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EE485 Introduction to Photonics

Introduction
Nature of Light
“They could but make the best of it and went around with woebegone
faces, sadly complaining that on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays,
they must look on light as a wave; on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and
Saturdays, as a particle. On Sundays they simply prayed.”

The Strange Story of the Quantum


Banesh Hoffmann, 1947

Geometrical (ray) optics

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History of Optics Quantum optics

E-M wave optics


• Geometrical optics (Ray optics)
Ray optics
– Enunciated by Euclid in Catoptrics, 300 B.C.
• Early 1600: First telescope by Galileo Galilei
• End of the 17th century: Light as wave to explain reflection and refraction, by
Christian Huygens
• 1704: Corpuscular nature of light (light as moving particles) to explain refraction,
dispersion, diffraction, and polarization, by Issac Newton
• Early 1800: Interference experiment by Thomas Young – light is wave
• Maxwell equation (1864) ― Light as electromagnetic waves, by James Clerk
Maxwell
• How about emission and absorption?
• Quantum theory ― Light as photons
– 1900: Max Plank – quantum theory of light
– 1905: Albert Einstein – photoelectric effect experiment, light behaves as
particles with energies E = h
– 1925-1935: de Broglie –quantum mechanics explaining the wave-particle
duality of light
• 1950s: Communication and information theory
• 1960: First laser

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Topics we plan to cover

• Light as electromagnetic waves


• Polarized light
• Superposition of waves and interference
• Diffraction
• Photon and laser basics
• Laser operation
• Nonlinear optics and light modulation

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

Optical frequencies

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EE485 Introduction to Photonics
Light as Electromagnetic Waves
1. Wave equations
2. Harmonic waves
3. Electromagnetic waves
4. Energy flow and absorption
5. Fiber optics
Reading: Pedrotti3, Sec. 4.1-4.8, Sec. 10.1-10.6
Historic Young’s Double-slit Experiment (1802)
Water waves from
two point sources

Light is wave

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What does an optical wave look like

Water waves Direct measurement of light waves

(Goulielmakis, et al., Science, V. 305, p. 1267-1269, August 2004)

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1-D Wave Equation
1-D traveling wave function: y  f ( x  vt )
2 y 1 2 y
They satisfy 1-D differential wave equation:  2 2
x 2
v t
Quiz: Which one(s) of the following wave functions represent traveling
waves? What is the magnitude and direction of the wave velocity?
y ( z , t )  A cos 2 [ (t  z )]
y ( x, t )  A( x 2  4 xt  4t 2 )
y ( x, t )  A( Bx 2  t )
Exercise: Consider a pulse propagating in
the –x direcion with speed v. The shape of
the pulse at t  t0 is given by
b2
y ( x , t  t0 )  2
a  ( x  x0 ) 2
Such a pulse is known as a Lorentzian pulse.
Determine the shape of the pulse at an
arbitrary time t.
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Harmonic Waves
sin sin
A snapshot in time yA [k ( x  vt )  0 ] or A [( kx  t )  0 ]
cos cos
2
k : Propagation constant

  2f : Angular frequency
Harmonic waves with different A, 0, k and v
or k and  form a complete set of functions.
Any periodic wave form can be decomposed
into linear combination of harmonic wave
functions. → Fourier Optics.

+
=
+


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Exercise
A red diode laser, with  = 650 nm in free space, incidents from air to
a medium with refractive index n equal to 1.5, as shown below. Derive
its harmonic wave functions in the air and in the medium. The speed of
light in the medium is ⁄ .
y
(Snapshot at t = 0)

 
x

Note: Light speed in free c = 3 x 108 m/s. Assume amplitude A remains


constant as the wave enters the medium. Amplitude displacement at the
interface = A / 2

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Plane Waves and Spherical Waves
Plane wave in +x-direction Plane wave in any direction Spherical wave

i ( kr cos t ) i ( k r t ) A i (k r t )


  Ae   Ae  e
r
Define k to represent the propagation constant and direction. 2
 A
 (r, t )   (r )exp(it ) Intensity (W/m2)   
1  2 r
3-D wave equation:   2 2
2
→ Energy conservation obeyed
v t

Helmholtz equation: ( 2  k 2 ) ( r )  0
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Useful Formulas in Vector Calculus

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Light as Electromagnetic Waves

(Goulielmakis, et al., Science, V. 305,


p. 1267-1269, August 2004)

From Maxwell’s equation to Wave equation:


Maxwell’s equations in free space Wave equation
E Necessary condition
 H  0 1  2u
t  u 2 2 0
2

