OVERVIEW OF KSEB

KSEB Ltd. the sole representative body that generates and distributes the
electricity supply in the state as statutory established in 1957 rules in
force. The body was reconstituted the central government rule
Electricity Act 2003 with effect from 8th June 2005. Accordingly, KSEB
has been continuing all the functions as a Generator, State Transmission
Utility and a Distribution Licensee in the State.
GENERATION
The history of Hydropower development in Kerala begins with the
commissioning of Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project in 1940. Next few
decades saw the progressive developments of various schemes.
Sabaragiri in 1966 and Idukki in 1976 are milestones in the endeavor of
power development of Kerala State Electricity Board.
TRANSMISSION
Transmission system is an essential link between power stations and
load centers for bulk transfer of power and it has a vital role in the
management of power. KSEB has pioneered the modern concept of
developing a large transmission network for transferring power from
power stations to the local load centers.
DISTRIBUTION
KSE Board distributes electricity in the State of Kerala except in the
Thrissur Municipal Corporation and Munnar (Kannan Devan Hills). For
operational conveniences the distribution wing is divided into three
zones namely South, Central and North.

1
 INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low or the reverse or perform
any of several other important functions. Substations generally have switching,
protection and control equipment’s and transformers. Substations are of different
types. A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines and a
distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the
distribution system of an area. In Kerala, the major substations include one 400 KV
sub-station and seventeen 220 KV substations. The department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering of Government Polytechnic College, Kalamassery gives a
chance to their students to spend one week in industrial company. This training
gives the student the opportunity to see what they have studied and how to deal
with practical life. My training program was in the period from 10th June 2019 at
110kV Angamaly substation for one week. The present day electrical power
system is AC i.e., “electrical power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the
form of alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power station,
which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It
is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission and
distribution. At many places in the line of power system, it may be desirable and
necessary to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage, AC to DC frequency,
power factor etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus
called substation. For example, generation voltage (11KV/6.6KV) at the power
station is stepped up to high voltage of transmission of electric power. Similarly
near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to step down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.

2
 OBJECTIVES
• Familiarization of major industrial accessories, circuit symbols and their
specifications.

•To study the basic feeding arrangement and equipment’s.

•To study the tripping of feeders and transformers.

•Too a work studies the operating instructions in a substation.

•To study how to permit / SOC and understand Fire & safety in a substation.

3
110KV SUBSTATION ANGAMALY

4
LOCATION
STATION : 110KV ANGAMALY

COMMISSIONED ON : 26-02-2016

LOCATION : CHERIYAVAPPALASSERY

PANCHAYATH : NEDUMBASSERY

DISTRICT : ERNAKULAM

TRANSMISSION SUB DIVISION : CHALAKUDY

TRANSMISSION DIVISION : CHALAKUDY

TRANSMISSION CIRCLE : THRISSUR

TOTAL AREA : 1.43 HECTORS (2.84 ACRE)

CORDINATES : 10̊ 14’29” N 76˚22’25”E

SUPPLY SOURCE

110KV NETWORK OF ANGAMALY SUBSTATION

5
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 110KV
SUBSTATION, ANGAMALY

6
 FEEDING ARRANGEMENTS

110KV FEEDERS

CURRENT
SL. NAME OF ABBREV CONDUCT
CARRYING REMARKS
NO FEEDER IATION OR
CAPACITY
KALAMASSE
TAP FROM
RY -
KALAMASS
ANGAMALY
343 A ERY -
1 TAP - 1(VIA ACSR
KRAN KURUMASS
KURUMASSE WOLF
ERY LINE
RY)

KALAMASSE TAP FROM

RY - KALAMASS
ACSR
2 CHALAKKU CHAN 343 A ERY -
WOLF
DY TAP LINE CHALAKKU
-1 DY LINE

7
11KV FEEDERS

CURRENT
SL.NO NAME OF FEEDER INCOMER CARRYING
CAPACITY
STATION
1 1 200 A
AUXILIARY
2 CHAMBANOOR 1 200 A
3 INKEL 1 200 A
4 KIDANGOOR 1 200 A
5 KALADY 1 200 A
6 FLIGHT KITCHEN 1 200 A
7 ATHANI 1 200 A
8 SPARE 1 200 A
9 MEKKAD 2 200 A
10 ANGAMALY TOWN 2 200 A
11 AIRPORT 2 200 A
12 CHENGAMANAD 2 200 A
13 ACELLER 2 200 A
14 STAR HOTEL 2 200 A
15 SPARE 2 200 A

8
 SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS AND RATINGS

NO EQUIPMENT RATINGS QUANTITY

20 MVA
1 POWER TRANSFORMER 2
110KV/11KV

250 KVA
AUXILIARY
2 1
TRANSFORMER
11KV/433V

3 110KV SF6 CB 1250A, 145KV 4

110KV ISOLATOR WITH

4 800A 2
EARTH SWITCH

5 110KV ISOLATOR 800A 4

110KV/✔3

6 110KV PT (110KV/✔3)- 9

(110KV/✔3)
400-200-100/
6
1-1-1-1A
7 110KV CT
600-300-150/
6
1-1-1-1A

9
 1200-800/
8 11KV CT 6
5-5-5-1 A

1200-800/1A
2
(LV SIDE)
9 11KV NCT
300-150-75/1A
2
(HV SIDE)

10 110KV LA 110 KV 12

630A, 12KV 15
11 11KV VCB
2000 A, 12KV 1

12 11KV PT 11KV/110V 6

13 11KV LA 9KV 36

14 11KV CT 400-200/5-5 45

LEAD ACID
15 BATTERY BATTERY 55
2V/CELL

10
 YARD EQUIPMENTS

 POWER TRANSFORMERS
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 ISOLATOR
 BUS-BAR
 WAVE TRAP
 EARTHING SWITCH
 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
 STATION AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

11
 POWER TRANSFORMERS – (110KV/11KV)

A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing the frequency. Since there is no rotating or moving part
so transformer is a static device. Transformer operates on ac supply. Transformer
works on the principle of mutual induction.

Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective.
Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving end.
This low voltage power if transmitted results in greater line current which causes
more line losses. But if the voltage level of the power is increased, the current of
the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system
which results in reduction of cross sectional area of the conductor. Hence reduce
the capital cost of the system and improves the voltage regulation of the system.
Because of these benefits, low level power must be stepped up for efficient
electrical power transmission. This is done by step up transformer at the sending
side of the power system network. As this high voltage power may not be
distributed to the consumer directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level
at the receiving end with the help of step down transformer. Electrical power
transformer thus plays a vital role in power transmission.

12
 TRANSFORMER NO: - 1
MAKE : INDO TECH TRANSFORMER LIMITED (PROLEC) CHENNAI

CAPACITY : 20 MVA

VOLTAGE : HV - 110KV, LV - 11KV

AMPERE : HV - 109.7A, LV - 1049.72A

SERAL NO : ITK 51696/IT 4460

YEAR : 2015

% IMPEDANCE : 10.48

VECTOR GROUP : YNYno

COMMISSINED ON : 31/12/15

TRANSFORMER NO: - 2
MAKE : TELK

CAPACITY : 20 MVA

VOLTAGE : HV - 110KV, LV - 11KV

AMPERE : HV - 65.7A, LV – 656.9A

SERIAL NO : 120691 – 9

YEAR : 2017

% IMPEDANCE : 10.64

VECTOR GROUP : YNYno

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/07/2017

13
MAIN PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TANK
The factors such as weight, stray load losses and minimum cost are kept in mind
while selecting the material for transformer tank. The material must be capable to
withstand stresses due to jacking and lifting and must have capacity to house cores,
winding and internal connections giving adequate clearance between the windings
and walls. Rolled steel plates are used for tank bodies of most the transformers.
Small tanks are generally welded from steel plates. The larger tanks are assembled
from boiler plates. Usage of aluminium for transformer tank reduces the weight
and the stray magnetic losses. However, it increases the cost and also needs special
attention for lifting to present stressing. The aluminium tanks are usually made of
cost aluminium tank parts, which are mounted on a shallow miled steel tray and are
arranged to carry the main lifting.

TRANSFORMER OIL
Transformer oil is mineral (clean hydrocarbon) oil, which is obtained from refining
crude petroleum. It has the following purpose:

 It provides additional insulation.

 It carries away the heat generated in the core and coils.
 It protects the paper from dirt and moisture.

Transformer oil has the following properties:

 High dielectric strength.

 Low viscosity to provide heat transfer.
 It must be free from inorganic acid, alkali and corrosive Sulphur.
 It must be free from sludging under normal operating conditions.

CORE
The magnetic circuits are three limb types. Each limb being mitred with top and
bottom yokes. The core is built up with grade non ageing cold rod grain oriented
silicon steel laminations having high permeability and hysterious loss.

14
WINDING
Windings are arranged in concentric formations with lowest voltage winding next
to core. In case, tertiary winding is arrangement then this winding is placed next to
the core over LV winding, HV tapping and HV main winding are depending up on
requirement of impedance between various winding.

COOLING EQUIPMENT
The transformer is having either single or mixed cooling of ONAF and ONAN by
means of heat exchangers, fan and pumps. Fans are provided with wire mesh
guards. Fans are mounted either below the radiators and are ground supported on
frames at sides.

ONAF - Oil Natural Air Forced Cooling

ONAN - Oil Natural Air Natural Cooling

CONSERVATOR
As the temperature increases or decreases during operation there is a corresponding
rise or fall in volume. To account for this as expansion vessel is connected to the
transformer tank. The conservator has got a capacity between the minimum to
maximum oil level equal to 7.5 % of total oil in the transformer.

DEHYDRATING BREATHER
The conservator is connected to outside atmosphere through a dehydrating (silica
gel filled) breather to make sure the air in conservator is dry.

PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER

1. BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay universally
used on all oil immersed transformers having rating more than 500 KVA.
Buchholz relay is not provided in relays having rating below 500 KVA from the
point of view of economic considerations.

15
Buchholz relay is used for the protection of transformers from the faults occurring
inside the transformers. Short circuit faults such as inter turn faults, incipient
winding faults and core faults may occur due to the impulse breakdown of the
insulating oil or simply the transformer oil. Buchholz relay will sense such faults
and closes the alarm circuit.

Buchholz relay relies on the fact that an electrical fault inside the transformer tank
is accompanied by the generation of gas if the fault is high enough it will be
accompanied by a surge of oil from the tank to the conservator.

Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, the oil in the transformer tank gets
overheated and gases are generated. The generation of the gases depends mainly on
the intensity of fault produced. The heat generated during the fault will be high
enough to decompose the transformer oil and the gases produced can be used to
detect the winding faults. This is the basic principle behind the working of the
Buchholz relay.

2. EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

REF Protection is a unit protection scheme for one winding of the
transformer. It is generally of the high impedance type. The residual current
of three line current transformers is balanced against the output of the
neutral conductor.
It is an instantaneous relay with low settings. The whole
fault current is measured. Even if the prospective current level decreases as
fault positions progress nearer the neutral end of the winding, with a low
effective setting a large percentage of the winding can be covered.

3. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
A differential relay responds to a vector difference
between two or more similar electrical quantities. Difference protection is a
unit protection. The protection zone is determined by location of CT’s. The
vector difference is achieved by suitable connection of current transformer
or voltage transformer.

16
4. BACK UP O/C & E/F PROTECTION
This acts as backup relay for downstream side feeder
unclear faults and also acts as backup relays of transformer relays.

5. OIL HEATING PROTECTION

Oil thermometer gives alarm and trip for persisting and
high oil temperatures long time constant delays oil for getting true winding
temperature and hence incorrect replica used also to start cooler fans.

6. WINDING TEMPERATURE PROTECTION

Sensing through bulb and heating through sensor
connected from CT sec. gives hot spot temperature. Usually shows higher
reading short time heavy overload than time higher overload.

BUSHINGS

The bushings consist of a current carrying element in the form of a

conducting rod. Up to 33KV ordinary porcelain insulators can be used,
above this voltage ratings oil filled or capacitor type bushings are used.
Bushings are very important to the all transformer because without it,
conduction would not be possible. The bushings are necessary to complete
the conductive energy of the walls that are transferred within the transformer
so that they can move through the medium such as air and gas, including the
grounding barriers that each unit is designed with.

TERMINALS

Very small transformers will have wire leads connected directly to the ends
of the coils and brought to the base of the unit for circuit connection. Larger
transformers may have heavy terminals, bus bars or high insulated bushings
made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure
since it must provide careful control of electric field gradient without letting
the transformer leak oil.

17
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

In case of severe fault in the transformer, the internal pressure may build up
to a very high level which may result in an explosion of the tank. To avoid
such contingency a pressure relief valves is fitted on the transformer. It is a
spring loaded and has contact for tripping the transformer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

The on load tap changer consists of diverter switch installed into a pressure
tight oil compartment separated from transformer oil at the tap selector
mounted below it.

ALARMS

Oil temperature high alarm

Winding temperature high alarm
Tap changer OSR alarm
Buchholz relay
Low oil level alarm

MEASURING AND INDICATING PARTS

A transformer has many other indicating and measuring components such as

oil level indicator, pressure gauge, temperature indicator, radiator etc. which
are employed for transformer protection.

18
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used
for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation.
They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to
have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer
may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding. The
primary may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The secondary is
usually grounded on one terminal. In Angamaly substation only one set of PT on
the 110KV bus is made to measure the bus voltage.

MAKE : M/s VIDUTH CONTROL SYSTEMS (P) LTD

SERIAL NO : 1239

YEAR : 2015

VOLTAGE RATIO : CORE1-110KV/✔3

CORE2-110KV/✔3

OUTPUT : CORE1-150VA, CORE2-100VA

INSULATION LEVEL : 230/550KV

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS :3

19
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer is a device for the transformation of current from
a higher value to a lower value. It is used in parallel with AC instruments, meters
or control apparatus so that the meter or instrument coil cannot conveniently be
made of sufficient current carrying capacity. It reduce high voltage currents to a
much lower voltage value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the
actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard
ammeter. The principle of operation of a current transformer is not different from
that of an ordinary transformer.

There are two sets of CT’s available for transformers in the outdoor yard.

CT FOR FEEDER 1 CHAN

MAKE : VIDUTH CONTROL SYSTEMS (P) LTD

YEAR : 2015

RATIO : 600/300/150/1-1-1-1

BURDEN : CORE 2-60VA, CORE 3-30VA

ACCURRACY CLASS : CORE 1-PS, CORE 2-SP, CORE3-2PS

KNEE POINT VOLT : CORE 1-900V, CORE 3-900V

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

20
 CT FOR FEEDER 1 KRAN
MAKE : VIDUTH CONTROL SYSTEMS (P) LTD

YEAR : 2015

RATIO : 600/300/150/1-1-1-1

BURDEN : CORE 2-60VA, CORE 3-30VA

ACCURACY CLASS : CORE 1-PS, CORE 2-SP, CORE 3-2PS

KNEE POINT VOLT : CORE 1-900V, CORE 3-900V

NUMBER OF SETS :3

CT FOR TRANSFORMER 1
MAKE : VIDUTH CONTROL SYSTEMS (P) LTD

YEAR : 2015

RATIO : 600/300/150/1-1-1-1

BURDEN : CORE 2-600VA, CORE 3-30VA

ACCURACY CLASS : CORE 1-PS, CORE 2-SP, CORE 3-2PS

KNEE POINT VOLT : CORE 1-900V, CORE 3-900V

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

CT FOR TRANSFORMER 2
MAKE : VIDUTH CONTROL SYSTEMS (P) LTD

RATIO : 600/300/150/1(100/1 CORE IN USE)

HSV : 123KV

NSV : 110KV

YEAR : 2015

CLASS : CORE 1-PS, CORE 2-SP, CORE 3-0.2S, CORE 4-PS

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

21
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a
fault. It can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

In SF6 circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons. The SF6 circuit breaker is found to a very effective for high power and
high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developing for voltage 115KV
to 230KV, power rating 10 MVA. It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has
chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits
a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption
chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes.

22
ISOLATOR
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the
electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main
purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to
be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both
ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done
without any danger. During maintenance works the line isolator contacts are
opened, so that the three phases trip simultaneously. For the ease of earthing, dead
weights are provided at the end of earthing arm.

