Problem 2-1

An air-filled rubber ball has a diameter of 150 mm. If the air pressure within it is increased until the
ball's diameter becomes 175 mm, determine the average normal strain in the rubber.

Given: d0  150mm d  175mm

Solution:
Sd  Sd0
H
Sd0
mm
H 0.1667 Ans
mm
Problem 2-2

A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of 375 mm. If it is stretched around a pipe having an
outer diameter of 125 mm, determine the average normal strain in the strip.
Given: L 0  375mm

Solution:
L  S ˜ ( 125) mm

SL  SL0
H
SL 0
mm
H 0.0472 Ans
mm
Problem 2-3

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P on the beam causes the
end C to be displaced 10 mm downward, determine the normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.

Given: a  3m L CE  4m
b  4m L BD  4m
'LCE  10mm

Solution:

§ a · ˜ 'L
'LBD  ¨ 'LBD 4.2857 mm
© a  b ¹ CE
'LCE mm
H CE  H CE 0.00250 Ans
L CE mm

'L BD mm
H BD  H BD 0.00107 Ans
LBD mm
Problem 2-4

The center portion of the rubber balloon has a diameter of d = 100 mm. If the air pressure within it
causes the balloon's diameter to become d = 125 mm, determine the average normal strain in the
rubber.
Given: d0  100mm d  125mm

Solution:
Sd  Sd0
H
Sd0

mm
H 0.2500 Ans
mm
Problem 2-5

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P on the beam is displace
10 mm downward, determine the normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.

Given: a  3m b  2m c  2m
L CE  4m L BD  3m

' tip  10mm

Solution:

'LBD 'L CE 'LCE ' tip

= =
a ab ab abc

§ a  b ·˜ '
'LCE  ¨ 'LCE 7.1429 mm
© a  b  c ¹ tip

§ a ·˜ '
'LBD  ¨ 'LBD 4.2857 mm
© a  b  c ¹ tip

Average Normal Strain:

'LCE mm
H CE  H CE 0.00179 Ans
L CE mm

'L BD mm
H BD  H BD 0.00143 Ans
LBD mm
Problem 2-6

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the maximum allowable normal
strain in each wire is Hmax = 0.002 mm/mm, determine the maximum vertical displacement of the load
P.
Given: a  3m b  2m
c  2m
L CE  4m L BD  3m
mm
H allow  0.002
mm

Solution:

'LBD 'L CE 'LCE ' tip

= =
a ab ab abc

Average Elongation/Vertical Displacement:

'LBD  L BD˜ H allow 'LBD 6.00 mm

§ a  b  c · ˜ 'L
' tip  ¨
© a ¹ BD
' tip 14.00 mm

'LCE  LCE˜ H allow 'LCE 8.00 mm

§ a  b  c · ˜ 'L
' tip  ¨
© a  b ¹ CE

' tip 11.20 mm (Controls !) Ans

Problem 2-7

The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P causes point A to be displaced horizontally 2
mm, determine the normal strain developed in each wire.

Given:

a  300mm T  30deg

' A  2mm

Solution:

Consider the triangle CAA':

I A  180deg  T IA 150 deg

L CA' 
2 2
   
a  ' A  2˜ a˜ ' A ˜ cos I A

L CA' 301.734 mm

L CA'  a
' CA 
a
mm
' CA 0.00578 Ans
mm
Problem 2-8

Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a
force is applied to the end D of the member and causes it to rotate by T = 0.3°, determine the normal
strain in the cable. Originally the cable is unstretched.

Given:

a  400mm b  300mm c  300mm

T  0.3deg

Solution:

2 2
L AB  a b L AB 500 mm

Consider the triangle ACB':

I C  90deg  T IC 90.3 deg

L AB' 
2 2
 
a  b  2˜ a˜ b˜ cos I C

L AB' 501.255 mm

LAB'  L AB
H AB 
L AB
mm
H AB 0.00251 Ans
mm
Problem 2-9

Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible cable AB. If a
force is applied to the end D of the member and causes a normal strain in the cable of 0.0035 mm/mm
determine the displacement of point D. Originally the cable is unstretched.

