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Slide 12.

Principles of Auditing: An Introduction to


International Standards on Auditing

Chapter 12 – Audit Reports and


Communication

Rick Hayes, Hans Gortemaker


and Philip Wallage

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.2

Management responsibility for audit report – SOX

SOX Requires that the principal executive officer or officers


and the principal financial officer or officers, certify in each
report filed with the SEC the following:
the signing officer has reviewed the report;
the report does not contain any untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact;
the financial statements, and other financial information, fairly
present in all material respects the financial condition of the
company;
the signing officers:
• are responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls;
• have evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls;
• have presented in the report their conclusions about the
effectiveness of their internal controls based on their evaluation.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.3

Management responsibility for audit


report under SOX (Continued)
Requires that the principal executive officer or officers
and the principal financial officer or officers, certify in
each report filed with the SEC the following:
the signing officers have disclosed to the company’s
auditors and the audit committee of the board of directors:
• all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of
internal controls which could adversely affect the company’s
ability to record, process, summarise and report financial
data and have identified for the company’s auditors any
material weaknesses in internal controls;
• any fraud, whether or not material, that involves
management or other employees who have a significant role
in the company’s internal controls.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.4

Old style audit report (3 paragraph)

Sample Wording – Auditor’s Unqualified Report17

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.5

ISA 700 auditors opinion on F/S


• Title: ‘Independent Auditor’s Report’
• [Appropriate Addressee]
• Introductory Paragraph (Report on Financial Statements)
• Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements
• Auditor’s Responsibility
• Opinion
• Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements
[Form and content of this section of the auditor’s report will
vary depending on the nature of the auditor’s other reporting
responsibilities.]
• [Auditor’s signature]
• [Date of the auditor’s report]
• [Auditor’s address]
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.6

Included in the audit report

• A title, e.g. ‘Independent Auditor’s Report’


• An addressee, as required by the
circumstances of the engagement,
e.g. ‘Shareholders of ABC company’
• An introductory paragraph that identifies
the financial statements audited.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.7

ISA 700 sample financial statement audit


report
Independent Auditor’s Report
[Appropriate Addressee]
Report on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying financial
statements of ABC Company, which comprise the
statement of financial position as at December 31,
20X1, and the statement of comprehensive income,
statement of changes in equity and statement of cash
flows for the year then ended, and a summary of
significant accounting policies and other explanatory
information.
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.8

The audit report management responsibility


and auditor responsibility
• A description of the responsibility of
management for the preparation of the
financial statements.
• A description of the auditor’s responsibility to
express an opinion on the financial statements
and the scope of the audit, that includes:
• A reference to International Standards on
Auditing and the law or regulation
• A description of an audit in accordance with
those standards.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.9

Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements


Management is responsible for the preparation and fair
presentation of these financial statements in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards, and for
such internal control as management determines is
necessary to enable the preparation of financial
statements that are free from material misstatement,
whether due to fraud or error.
Auditor’s Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
financial statements based on our audit. We conducted
our audit in accordance with International Standards on
Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with
ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free from material misstatement.
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.10

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit


evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s
judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material
misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud
or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor
considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation
and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to
design audit procedures that are appropriate in the
circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an
opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control.
An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of
accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the
overall presentation of the financial statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is
sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit
opinion.
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.11

Included in the audit report opinion


and signatures
 An opinion paragraph containing an expression
of opinion on the financial statements and a
reference to the applicable financial reporting
framework used to prepare the financial statements
(including identifying the jurisdiction of origin of the
financial reporting framework that is not
International Financial Reporting Standards or
International Public Sector Accounting Standards.
 The auditor’s signature.
 The date of the auditor’s report.
 The auditor’s address.
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.12

