end are powerful sections of your
presentation.

After the presentation

1. Thank the audience. Remember that the audience took time to attend your presentation. Showing gratitude is a
good way of gratitude is a good way of connecting with them.
2. Refer to your work. Questions are likely to be asked and therefore referring to your work would be a good way to
keep the discussions focused If there are ideas beyond the scope of your work, be open to welcome them.

References:

 http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/whatisplag.php
 http://www.mrswatersenglish.com/2015/11/teaching-high-school-students-how-to-avoid-plagiarism/

 Valdez P. N., (2016), English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Type of Exam
I. Matching Type 10 pts
II. Underline the hedging expressions in the following sentences 10 pts
III. Rewrite the following sentences (Formality) 10 pts.
IV. Complete the table (Formality) 10 pts
V. True or false (Plagiarism, Note-Taking, Planning of Essay) 15 pts
VI. ENUMERATION (Hand out 1) (15 pts.)
VII. Summarizing 15pts
VIII. Essay (Plagiarism, Presentation of Paper, Reaction Paper) 20 pts

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Prepared by:
Ms. Kyien V. Verastigue