MAKE : GR POWER SWITCH GEAR LTD, HYDERABAD

TYPE : HCB

RATED VOLTAGE : 110KV

CURRENT RATING : 1250 AMP

IMPULSE : 1050

FREQUENCY : 50 HZ

OPERATING MECHANISM : MANUAL

CONTROL VOLTAGE : 110V DC

23
BUS-BAR
It is one of the most important elements in an electrical power station. It
is a type of conductor carrying an electrical current to which many connections are
made. In order words, bus-bar is a type of electrical junction in which the incoming
and outgoing of electrical current take place.

WAVE TRAP
A wave trap is a device that allows only a particular frequency to pass
through it that it is filters the signals coming onto it. It is installed in the phase
which is used for Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC). PLCC is used to
transmit communication and control information at a high frequency over the
power lines. This reduces need for a separate infra for communication between
substations.

24
EARTHING SWITCH
Main function of earth switch is to ground the isolated
bus/conductor. It is interlinked with isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earth
switch is closed and when isolator closes the circuit, earth switch is opened. So
earth switch provides extra safety to the working personnel.

25
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and
telecommunications systems to protect the insulations and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a
high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching
surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current
from the surge id diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.

There are 4 sets of lightning arresters in the 110KV side on each phase.

26
 1 CHAN FEEDER
MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

1 KRAN FEEDER
MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

TRANSFORMER 1 PRIMARY SIDE LA

MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

27
 TRANSFORMER 2 PRIMARY SIDE LA
MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIOND ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

TRANSFORMER 1 SECONDARY SIDE LA

MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

TYPE : LMAS

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

TRANSFORMER 2 SECONDARY SIDE LA

MAKE : LAMCO INDUSTRIES PVT LTD

TYPE : LMAS

RATED VOLTAGE : 96KV

DISCHARGE CURRENT : 10KA

LONG DURATION DISCHARGE CLASS : 3

PRESSURE RELIEF CURRENT : 40KA

COMMISSIONED ON : 22/12/2015

NUMBER OF SETS : 3

28
 STATION AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

 Supply for the substation is taken from auxiliary transformer.

 A dedicated 11KV feeder panel is provided in the control room to feed the
station auxiliary transformer.
 The secondary of the transformer is fed to an LT panel placed in the control
room.
 LT station supply can be back fed through 11KV chambanoor feeder.

STATION AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATION

MAKE : KEL
CAPACITY : 315KVA
AMPERE : HV-8.39A, LV-213.33A%
IMPEDANCE : 4.47
VECTOR GROUP : DYn11
YEAR : 2008
MOUNTING TYPE : PLINTH

29
 LT PANEL
LT panel is made locally in the Rose Engineering chambanoor. The main
components of LT panel is 315A MCCB, 315A change over switch, 7 No’s
4 pole MCB’s, 12 No’s 2 pole MCS’s and 7 No’s rotary switches to feed the
load. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Energy meter are also included. Indicating
lamps for auxiliary supply and external supply also is incorporated.

LT panel is having the following controls

 YARD LIGHT
 CONTROL ROOM LIGHTING
 PUMP HOUSE
 RECTIFIER UNIT
 OUTDOOR CUBICLE
 110KV CR PANEL OF TR 1
 110KV CR PANEL OF TR 2

30
 CONTROL PANELS

A control room or operations center or operations control

center (OCC) is a room serving as a central space where a large physical facility or
physically dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.

110kv Angamaly substation has the following equipment’s in the

control room. Their details and equipment descriptions are mentioned below.

 TRANSFORMER TR 1 & TR 2 110KV C& R PANEL

 INDOOR VCB PANELS
 OLTC PANEL FOR TRANSFORMER
 RTU PANEL

31
TRANSFORMER TR 1 AND TR 2 110KV C AND R PANEL

Transformer 1 C& R panel is of make M/S Danish Pvt Ltd while transformer
110KV control panel is having the following components….

 Ammeter
 Digital and Analog Voltmeter
 Digital Energy meter
 Annunciator showing alarm and trip indications.
 TNC switch for tripping and closing the SF6 circuit breaker
 Breaker indications
 Trip circuit healthy indications
 Over current and Earth fault relay
 Differential relay
 Restricted Earth fault (REF) relay
 Over fluxing relay
 Trip circuit supervision relay
 Pole discrepancy relay
 DC supervision relay
 Buchholz relay
 Winding and oil temperature alarm and trip

32
 INDOOR VCB PANELS

 Analog Ammeter
 KWH meter
 TNC switch
 Voltage selector switch
 Over current and earth fault relay
 Trip circuit supervision relay
 Master trip relay
 Breaker ON and OFF indications
 Trip circuit healthy push button and indication
 Test terminal block