Given: a  400mm b  300mm c  300mm

mm
H AB  0.0035
mm
Solution:
2 2
L AB  a b L AB 500 mm


L AB'  L AB˜ 1  H AB  L AB' 501.750 mm

Consider the triangle ACB':

I C = 90deg  T

L AB' =
2 2
a  b  2˜ a˜ b˜ cos I C  
ª  a2  b2   L 2º
AB' »
I C  acos «
¬ 2˜ a˜ b ¼

IC 90.419 deg

T  I C  90deg T 0.41852 deg

T 0.00730 rad

' D  ( b  c) ˜ T 'D 4.383 mm Ans

Problem 2-10

The wire AB is unstretched when T = 45°. If a vertical load is applied to bar AC, which causes T =
47°, determine the normal strain in the wire.
Given:
T  45deg 'T  2deg

Solution:
2 2
LAB = L L LAB = 2L
2 2
LCB = ( 2L)  L LCB = 5L

From the triangle CAB:

I A  180deg  T IA 135.00 deg

 
sin I B
=
sin I A  
L LCB

§ L˜ sin  I A ·
I B  asin ¨ IB 18.435 deg
© 5L ¹

From the triangle CA'B:

I' B  I B  'T I' B 20.435 deg

 
sin I' B
=

sin 180deg  I A' 
L LCB

§ 5˜ L˜ sin  I' B ·
I A'  180deg  asin ¨
© L ¹
I A' 128.674 deg

I' C  180deg  I' B  I A'

I' C 30.891 deg

 
sin I' B
=
sin I' C   LA'B 
  ˜L
sin I' C
LAB  2L
L L A'B sin  I' B

L A'B  LAB
H AB  H AB 0.03977 Ans
LAB
Problem 2-11

If a load applied to bar AC causes point A to be displaced to the left by an amount 'L, determine the
normal strain in wire AB. Originally, T = 45°.
Given: T  45deg
'L
Solution: H AC =
L
2 2
L AB = L L L AB = 2L

2 2
L CB = ( 2L )  L L CB = 5L

From the triangle A'AB:

I A  180deg  T IA 135.00 deg

L A'B =
2

'L  LAB  2˜  'L  ˜ L AB ˜ cos I A
2
  
2
'L  2˜ L  2˜  'L ˜ L
2
L A'B =

L A'B  LAB
H AB =
LAB

2
'L  2˜ L  2˜  'L  ˜ L 
2
2L
H AB =
2L
2
ª1 ˜ § 'L ·º  1  § 'L ·  1
H AB = « ¨ » ¨
¬2 © L ¹¼ ©L ¹

Neglecting the higher-order terms,

0.5
§ 'L ·
H AB = ¨ 1  1
© L ¹

ª
H AB = «1 
1 § 'L ·
˜¨
º
 .....»  1 (Binomial expansion)
¬ 2 © L ¹ ¼
1 § 'L ·
H AB = ˜¨ Ans
2 © L ¹

Alternatively,
L A'B  LAB 'L˜ sin  T 
H AB = H AB =
LAB 2L
1 § 'L ·
H AB = ˜¨ Ans
2 © L ¹
Problem 2-12

The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the shear strain Jxy at corners A and B if the
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.

Given:

a  400mm b  300mm

'Ax  3mm 'Ay  2mm

'Cx  2mm 'Cy  2mm

'Bx  5mm 'By  4mm

Solution:
Geometry : For small angles,
'Cx
D D 0.00662252 rad
b  'Cy

'By  'Cy
E E 0.00496278 rad

a  'Bx  'Cx 
'Bx  'Ax
\ \ 0.00662252 rad

b  'By  'Ay 
'Ay
T T 0.00496278 rad
a  'Ax

Shear Strain :
3
J xy_B  E  \ J xy_B 11.585 u 10 rad Ans

3
J xy_A   T  \ J xy_A 11.585 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-13

The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the shear strain Jxy at corners D and C if the
plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines.

Given:

a  400mm b  300mm

'Ax  3mm 'Ay  2mm

'Cx  2mm 'Cy  2mm

'Bx  5mm 'By  4mm

Solution:
Geometry : For small angles,
'Cx
D D 0.00662252 rad
b  'Cy

'By  'Cy
E E 0.00496278 rad

a  'Bx  'Cx 
'Bx  'Ax
\ \ 0.00662252 rad

b  'By  'Ay 
'Ay
T T 0.00496278 rad
a  'Ax

Shear Strain :
3
J xy_D  D  T J xy_D 11.585 u 10 rad Ans

3
J xy_C   D  E  J xy_C 11.585 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-14

The piece of plastic is originally rectangular. Determine the average normal strain that occurs along th
diagonals AC and DB.