Opinion
In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in
all material respects, (or give a true and fair view of) the
financial position of ABC Company as at December 31,
20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its cash flows
for the year then ended in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards.
Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements
[Form and content of this section of the auditor’s report
will vary depending on the nature of the auditor’s other
reporting responsibilities.]
[Auditor’s signature]
[Date of the auditor’s report]
[Auditor’s address]
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.13

The report must be dated

The auditor shall date the report no earlier than


the date on which the auditor has obtained
sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to
base the auditor’s opinion on the financial
statements including evidence that: (a) all the
statements that comprise the financial statements,
including the related notes, have been prepared;
and (b) those with recognised authority have
asserted that they have taken responsibility for
those financial statements.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.14

The opinion expressed in the auditor’s report


may be one of four types:
Unmodified
(unqualified),
Three Modified Opinions:

qualified, Q U A D

adverse or
disclaimer of
opinion

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.15

Unqualified audit opinion – also called


unmodified opinion
• Unmodified (unqualified) opinion – The opinion
expressed by the auditor when the auditor concludes
that the financial statements are prepared, in all
material respects, in accordance with the applicable
financial reporting framework.
• Most common type of audit report.
• Called ‘clean opinion’.
• Used for more than 90 per cent of all audit reports.
• Other audit reports are referred to as ‘modified
opinion (adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion and
qualified opinion).
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.16

Evaluation of the compliance to the reporting framework


include consideration of these qualitative aspects

• Whether the financial statements adequately disclose the


significant accounting policies selected and they are consistent
and appropriate.
• Accounting estimates made by management are reasonable.
• Information presented in the financial statements is relevant,
reliable, comparable and understandable.
• Disclosures to enable the intended users to understand the effect
of material transactions and events on the information conveyed in
the financial statements.
• Terminology used in the financial statements, including the title
of each financial statement, is appropriate.
• Whether the financial statements achieve fair presentation. If they
are prepared in accordance with a fair presentation framework.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.17

Auditor’s qualified opinion


The auditor will express a qualified opinion when:
• having obtained sufficient appropriate audit
evidence, he concludes that misstatements,
individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not
pervasive, to the financial statements; or
• the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate
audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the
auditor concludes that the possible effects on the
financial statements of undetected misstatements,
if any, could be material but not pervasive.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.18

Auditors responsibility …We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained
is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our qualified audit opinion.
Basis for qualified opinion
ABC Company’s investment in XYZ Company, a foreign associate acquired
during the year and accounted for by the equity method, is carried at xxx on the
statement of financial position as at December 31, 20X1, and ABC’s share of
XYZ’s net income of xxx is included in ABC’s income for the year then ended.
We were unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the
carrying amount of ABC’s investment in XYZ as at December 31, 20X1 and
ABC’s share of XYZ’s net income for the year because we were denied access
to the financial information, management and the auditors of XYZ.
Consequently, we were unable to determine whether any adjustments to these
amounts were necessary.
Qualified opinion
In our opinion, except for the possible effects of the matter described in the
Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph, the financial statements present fairly,
in all material respects, (or give a true and fair view of) the financial position of
ABC Company as at December 31, 20X1, and (of) its financial performance
and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.19

Auditor’s adverse opinion (ISA 705)

The auditor shall express an adverse opinion


when the auditor, having obtained sufficient
appropriate audit evidence, concludes that
misstatements, individually or in the aggregate,
are both material and pervasive to the financial
statements.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.20

Auditor’s disclaimer of opinion (ISA 705)

The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the


auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate
audit evidence on which to base the opinion,
and the auditor concludes that the possible
effects on the financial statements of
undetected misstatements, if any, could be both
material and pervasive.

or interaction of multiple
uncertainties on F/S

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.21

Basis for modification paragraph


When the auditor modifies the opinion on the
financial statements, the auditor shall, in addition to
the specific elements required by ISA 700, include
a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a
description of the matter giving rise to the
modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph
immediately before the opinion paragraph in the
auditor’s report and use the heading ‘Basis for
Qualified Opinion’, ‘Basis for Adverse Opinion’ or
‘Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion’, as appropriate.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.22