33
 OLTC PANEL FOR TRANSFORMER

On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) is used with higher capacity transformers

where HT side voltage variationis frequent and a nearly constant LT is
required. OLTC is fitted with the transformer itself. Multiple tapings from
HV windings are brought to the OLTC chamber and contacted to fixed
contacts. Moving contacts rotates with the help of rotating mechanism
having a spindle. This spindle can be rotated manually as well as electrically
with a motor. Motor is connected in such a way that it can rotate both in
directions so as to rotate the PLTC contacts in clockwise and anti-clockwise
direction. Two push buttons are fitted on the LCP (Local Control Panel) to
rotate the motor and hence the OLTC contacts in clockwise and anti-
clockwise direction. This movement of contacts thus control the LV voltage
of the transformer. So rotating of OLTC contacts with spindle or push
buttonsin this way is a manual process. In case this process of rotating the
OLTC contacts and hence controlling the LV side voltage is to be done
automatically then a RTCC (Remote Tap Changer Controller) is installed
with the transformer HT panel. The RTCC sends signals to LCP and LCP in
turn rotates the motor as per the signals received from the RTCC OLTC (On
Load Tap Changer) is a mechanism used in transformer for changing the
tapping position on primary side (HV) of transformer 11KV/110KV the tap
changer on the primary/HV side of the transformer is either raised or
lowered to maintain constant 11KV input to thetransformer. Normally it is
raised or lowered in steps of 2.5% of normal KV value.
 Here in our substation, the OLTC is operated in 11 steps.
 Tap raise and Tap lower push buttons are engaged to raise and low the taps
respectively.
 Electronic hooter with bell switch arrangement is providing to acknowledge
the operation.
Digital indicator shows the current tap position.

RTU PANEL
RTU panel is used for SCADA works in the substation. This
is connected to the LD system.

34
 BATTERY CHARGER

 DC systems are installed in substations to supply power for control,

protection, alarms, communications and other critical auxiliary circuits
where maximum reliability of supply is essential. AC supplies can be
unreliable, whether it is obtained from the local supply or from on-site
alternator sets. In the event of AC supply failure, DC electricity is stored in
batteries with sufficient capacity to provide enough power until the AC
supply becomes available again.

 Battery inspections should be performed daily. These must consist of

checking the electrolyte level and checking the float voltage of each cell and
the bank float voltage. Don’t add distilled water until they get at least
halfway down in the level operating zone. After distilled water is added,

35
 equalize it for at least 48 hours or until all cells are gassing vigorously to
mix the newly added water with the electrolyte.
 If the voltage between cells gets too far off (per the manufactures
recommendations), you can equalize the batteries for at least 48 hours to try
to bring them back in line.
 You can also take a specific gravity reading of a pilot cell, which will tell
you the state of charge. This is normally okay if you have the float and
equalize voltages set correctly.

TYPE : CONSTANT VOLTAGE

YEAR : 2015

TYPE OF CONTROL : THYRISTER

INPUT SUPPLY : 415 C AC +/-10%

FREQUENCY : 50 HZ

NUMBER OF PHASES : 3 PAHSE, 4 WIRES

RATED DC OUTPUT : 122 V

RATED CURRENT : 5A

EFFICIENCY : >80%

TEMPERATURE RISE : 50% OR ABOVE AMBINENT

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION : CUBICLE

36
 STATION BATTERY

TYPE : YKP17

NOMINAL VOLT : 2 V/ CELL

AMPERE HOUR : 100

YEAR OF MANUFACTURE : 2015

NUMBER OF CELLS : 55

Exide make planate type lead acid battery with 55 no’s of cells for 110 V
DC supply is in service float voltage is 123.75. Each battery will have output
voltage of 2.0 V- 2.2 V at float mode.

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 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

Vacuum Circuit Breakers are circuit breakers which are used vacuum as an arc
extinction medium. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contacts are
enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the
contacts are separated in high vacuum. It is mainly used for medium voltage
ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV.

Vacuum circuit breaker has a high insulating medium for arc extinction as
compared to the other circuit breakers. The vacuum circuit breaker has mainly two
phenomenal properties.

i. High insulating strength: In comparison to various other insulating media

used in circuit breaker vacuum is a superior dielectric medium. It is better
than all other media except air and SF6, which are employed at high
pressure.
ii. When the arc is opened by moving apart the contacts in a vacuum, an
interruption occurs at the first current zero. With the arc interruption,
their dielectric strength increases up to a rate of thousands time as
compared to other breakers.

The above two properties make the breaker more efficient, less bulky and cheaper
in cost. Their service life is also much greater than any other circuit breaker and
almost no maintenance are required.

38
 PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND RELAYS
A relay is automatic device which sense an abnormal condition of electrical
circuit and closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the
circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for
disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy
circuit.

Pickup level of actuating signal:-

If the value of actuating quantity (voltage or current) is above threshold the relay
initiates to operate. If the value of actuating quantity is increased, the
electromagnetic effect of the relay coil is increased and above a certain level of
actuating quantity the moving mechanism of the relay just starts to move.

Reset level:-

The value of electric current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and
comes to its original position.

Operating time of relay:-

The time which elapses between the instant when actuating quantity exceeds the
pickup value to the instant when the relay contacts close.
39
Reset time of relay:-

The time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity becomes
less than the reset value to the instant when the relay contacts returns to its normal
position.

Types of relays in 110KV substation angamaly:-

1. Over current and Earth fault protection relay

2. Distance protection relay
3. Directional O/c and E/F relay
4. Master trip relay
5. LBB trip relay
6. Restricted Earth fault relay
7. Trip circuit supervision relay
8. PT fuse relay
9. Pole discrepancy relay
10.Backup protection relay
11.CB SF6 gas pressure low multiplication relay
12.Transformer protection relay
13.Automatic voltage regulating relay
14.Differential relay
15.Numerical relay
16.Auxiliary relay

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 1) OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY

The over current and earth fault protection are special types of protection
which is used to protect the costly apparatus from the effect of huge current flow.
Over current relays operates during the excess current flow through the network
and trips the circuit of circuit breaker, which isolates the faulty part of the network
from the healthy part. An Earth fault relay protects the huge current due to earth
fault.

2) DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY

Distance relay depending upon the distance of fault in the line. The relay operates
depending upon the impedance between the point of fault and the point where relay
is installed.

The deflecting torque is produced by secondary current of CT and restoring torque

is produced by voltage of potential transformer. In normal operating condition,
restoring torque is more than deflecting torque. Hence relay will not operate. But in
faulty condition, the current becomes large whereas voltage becomes less.

41
Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than restoring torque and dynamic
parts of the relay starts moving which ultimately closes the NO contacts of relay.
The operation of this relay depends upon the predetermined value of voltage to
current ratio (impedance). The relay will only operate when the impedance of the
line becomes less than predetermined impedance.

As the impedance of a transmission line id directly proportional to its length that a

distance relay can only operate if a fault is occurred within a predetermined
distance or length of line.

3) DIRECTIONAL O/C AND E/F RELAY

Directional over-current relay protection responds to over currents for a

particular direction flow. If power flow is in opposite direction, the directional over
current protection remains un-operative. Directional over current protection
comprises over current relay and power directional relay in a single relay casing.
The power directional relay does not measure the power but is arranged to respond
to the direction of power flow.

Directional operation of relay is used where the selectivity can be achieved by

directional relaying. The directional relay recognizes the direction in which fault
occurs, relative to the location of the relay. It is set such that it actuates for faults
occurring in one direction only. It does not act for faults occurring in the other
direction.

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 4) MASTER TRIP RELAY

Master trip relay is the main trip relay. In a protection system due to large number
of protection relays provided for various types of faults, all the tripping devices are
connected to a master trip from where the tripping command goes to the concerned
circuit breaker. The breaker will trip through this relay only. The entire relay
contacts will connect parallel to the master trip relay. If any of the protection relay
sense the fault, it will energies the master trip relay and the master trip relay will
trip the breaker. It is also known as lock out relay.

5) LBB TRIP RELAY

LBB (Local Breaker Backup) protection can be used to extend the tripping to the
transformer circuit breaker to the other breakers which comes as backup to the
transformer breaker with an additional delay of 100 to 250 milliseconds. The LBB
shall have two trips. First one delay of 100 milliseconds shall issue trip to both trip
coils of the same circuit breaker and second trip with delay of 250 milliseconds
shall be issued to trip upstream side feeder. In a substation, for feeder protection,
there are no mechanical protections.

Mechanical protections may or may not carry fault currents. Differential protection
tripping is very fast and buchholz operation is comparatively slow. Therefore,
43
simultaneous operation of both protections or operation of buchholz protection
shows that the occurrence of sufficient fault current along with buchholz operation
to operate the differential relay may not be there. Thus the operation of an
electrical relay working based on fault current along with mechanical faults of the
transformer cannot be expected. If the circuit breaker of the transformer fails to
operate, the fault cannot be sensed by the relays provided in the feeders as those
are sensing electrical parameters. So the fault will be aggravated until it turns out
to be an electrical fault and then only the incoming feeders clear the fault
electrically.

6) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for

sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. An external fault in the star side will
result in current flowing in the line current of the affected phase and at the same
time balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer, hence the resultant
electric current in the relay is zero. So this REF relay will not be actuated for
external earth fault. But during internal fault the neural current transformer only
carries the unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth Fault Relay
takes place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for
internal earth fault of electrical power transformer. The protection scheme is
comparatively cheaper than differential protection scheme.

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 7) TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAY

There are different contacts connected in series along a trip circuit of an electrical
circuit breaker. There must be some situation when the circuit breaker should not
trip even a faulty current passes through its power contacts. Such situations are low
gas pressure in SF6 circuit breaker, low air pressure in pneumatic operated circuit
breaker etc. In this situation the trip coil of the CB must not be energized to trip the
CB. So there must be NO contacts associated with gas pressure and air pressure
relays, connected in series with breaker trip coil.

Another scheme of trip coil is that it should not be re-energized once the circuit
breaker is open. That is done by providing one NO contact of breaker auxiliary
switch in series with trip coil. In addition to that the trip circuit of a CB has to pass
through considerable numbers of intermediate terminal contacts in relay, control
panel and circuit breaker. So if any of the intermediate contacts is detached, the
circuit breaker fails to trip. Not only that, if dc supply to the trip circuit fails, the
CB will not trip. To overcome this abnormal situation, trip circuit supervision
becomes very necessary.

8) PT FUSE RELAY

This three phase fuse failure relay, is used for monitoring the continuously against
blowing out or rupturing and inadvertent removals of the potential transformer
45
secondary fuses. It is suitable for 3 phase, 3 wire or 3 phase, 4 wire applications.
This works at a phase to phase voltage of 110 V. This relay can be used in
supervision of the VT fuses, so as to give blocking signals to secondary voltage
operated protection schemes, which otherwise may mal-operate due to blowing of
VT secondary fuses.

During the normal operation of FF1 only power ON LED will be glowing. If there
is any fuse failure in any phase, it trips and indicates that in which phase the fuse
has failed. After tripping if there is any further fuse failures, the corresponding
LED will glow. Only after replacing all faulty fuses, the relay will come back to its
normal position till then it will remain in tripped condition.

9) POLE DISCREPANCY RELAY

Pole discrepancy relay operates when all the 3 poles of composite 3 phase CB do
not close or open almost simultaneously. That is with a time delay of less than 300
MS (usual setting). Its operation is to trip all the 3 poles instantly. The trip coil
supply, the auxiliary contacts of each pole and a timer are used to form the relay.