Given:

a  400mm b  300mm

'Ax  3mm 'Ay  2mm

'Cx  2mm 'Cy  2mm

'Bx  5mm 'By  4mm

Solution:
Geometry :
2 2
L AC  a b L AC 500 mm
2 2
L DB  a b L DB 500 mm

L A'C'  a  'Ax  'Cx2  b  'Cy  'Ay2

L A'C' 500.8 mm

L DB'  a  'Bx2  b  'By2

L DB' 506.4 mm

Average Normal Strain :

LA'C'  L AC
 3 mm
H AC  H AC 1.601 u 10 Ans
LAC mm

LDB'  L DB
 3 mm
H BD  H BD 12.800 u 10 Ans
L DB mm
Problem 2-15

The guy wire AB of a building frame is originally unstretched. Due to an earthquake, the two columns
of the frame tilt T = 2°. Determine the approximate normal strain in the wire when the frame is in thi
position. Assume the columns are rigid and rotate about their lower supports.
Given:
a  4m b  3m c  1m T  2deg

Solution:
§ T ·˜ S
T= ¨ T 0.03490659 rad
© 180 ¹
Geometry : The vertical dosplacement is negligible.

'Ax  c˜ T 'Ax 34.907 mm

'Bx  ( b  c) ˜ T 'Bx 139.626 mm

2 2
L AB  a b L AB 5000 mm

L A'B'  a  'Bx  'Ax2  b2

L A'B' 5084.16 mm

Average Normal Strain :

LA'B'  L AB
H AB 
LAB

 3 mm
H AB 16.833 u 10 Ans
mm
Problem 2-16

The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine the shear strain along
the edges of the plate at A and B.
Given: ax  250mm ay  250mm
'v  5mm 'h  7.5mm
Solution:
At A :

§ T' A · ax  'h
tan ¨ =
© 2 ¹ ay  'v

§ ax  'h ·
T' A  2˜ atan ¨ T' A 1.52056 rad
© ay  'v ¹
§ S ·  T'
J nt_A  ¨ A J nt_A 0.05024 rad Ans
© 2¹
At B :

§ I' B · ay  'v
tan ¨ =
© 2 ¹ ax  'h

§ ay  'v ·
I' B  2˜ atan ¨ I' B 1.62104 rad
© ax  'h ¹
S
J nt_B  I' B  J nt_B 0.05024 rad Ans
2
Problem 2-17

The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine the average normal
strains along side AB and diagonals AC and DB.
Given: ax  250mm ay  250mm

'v  5mm 'h  7.5mm

Solution:
For AB :
2 2
L AB  ax  ay

L A'B'  ax  'h2  ay  'v2

LA'B'  L AB
H AB 
LAB

L AB 353.55339 mm

L A'B' 351.89665 mm

 3 mm
H AB 4.686 u 10 Ans
mm

For AC :

L AC  2 ay   L AC 500 mm

L A'C'  2˜  ay  'v L A'C' 510 mm

LA'C'  L AC
 3 mm
H AC  H AC 20.000 u 10 Ans
LAC mm

For DB :
L DB  2 ax   L DB 500 mm

L D'B'  2˜  ax  'h L D'B' 485 mm

LD'B'  L DB
 3 mm
H DB  H DB 30.000 u 10 Ans
LDB mm
Problem 2-18

The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain
along each diagonal, AB and CD. Side D'B' remains horizontal.
Given:
a  50mm b  50mm
'Bx  3mm
'Cx  8mm 'Cy  0mm
T' A  91.5deg L AD'  53mm

Solution:
For AB :


'By  L AD'˜ cos T' A  90deg  b  'By 2.9818 mm

2 2
L AB  a b L AB 70.7107 mm

L AB'  a  'Bx2  b  'By2 L AB' 70.8243 mm

LAB'  L AB
H AB 
L AB
 3 mm
H AB 1.606 u 10 Ans
mm

For CD :
'Dy  'By 'Dy 2.9818 mm

2 2
L CD  a b L CD 70.7107 mm

L C'D'  a  'Cx2  b  'Dy2  2˜ a  'Cx˜ b  'Dy˜ cos T'A

L C'D' 79.5736 mm

LC'D'  L CD
H CD 
LCD

 3 mm
H CD 125.340 u 10 Ans
mm
Problem 2-19

The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at each of
its corners, A, B, C, and D. Side D'B' remains horizontal.
Given: a  50mm b  50mm
'Bx  3mm
'Cx  8mm 'Cy  0mm
T' A  91.5deg LAD'  53mm