When the auditor includes an Emphasis of Matter


paragraph in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall:

a. include it immediately after the Opinion paragraph


in the auditor’s report;
b. use the heading ‘Emphasis of Matter’;
c. include in the paragraph a clear reference to the
matter being emphasised and to where relevant
disclosures that fully describe the matter can be
found in the financial statements;
d. indicate that the auditor’s opinion is not modified
in respect of the matter emphasised.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.23

An auditor might write an emphasis of


a matter paragraph:
• If there is a significant uncertainty which may affect the
financial statements, the resolution of which is dependent
upon future events.
• Examples of uncertainties that might be emphasised
include:
• the existence of related party transactions;
• important accounting matters occurring subsequent to the
balance sheet date;
• matters affecting the comparability of financial statements
with those of previous years (e.g. change in accounting
methods);
• litigation, long-term contracts, recoverability of asset values,
losses on discontinued operations.
• To highlight a material matter regarding a going concern
problem.
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.24

The going concern disclosure should:


ISA 570
• describe the principal conditions that raise doubt;
• state that there are doubts about going concern;
therefore the entity may be unable to realise its
assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal
course of business;
• state that the financial statements do not include
any adjustments relating to the recoverability and
classification of recorded asset amounts or to
amounts and classification of liabilities that may
be necessary should the entity be unable to
continue as a going concern.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.25

Circumstances that may result in other


than an unmodified opinion
1. A limitation in scope
2. The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness
of the effects or possible effects of the matter
on the financial statements.
The circumstances described in 1 – scope
limitation – could lead to a modified opinion
or a disclaimer of opinion. The circumstances
described in 2 – disagreement with
management – could lead to a modified opinion
or an adverse opinion.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.26

Limitation on scope

• Scope limitations arise when the auditors are


unable for any reason to obtain the
information and explanations considered
necessary for the audit
– limited by the inability to carry out a procedure
the auditors consider necessary
– the absence of proper accounting records
• The audit report should describe the
limitation.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.27

Modification of opinion results from


disagreement with management on
• the acceptability of the accounting policies
selected;
• the method of policy application, including
the adequacy of valuations and disclosures
in the financial statements; or
• the compliance of the financial statements
with relevant regulations and statutory
requirements.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.28

Uncertainties leading to qualification


of opinions
Certain uncertainties may lead to an auditor’s report
containing a qualification of opinion in many
countries. These uncertainties include:
• material uncertainties;
• lack of consistency;
• independence of auditor;
• reports in reference to an expert;
• fraud.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.29

Materiality, lack of consistency, independence


• If the amounts of a misstatement in the financial
statements are so significant that the financial
statements are materially affected as a whole, it is
necessary to issue either a qualified or an adverse
opinion.
• Lack of consistency in the application of accounting
principles in the current period in relation to the
preceding period may require a modification to an
unmodified opinion based on standards in many
countries.
• ISA auditing standards do not require a modified opinion
or a disclaimer of opinion if the auditor is not
independent, although this is the case in several
countries (including US).
Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.30

Reports involving other auditors and experts

ISA 620 suggests that when expressing an unmodified


(unqualified) opinion the auditor should not refer to the
work of an expert in her report as such a reference might
be misunderstood to be a qualification of the auditor’s
opinion or a division of responsibility. If the auditor, as a
result of the other auditor’s or expert’s work, issues an
opinion other than unmodified, he may in some
circumstances describe the work of the expert.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.31

New UK auditor’s opinion – the future?


• Rolls-Royce Holdings plc

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.32

New UK auditor’s opinion – the future?