10) BACKUP PROTECTION RELAY

Backup protection of electrical transformer is simple over current and Earth fault
protection applied against short circuit and excessive over loads. These over
current and earth fault relays may be of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
or Definite Time type relays. Generally IDMT relays are connected to the in-feed
side of the transformer. The over current relays cannot distinguish between
external short circuit, over load and internal faults of the transformer. For any of
the above fault, backup protection i.e. over current and earth fault protection
connected to in-feed side of the transformer will operate. Backup protection is
46
although generally installed at in fed side of the transformer, but it should trip both
primary and secondary circuit breakers of the transformer.

11) CB SF6 GAS PRESSURE LOW MULTIPLICATION RELAY

The SF6 gas system is sealed, fixed volume filled with a specific quantity of gas.
This results in the gas system pressure, at a constant density, changing with
temperature variations. The gas within the pole units is connected through pipes to
form a gas system which is monitored by a Gas Pressure Gauge and temperature
compensated gas pressure switch located in the mechanism housing. The gas
system also provides a gas valve for shutting of the gauge and switch from the
breaker as to permit their inspection and maintenance gas valve also located in the
mechanism housing providing for gas filling or evacuation of the breaker during
installation or maintenance.

If the pressure changes because of a leak in the gas system, causing the pressure
switch contact to operate. The pressure switch has two sets of electrical contacts.

Low pressure alarm - set to operate at 10% below the normal gas pressure

Low pressure cutout - set to operate at 20 % below the normal gas pressure

12) TRANSFORMER PROTECTION RELAY

Internal faults are a risk for all transformers, with short-circuits dissipating the
highest localized energy. Unless cleared quickly, the possibility to rewind
windings reduces and core damage may become irreparable.

The MiCOM Alstom P642, P643 and P645 address all these issues – preserving
service life and offering fast protection for transformer faults. A transient bias
technique has been included, enhancing relay stability and CT requirements.

47
 13) AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATING RELAY

Automatic voltage regulator is a microcontroller based equipment and is used to

monitor and maintain the output voltage levels in medium and high power
transformers by controlling the bidirectional motor controlled On Load Tap
Changer (OLTC), avoiding serious breakdown of the plant and damage to the
machineries used there in. The “Raise” or “Lower” control signal is generated by
the automatic voltage regulator controls the motor drive whenever the measured
voltage deviates from pre-programmed parameters. Trouble free operation is
largely ensured by incorporating under over/voltage blocking and control failure
delay functions.

14) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY

The Differential Protection of transformer has many advantages over other

schemes of protection.

 The faults occurred in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be
detected by Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not
in, cannot be detected by Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are
not adequately covered by Buchholz relay. Differential relays can detect

48
 such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz relay is provided in transformer for
detecting any internal fault in the transformer but differential protection
scheme detects the same in a faster way.
 The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur inside
the differential protection zone of transformer.

15) NUMERICAL RELAY

The numerical transformer protection unit RET3164 is designed for the fast,
selective protection of two or three winding transformers. In addition the
application for the protection of auto- transformers and block generator
transformer units is possible. The relay will detect different kinds of faults.

16) AUXILIARY RELAY

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

49
 STATION EARTHING

 Station is provided with mat Earthing.

 Earth resistance should be checked periodically once in every 3 months.
 Earth resistance value should be kept below one Ohm.
 It is tested by using Earth tester.

MAT EARTHING

Earthing mats also may include driven copper rods at some or all of
the grid intersections. The rods are more required to dissipate current than to
manage step and reach potentials. In some instances, it is also necessary to treat the
soil surrounding the mesh with chemicals to enhance soil conductivity. And it may
be necessary to install driven rods in bore holes that are backfilled with special
chemicals. In especially challenging applications (for example, in areas where
there is a lot of granite underneath the surface oil), it may be necessary to
supplement the mesh with either metal plates that are sunk into nearby bodies of
water or by connecting the mesh to water wells that are bored through the granite
into conductive soil.

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 SUBSTATION SAFETY

GUIDELINES FOR SAFE OPERATION

1. Isolator should not be operated with CB in ON position

2. Ensure isolation from all live parts before earthing

3. Remove all earthing before energizing feeder/bus/equipment.

GENERAL GUIDELINES TO OPERATORS

1. The personnel posted to the substation as Operators shall observe the

functioning of the operator and other staff and become conversant with all
operational activities of the substation during the parallel shift posting.

2. Carefully study the layout /single line diagram etc. of the substation,
physically ascertain the location of various equipment, incoming and outgoing
feeders etc.

3. Carefully study the operation /instruction manual of transformers, circuit

breakers, isolators, control panels, station battery, battery charger, L.T panels,
firefighting equipment etc.

4. Gain thorough knowledge of 11 kV feeders provided from substation, the

area to which the supply is extended, details of sections concerned.

5. Study the operational problems, if any peculiarities of functioning of any

peculiar equipment of substation etc. In detail and make personal notes.

6. Get precise idea of the equipment details, alarm annunciations related

references etc. of the station, control equipment on various switches fuses
controlling each circuit /function.

7. Property understands the mode of giving permit to work on feeders,

transformers and equipment.

8. Study the safety aspect of the station, operation of firefighting equipment

etc. in detail.

51
9. Be conversant with the mode of reporting incidents of various natures to the
higher officers in time and in appropriate manner.

10. Be polite, know all relevant phone numbers thoroughly.

11. Lady operators shall wear operator’s coat over their regular dress. They shall
always pin and knot their hairs while engaged in the shift duty.