Solution: T' A 1.597 rad

Geometry :


'By  LAD'˜ cos T' A  90deg  b  'By 2.9818 mm

'Dy  'By 'Dy 2.9818 mm


'Dx  L AD'˜ sin T' A  90deg  'Dx 1.3874 mm

In triangle C'B'D' :

LC'B'  'Cx  'Bx2  b  'By2

LC'B' 54.1117 mm

LD'B'  a  'Bx  'Dx LD'B' 48.3874 mm

LC'D'  a  'Cx  'Dx2  b  'Dy2

LC'D' 79.586 mm
2 2 2
LC'B'  LD'B'  LC'D'
 
cos T B' =
 
2˜ L C'B' ˜ L D'B' 
ª L 2  L 2  L 2º
« C'B' D'B' C'D' »
T B'  acos «
¬ 2˜  LC'B' ˜  LD'B' ¼
» T B' 101.729 deg T B' 1.7755 rad

T D'  180deg  T' A T D' 88.500 deg T D' 1.5446 rad

T C'  180deg  T B' T C' 78.271 deg T C' 1.3661 rad

Shear Strain :

 
J xy_A  0.5S  T' A J xy_A 26.180 u 10
3
rad Ans

0.5S   T B'
3
J xy_B  J xy_B 204.710 u 10 rad Ans

0.5S   T C'
3
J xy_C  J xy_C 204.710 u 10 rad Ans

0.5S   T D'
3
J xy_D  J xy_D 26.180 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-20

The block is deformed into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal
strain along line AB.
Given: 'xBA  ( 70  30)mm 'yBA  100mm

'xB'A  ( 55  30)mm

'yB'A   2
110  15 mm
2 
Solution:
For AB :

2 2
L AB  'xBA  'yBA L AB 107.7033 mm

2 2
L AB'  'xB'A  'yB'A L AB' 111.8034 mm

LAB'  L AB
H AB 
L AB

 3 mm
H AB 38.068 u 10 Ans
mm
Problem 2-21

A thin wire, lying along the x axis, is strained such that each point on the wire is displaced 'x = k x2
along the x axis. If k is constant, what is the normal strain at any point P along the wire?
2
Given: 'x = k˜ x

Solution:
d
H= 'x
dx
H = 2˜ k˜ x Ans
Problem 2-22

The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed line. Determine the averag
shear strain Jxy of the plate.
Given: a  150mm b  200mm
'a  0mm 'b  3mm

Solution:

'T  atan ¨
§ 'b ·
© a¹
'T 1.146 deg
3
'T 19.9973 u 10 rad

Shear Strain :
J xy  'T
3
J xy 19.997 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-23

The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines. Determine the averag
shear strain Jxy of the plate.
Given: a  200mm 'a  3mm
b  150mm 'b  0mm

Solution:

'T  atan ¨
§ 'a ·
© b ¹
'T 1.146 deg
3
'T 19.9973 u 10 rad

Shear Strain :

J xy  'T

3
J xy 19.997 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-24

The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines. Determine the
average normal strains along the diagonal AC and side AB.

Given: a  200mm b  150mm

'Ax  3mm 'Ay  0mm
'Bx  0mm 'By  0mm
'Cx  0mm 'Cy  0mm
'Dx  3mm 'Dy  0mm

Solution:
Geometry :
2 2
L AC  a b L AC 250 mm

L AB  b L AB 150 mm

L A'C  a  'Cx  'Ax2  b  'Cy  'Ay2

L A'C 252.41 mm

2 2
L A'B  'Ax  b

L A'B 150.03 mm

Average Normal Strain :

LA'C  L AC
 3 mm
H AC  H AC 9.626 u 10 Ans
L AC mm

LA'B  L AB
 6 mm
H AB  H AB 199.980 u 10 Ans
L AB mm
Problem 2-25

The piece of rubber is originally rectangular. Determine the average shear strain Jxy if the corners B
and D are subjected to the displacements that cause the rubber to distort as shown by the dashed lines
Given: a  300mm b  400mm
'Ax  0mm 'Ay  0mm
'Bx  0mm 'By  2mm
'Dx  3mm 'Dy  0mm

Solution:

§ 'By ·
'T AB  atan ¨
© a ¹
'T AB 0.38197 deg
3
'T AB 6.6666 u 10 rad

§ 'Dx ·
'T AD  atan ¨
© b ¹
'T AD 0.42971 deg
3
'T AD 7.4999 u 10 rad

Shear Strain :
J xy_A  'T AB  'T AD

3
J xy_A 14.166 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-26

The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed
lines. Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal DB and side AD.
Given: a  300mm b  400mm
'Ax  0mm 'Ay  0mm
'Bx  0mm 'By  2mm
'Dx  3mm 'Dy  0mm

Solution:
Geometry :
2 2
L DB  a b L DB 500 mm

L AD  b L AD 400 mm

L D'B'  a  'Bx  'Dx2  b  'Dy  'By2 L D'B' 496.6 mm

L AD' 
2

'Dx  b  'Dy 2 L AD' 400.01 mm

Average Normal Strain :

LD'B'  L DB
 3 mm
H BD  H BD 6.797 u 10 Ans
LDB mm

L AD'  L AD
 6 mm
H AD  H AD 28.125 u 10 Ans
L AD mm
Problem 2-27

The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine (a) the average normal strains Hx
and Hy , the shear strain Jxy at A, and (b) the average normal strain along line BE.
Given: a  80mm Bx  0mm E x  80mm
b  125mm By  100mm E y  50mm
'Ax  0mm 'Cx  10mm 'Dx  15mm
'Ay  0mm 'Cy  0mm 'Dy  0mm

Solution:
'xAC  'Cx  'Ax 'xAC 10.00 mm
'yAC  'Cy  'Ay 'yAC 0.00 mm
§ 'Cx · 3
'T AC  atan ¨ 'T AC 79.8300 u 10 rad
b © ¹
Since there is no deformation occuring along the y- and x-axis,
H x_A  'yAC H x_A 0 Ans
2 2
'xAC  b  b
H y_A 
b
H y_A 0.00319 Ans

J xy_A  'T AC

3
J xy_A 79.830 u 10 rad Ans
Geometry :
'Bx By § By ·
= 'Bx  ¨ ˜ 'C 'Bx 8 mm
'Cx b ©b¹ x
'By  0mm
'Ex Ey § Ey ·
= 'Ex  ¨ ˜ 'D 'Ex 6 mm
'Dx b ©b¹ x
'Ey  0mm

L BE  Ex  Bx2  Ey  By2 L BE 94.34 mm

L B'E'  a  'Ex  'Bx2  Ey  'Ey  'By2 L B'E' 92.65 mm

L B'E'  L BE
 3 mm
H BE  H BE 17.913 u 10 Ans
L BE mm

Note: Negative sign indicates shortening of BE.

Problem 2-28

The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine the average normal strain that occurs
along the diagonals AD and CF.
Given: a  80mm Bx  0mm E x  80mm
b  125mm By  100mm E y  50mm

'Ax  0mm 'Cx  10mm 'Dx  15mm

'Ay  0mm 'Cy  0mm 'Dy  0mm

Solution:
'xAC  'Cx  'Ax 'xAC 10.00 mm
'yAC  'Cy  'Ay 'yAC 0.00 mm
§ 'Cx · 3
'T AC  atan ¨ 'T AC 79.8300 u 10 rad
b© ¹
Geometry :
2 2
L AD  a b L AD 148.41 mm
2 2
L CF  a b L CF 148.41 mm

L A'D'  a  'Dx  'Ax2  b  'Dy  'Ay2

L A'D' 157.00 mm

L C'F  a  'Cx2  b  'Cy2

L C'F 143.27 mm

Average Normal Strain :

L A'D'  L AD
 3 mm
H AD  H AD 57.914 u 10 Ans
LAD mm

LC'F  L CF
 3 mm
H CF  H CF 34.653 u 10 Ans
LCF mm
Problem 2-29

The block is deformed into the position shown by the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain at
corners C and D.

Given: a  100mm 'Ax  15mm

b  100mm 'Bx  15mm
L CA'  110mm
Solution:
Geometry :

§ 'Ax ·
'T C  asin ¨ 'T C 7.84 deg
© LCA' ¹
'T C 0.1368 rad
§ 'Bx ·
'T D  asin ¨ 'T D 7.84 deg
LCA'
© ¹
'T D 0.1368 rad

Shear Strain :
J xy_C  'T C
3
J xy_C 136.790 u 10 rad Ans

J xy_D  'T D
3
J xy_D 136.790 u 10 rad Ans
Problem 2-30

The bar is originally 30 mm long when it is flat. If it is subjected to a shear strain defined by Jxy = 0.0
x, where x is in millimeters, determine the displacement 'y at the end of its bottom edge. It is distorte
into the shape shown, where no elongation of the bar occurs in the x direction.