E  Ex x  Ey y  Ez z
ˆ ˆ ˆ c t
H
 E  0 u  Ex, y , z or H x, y, z
t : Electric field (V/m)
E  0 H  H x xˆ  H y yˆ  H z zˆ 1
c  3 108 (m / s)
H  0 00
: Magnetic field (A/m)
  (1/ 36) 109 ( F / m) : Electric permittivity : Speed of light in free space
0

0  4107 ( H / m) : Magnetic permeability


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Maxwell’s Equations in a Medium
D
H  , D: Electric displacement
Assume a non-magnetic t
medium with no free electric B
E   , B: Magnetic flux density
charges or currents t
D  0
B  0
Physical meaning of the electric displacement:
D  0 E  P - - - - -
(  D   if the medium
P E
has a charge density )
+ + ++ +
B  0 H
Boundary conditions:
• Tangential components of E and H are continuous.
B
• Normal components of D and B are continuous.
Power flow per unit area:
D
S  Re{E}  Re{H} (W/m 2 ): Poynting vector E H
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Linear, Nondispersive, Homogeneous, and
Isotropic Media
D  E
P  0 E
  0 (1  )
: Electric susceptibility
/0 : Dielectric constant
Maxwell’s equations: D E
H  H  
t t
B H
E     E  0
t t
D  0 E  0
B  0 H  0
Identical to Maxwell’s equations in free space with  replaced by 0.
In free space In a medium
1  2u 1  2u
Wave equation:  u 2 2 0
2
 u 2 2 0
2

c t v t
1 c
v 
1 0 n
Speed of light: c
00 n   / 0  1  
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Monochromatic Electromagnetic Waves
Let’s relate harmonic waves to electromagnetic waves
E  E(r )e it
(r, t )  (r ) exp(it )
H  H (r )e it
(E-M wave represented by complex numbers)
E
Maxwell’s equations: H     H (r )  iE(r )
t
H   E(r )  i 0 H (r )
  E   0
t   E(r )  0
E  0   H (r )  0
H  0
Helmholtz equation:
( 2  k 2 )u (r )  0
( 2  k 2 ) (r )  0 u (r )  Ex , y , z (r ) or H x , y , z (r )

Optical intensity: k    0  nk0


1 
I  | S |  Re  E(r )  H (r ) *
2 
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Plane Electromagnetic Wave (I)
E(r, t )  E0 ei (k r t )  E(r )e it
  Aei (k r t )
H (r, t )  H 0 ei (k r t )  H (r )e it
Substituting into Maxwell’s equations:
  H (r )  iE(r ) k  H 0  E0
  E(r )  i 0 H (r ) k  E0  0 H 0
→ E, H, and k are mutually orthogonal ― Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave.

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Plane Electromagnetic Wave (II)
Relationship between the amplitude of the electric field and the magnetic field:
E0

H0
0
 : Impedance of the medium
n
0
0   120  377 : Impedance of free space
0
Optical intensity:
2
1  1 E0
I | S | Re  E(r )  H (r ) *  E0 H 0* 
2  2 2

Example: Let’s describe an optical wave mathematically. A laser beam of radius 1 mm carries
a power of 5 mW. (a) Determine its average intensity and the amplitude of its electric and
magnetic fields. (b) Assume the laser beam is a TEM wave (actually not a completely correct
assumption) with  = 650 nm, propagating in x-direction, and the electric field is along y-
direction (Slide 11). Determine the complex wave functions for the electric and magnetic
fields. (c) Determine the wave functions after entering a medium with n = 1.5.
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Exercise
Determine the power of a 10-mW laser beam,
(a) With  = 440 nm, after traveling
1 km of water at various
locations.
(b) With = 1550 nm, after traveling
100 km of optical fiber.

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Absorption Bands of Optical Materials

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Applications of Optical Fibers

Optical fiber
structure

“Wires” for light Optical fiber transmission system

Inter-continental optical fiber network


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Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

c: Critical angle


c 1 1
1 
n2 
c  sin  
 n1 
Example 1: Diamond Example 2: Optical Fiber
125 m

ncore ncore > ncladding


ncladding

Most of the rays entering the top of


the diamond will exit from the top
due to total internal reflection.

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Numerical Aperture of an Optical Fiber
Let’s do an exercise:

Show that the maximum incident angle m for TIR in the optical fiber is related
to the refractive indices by:

N . A.  n0 sin m  n12  n22


N.A.: Numerical Aperture m: Acceptance angle

Calculate NA and m for a silica glass fiber in air with n1 = 1.475 and n2 = 1.460.

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