12. All operators shall acquire adequate knowledge to mechanically operate the
circuit breakers installed in the yard.

Operators should synchronize the time with kalamassery substation daily.

SAFETY GUIDELINES

1. Aware of safety rules and become safety minded.

2. Work safely, orderly and with general care.

3. Study safety practices like First Aid, Resuscitation methods etc.

4. Have injuries treated immediately.

5. Exercise good housekeeping always.

6. Handle materials with care Lift and carry properly.

7. Keep all tools clean and in working condition.

8. Select right tools and use them properly.

9. Study the job; determine what to do and how to do; Plan well.

10. Accidents can be prevented.

11. Never substitute Assumption for Facts.

12. Report unsafe conditions and equipment defects immediately for action.

13. Be familiar with operation of all type of fire extinguishers.

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DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OPERATING STAFF

1. The operator on duty is in complete charge of the station while on duty and
should keep strict watch over the performance of all the equipment in the station.

2. React promptly and correctly to ensure stable supply of power safely.

3. Rectify abnormalities and errors if any and report the complex issues to the
Station Engineer and superior officers as the case may be.

4. The shift assistant is duty bound to assist the shift operator in execution of
all functions via; taking readings, VCB rack out and rack up, issuing IC, NBC. PW
etc. and any other assistance called for.

5. The operator should ensure the correctness of operations carried out by

Subordinates.

6. Carry out operations as per standing instructions.

7. Issue permit to work on lines connected to the substation equipment.

8. Maintain Operators diary and Log Book and other registers.

9. Act correctly and promptly to any failure of equipment’s.

10. Switch ON Standby fans of 110/11KV, 125MVA Transformers when it

exceed 10MVA, 526A.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS SAFETY

General:

1. Whenever EHV supply failure occurs.

a) Switch off the entire load on LV Side except that of auxiliary transformer.

b) Lower the tap of transformer to No.1

c) Contact 220KV Kalamassery Substation (Feeding Station ) and act as per

their directions.

53
2. When alarm on the over current or winding temperature is received due to
over current on the power transformer, reduce the load and wait for resetting that
alarm and then test charge the transformer without load and watch the
performance.

3. If winding temperature alarm is received other than overload condition the

transformer should not be test charged and the fault may be reported to the Station
Engineer immediately.

4. If the transformer trips on overload, reduce the load and test charge.

5. If Buchholz Alarm is initiated, switch off the transformer and inform Station
Engineer.

6. If the transformer trips on Buchholz, tap changer Buchholz, Differential

protection, low oil level, control DC failure etc. it should not be test charged and
the Station Engineer should be intimated immediately.

7. Whenever any alarm is received on any feeder/ equipment or any trouble is

noticed, switch off that particular equipment and investigate report.

8. Healthy trip condition and alarms should be tested at the beginning of each
shift.

9. Specific gravity of pilot cells may be taken in the first shift of every day.

10. Each and every operation should be recorded in detail in the Operator’s
Diary.

11. Maintain the voltage always at 11KV. At peak hours, increase and decrease
taps as and when required to maintain this. Operators are to be very vigilant about
the voltage sent out so as to provide correct voltage to the public.

12. If any 11 KV feeder trips

a) Wait for 3 min. And then test charge the feeder. If supply stood OK, check
load on each phase.

b) If the feeder trips again, declare it as ‘FAULTY’. Inform to Control Room

and ES, Edapally in case of Ponekkara, Palace, AIMS 1 and AIMS.

54
c) Trinity feeders. Inform ES, Cheranallor also, in case of Pachalam and
Kalamassery in case of Oceanus.

13. Switch offs and Ics

Switch offs and Ics are to be given only after getting instruction from Control
Room. When Switch OFFs and ICs are asked through phone,

a) Confirm the identity of the person.

b) Ask the feeder name twice to confirm.

c) Switch off (and rack ou5 the VCB in case of IC)of the 11 KV feeder.

d) Open the corresponding AB switch.

e) Then issue the IC with a code.

EMERGENCY OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Failure of DC supply

1. Check for any MCB trip in the changer.

2. Note alarm indications if any.

3. Check with the battery voltage.

Battery Charger Issue (Main Fail)

1. Check the charger module for any alarm indications.

2. Check any MCB trip in the charger.

3. Check whether fuse is blown out in LT panel and replace it immediately.

4. Intimate Station Engineer.

CB flash

1. Switch off the affected TxRCB mechanically. Open the 110KV side isolator
of the TxR at yard manually.

55
2. Switch off the VCB of affected incomer feeder mechanically and rack the
same, and switch of all outgoing feeders respect to the affected TxR.

3. Normalize the supply by charging the bus coupler.

4. Intimate Station Engineer.

OCCURRENCE OF FIRE

1. In case of 11kV/33kV panel side S/OFF all 110/11kV or 110/33kV

transformer immediately.

2. Discharge the fire extinguisher to quench the fire.

3. Intimate Station Engineer, Assistant Engineer and Executive Engineer.

4. In case of fire at yard, isolate the affected area and discharge fire
extinguisher.

56
 CONCLUSION

As a part of curriculum of the Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (2017-2020), student of Government Polytechnic College
Kalamassery, visited the 110KV substation, KSEB Angamaly for 5 days of
industrial training. My training program started from 10-06-19 and finished on 14-
06-19. The Electrical section grouped me and clarifies my doubt. Many officials
and staffs helped me and I learned many new things. I really thankful to them. I
prepared a report based on my studies and submitted it.

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