(Continued)
• The risk
• Our response
• Our findings
• Our testing identified weaknesses in the design and operation of controls. In response to this
we assessed the effectiveness of the Group’s plans for addressing these weaknesses and
we increased the scope and depth of our detailed testing and analysis from that originally
planned. We found no significant errors in calculation. Overall, our assessment is that the
assumptions and resulting estimates (including appropriate contingencies) resulted in mildly
cautious profit recognition.
• Our testing did not identify any deviation in the operation of controls which would have
required us to amend the nature or scope of our planned detailed test work. We found that
the assumptions and resulting estimates were balanced and that the disclosures in note 9
appropriately describe the inherent degree of subjectivity in the estimates and the potential
impact on future periods of revisions to these estimates. We found no errors in calculations.
• We found that the resulting estimate was acceptable but mildly optimistic resulting in a
somewhat lower liability being recorded than might otherwise have been the case.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.33

New UK auditor’s opinion – the future?


(Continued)

May 8, 2014

Holding Auditors Accountable

Rolls-Royce – the jet engine maker, not the car company – used estimates and assumptions in its
financial results that resulted in ‘mildly cautious profit recognition’ in an important part of its
business. On the other hand, the company was ‘mildly optimistic’ in other assumptions, ‘resulting in
a somewhat lower liability being recorded than might otherwise have been the case’.

Coming from almost anyone else, such observations might not be particularly notable. But those
comments came from Jimmy Daboo, the lead audit partner on the Rolls-Royce account at KPMG,
and are included in the company’s new annual report.

Until now, auditors’ letters have been among the least interesting parts of annual reports. If the
opinions said the accounting was proper – and virtually all did – and did not voice concern about
whether a company could stay in business, the letters were basically the same. There was no
reason for an investor to read them. In the United States, that is still the case.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.34

Auditor communications to governance entity

Audit matters of governance interest to be


communicated by the auditor to the board or audit
committee ordinarily include:
• Material weaknesses in internal control
• Non-compliance with laws and regulations
• Fraud involving management
• Questions regarding management integrity
• The general approach and overall scope of the
audit
• The selection of, or changes in, significant
accounting policies and practices that have a
material effect on the financial statements.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.35

Communications of deficiencies in
internal control
The auditor must communicate to management in
writing significant deficiencies in internal control
that are of sufficient importance to merit
management’s attention. The communication
should include:
 A description of the deficiencies and an explanation
of their potential effects
 Sufficient information to enable those charged with
governance and management to understand the
context of the communication.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.36

Governance structures
• The structures of governance vary from country
to country reflecting cultural and legal
backgrounds.
• In some countries, the supervision function, and
the management function are legally separated
into different bodies, such as a supervisory
(wholly or mainly non-executive) board and a
management (executive) board.
• In other countries, such as the US, both functions
are the legal responsibility of a single, unitary
board.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.37

Reporting fraud and error


• When the auditor encounters circumstances
that may indicate that there is a material
misstatement in the financial statements
resulting from fraud or error, the auditor should
perform procedures to determine whether the
financial statements are materially misstated.
• The auditor’s duty of confidentiality would
ordinarily preclude reporting fraud or error to a
third party. However, in certain circumstances,
statute or law overrides this duty.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.38

Long-form audit report


• In many countries it is customary for the auditor
to prepare a ‘long-form’ report to the Audit
Committee of an entity’s board of directors in
addition to the publicly published ‘short-form’
report discussed in this chapter.
• A long-form report ordinarily includes:
• Overview of the Audit Engagement
• Analysis of Financial Statements
• Risk Management and Internal Control
• Optional Topics
• Auditor independence and quality control
• Fees.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.39

Management letter

The management letter identifies issues not


required to be disclosed in the Annual Financial
Report but represent the auditors concerns
and suggestions noted during the audit.
An evaluation is made of the present system,
pointing out problem areas. Recommendations
for improvement are cited. Also included is a
discussion of any problem which may require
immediate action to correct.

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014
Slide 12.40

Thank you for your attention

Any Questions?

Hayes, Gortemaker and Wallage, Principles of Auditing PowerPoints on the Web, 3rd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2014

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