Given: L  300mm J xy = 0.02 ˜ x

unit  1mm
Solution:

dy
dx
 
= tan J xy

dy
= tan ( 0.02 ˜ x)
dx
'y L
´ ´
µ 1 dy = µ tan ( 0.02 ˜ x) ˜ ( unit) dx
¶0 ¶0

30
´
'y  µ tan ( 0.02x) ˜ ( unit) dx
¶0

'y 9.60 mm Ans

Problem 2-31

The curved pipe has an original radius of 0.6 m. If it is heated nonuniformly, so that the normal strain
along its length is H = 0.05 cos T, determine the increase in length of the pipe.
Given: r  0.6m H = 0.05 ˜ cos  T 
Solution:
´
'L = µ H dL
¶
90deg
´
'L = µ 0.05 ˜ cos  T  d rT 
¶0

90deg
´
'L  µ 0.05 ˜ r˜ cos  T  dT
¶0

'L 30.00 mm Ans

Problem 2-32

Solve Prob. 2-31 if H = 0.08 sin T .

Given: r  0.6m H = 0.08 ˜ sin  T 

Solution:
´
'L = µ H dL
¶
90deg
´
'L = µ 0.08 ˜ sin  T  d rT 
¶0
90deg
´
'L  µ 0.08 ˜ r˜ sin  T  dT
¶0

'L 0.0480 m Ans

Problem 2-33

A thin wire is wrapped along a surface having the form y = 0.02 x2, where x and y are in mm. Origina
the end B is at x = 250 mm. If the wire undergoes a normal strain along its length of H = 0.0002x,
2
§ dy · ˜ dx .
determine the change in length of the wire. Hint: For the curve, y = f (x), ds = 1  ¨
© dx ¹

Given: Bx  250mm H = 0.0002 ˜ x unit  1mm

Solution:
2 dy
y = 0.02x = 0.04x
dx
2
§ dy · ˜ dx
ds = 1 ¨
© dx ¹
2
ds = 1  ( 0.04x) ˜ dx

B
´ ´ x 2
'L = µ H ds 'L = µ ( 0.0002x) ˜ 1  ( 0.04x) dx
¶ ¶0
250
´ 2
'L  ( unit) ˜ µ ( 0.0002x) ˜ 1  ( 0.04x) dx
¶0

'L 42.252 mm Ans

Problem 2-34

The fiber AB has a length L and orientation If its ends A and B undergo very small displacements uA
and vB, respectively, determine the normal strain in the fiber when it is in position A'B'.
Solution:
Geometry:

L A'B' = L˜ cos T  uA2  L˜ sinT  vB2

L A'B' =
2 2 2

L  uA  vB  2L ˜ vB˜ sin  T   uA˜ cos  T  
Average Normal Strain:
L A'B' ˜ L
H AB =
L

H AB = 1
2
uA  vB
2

 
2˜ vB˜ sin  T   uA˜ cos  T 
1
2 L
L

Neglecting higher-order terms uA2 and vB2 ,

H AB = 1

2˜ vB˜ sin  T   uA˜ cos  T 
1

L

Using the binomial theorem:

H AB = 1 

1 ª 2˜ vB˜ sin  T   uA˜ cos  T 
«
º»  ..  1
2¬ L ¼
vB˜ sin  T  uA˜ cos  T 
H AB =  Ans
L L
Problem 2-35

If the normal strain is defined in reference to the final length, that is,

H' § 's'  's ·

= lim ¨
n po p' © ' s' ¹

instead of in reference to the original length, Eq.2-2, show that the difference in these strains is
represented as a second-order term, namely, Hn - H'n = Hn H'n.

Solution:

' S'  ' S

Hn =
'S

H n  H'n = ¨
§ 'S'  'S ·  § 'S'  'S ·
¨
© 'S ¹ © 'S' ¹
2 2
'S'  2˜  'S  ˜  'S'   ' S
H n  H'n =
 'S  ˜  'S' 

'S'  'S 2
H n  H'n =
'S ˜ 'S' 

H n  H'n = ¨
§ 'S'  'S · ˜ § 'S'  'S ·
¨
© 'S ¹ © 'S' ¹

  
H n  H'n = H n ˜ H'n (Q.E.D.)