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x Contenls

DISCUSSION POINTS I7

WRITING SKILLS 17
Topic Sentences 17
wrhitV a Patallnphaf C|ltsifi.ation ii]

COMPARING: The Elements 19

TNTRODUCTION I9
Shorl Reading Thewonder Metals 20

USINC ENGLISH TO COMPARE 2I

Senrcnce Patterns 22
Uttlcttk tlihg crhlparkahs 2 utiq d Tdbk 2)
CradtintS'ftch.?s 24 cru.ltitv Convaita,lt 24
Like aod As 25
UsiilgLlke afld Ar 2,

READINC SKILLS 26
Vocabulary iuilding 26
vacdbularytl Co text 26
skimming 27
Readingr heLlfe-Supporting ases 28
Uhdentandifl!l1!Rcdditllt 1a
l
' LISTENING SKILLS 30
vacdbuldryn Conkxl ll)
Note-Taking 3l
Uhdenladinq lt Lceturu J2

DISCUSSION OINTS 32
WRITING SKILLS 33
Comparing 33
Transilion words l4
Writing a Paragraph of Comparison 34

3 o*o u FFEc'r, olor,Light, atrdsound J5

"our"
INTRODUCTION 35
Short Reading TheNature of Color 36

USING ENGLISH TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT ]7

Senlen(e allerns l8
IdentifringCaute t1.lEJIe.l )8 Unlc\n\tltli,llJPtndlhr,Iltt t')
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xii contents

DISCUSSION OINTS 65

WRITING SKILLS 65
Writing Conclusions 65
Writing a Paragraph with a Conclusion 65

5 o""rr.,r*n, Enetw 67
INTRODUCTION 67
shon Reading TheMan! Forns oJEneryy 68'

USING ENCLISH TO DEFINE 69

Sentence Patterns 70
Ahalyzin!DeJinhionr71 CorrctthqDetrhitio,r.i71
Relative Clauses 72
lJtikg Reldtivc lautas 72 Fotltulatinll Dqitliti'tlt 72
CreatingDelinitiotls 7)

. READING SKILLS 7]
Vocabulary Bullding 73
Adirsj ectdexo_, Ddo', nicro', Dacft)' z
Vocabultlr!n Contcxt 75
Scannlng 75
ReadinS:E = mcr 76
l1! Rcd.litv 78
Und?ntdl1.lit\1

LISTENING SKILLS 7E
vo1buldry u contaxt 78
Nore-Taking 79
Uldc$tandilv tllt Ltcntre 79

DlscussloN PoINTS 80
WRITING SKILLS 8I
ExtendedDefinitions El
Writing adE,(tended efinitlon 8l

EXEMPLIFYING: Ha4, 82

INTRODUCTION 82
Short Reading TheEfreetsf TatuperutureE3

IJSING ENGLISH TO EXEMPLIFY 8]

Sentence Pattems 85
Anallziq ExetnplitrMtia Ss Ra ltniznlll Erdntllls it6
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xiv Contents

WRITTNC SKILLS IIO

Giving Evidence ll0
Wriling with Evidence llo

8 a*""*,t"*t NGtBlecti.ity andMagnertsm tl

INTRODUCTION III
Short Reading Lightnitlg Sttikes ll2

USINC ENGLISH TO GTVE DIRECTIONS I12

Giving Directions to Perform a Process I 13
Imperadve Verbs I l3
Reeotniziryhperdlire Vefus 1lt Artunliq ltehaChrckololjrdll!, 1t4
Usih!bfipentiveverbs 115
Verb forms: Infinitives and Gerunds I 16
ChaosingerbFarnt 117

READING SKILLS I18

vocabularyBuilding 118
Warcl oott: lo-, aeto-,rhermo., ydro- ll9
Voeabularyn Conkxt 120
Scanning 120
R€ading: The Magic of a Magnet 120
UnderttandinS he Readhq 122

LISTENING SKILLS I23

Voeabulat!n Coktert 12)
Note-Taking 123
U degandiry.the ecturc 12)

DISCUSSION POINTS I24

WRITING SKILLS 12'
Directions 125
Wrltlng Directions 125

CALCULATING| l,&ui^ aftd Gqtes 126

INTRODUCTION I26
Shoff Reading Prcss re: At MoleculesCollide 127

I USING ENGUSH To CALCULATE I28

'
.:. .U derstanding athematicalems 129
Indefinite Anicles 129
Usin! ndeJinite nieles t)a
.
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xvi Contents

Note-Taking 154
Uad.tstanding llc Lctltt? 15.

DrscusdroN oINTs 155

WRITING SKILLS T55
Reporting 155
Writing a Report 156

II
lI DESCRIBINGi heuniverse rj
INTRODUCTION I57
Shorl Readtng TheSukan.l Othet Stars 157

USING ENCLISH TO DESCRIBE I58

SenEnce Patterns 160
tJsinl Pre.ise $criqtio$ 160 Dcsttibilry 'ithALli&tit'ts 161
Adjectives with -edand 'iry 16l
UsinfAtlieetiveshh'c(l dnd'it\!, 162 fonttitll cotul\'u]ttl ouur 16J
Wtititq Snao l Sentcnce:'64

READING SKILLS 164

VocabularyBuilding 164
Wory' ro6: qua',crra-, pyR)', sl()- 165
Vocdbtiaryn co,ttlxt 16,
Skimming 166
Readlngi The Moon: A Nice Place o visil? 167
Maki g InJircncer 168

LISTENINC SKILLS 169

Vocabularyn Conlcxt 16,
Nore-Taking 169
Unda$landi\ryht Ltdur\' l70

DISCUSSION OINTS I7I

WRITING SKILLS I7I

Describing l? l
Wdting a Description 172

It 17,
llr PREDTCTINGi The Weather

INTRODUCTION 7J
Short Reading TheWo .lTu s 173
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 science oncepts hal are covered but not know how to cxprcss Lhcm n English.
Thc locus of the book, however , s always on languagc alher than scicucc, and
thcrc is no altempl to cover any scientific opic thoroughly. No prcvious scicncc
knowledge s needed by the teacher or student.

ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT

Thcrc arc lwclvc chaplcrs n thc book. Each chapter has six mair scclions:
Introduction, sing English o... (ctassify, onpare, nd so on), Rcading kills,
Listenilg Skills, iscussion oinN, nd writing S kills.

Itltroduction

Each chapter begins by intrcducing rhe rhetorical u nclion, rclating t o thc

scientific method, aDd preseDting t ir a short readiDg.

Usi g English to,.,

This section egins wilh aD cxplanalion oflhc rhctoricalunction, usitU cxamdcs

from the shor! reading. n most chapicrs hc cxplana lion s folbwed by a cha11 f
scntcnce alterns hal show how the function may be cxprcsscd, his ch afl is not
meant o list all possiblc atterns, nd n somcchaptcN bc chart s omitled because
fie topics do not lcnd thcmsclvcs 0 any parricular synlaclic structure. Thc Dcxl
item in thc section s a group of praclicc cxcraiscs, equcnced () cnablcstudcnls
Io progress rcm idcntifying he funclion to usir)g t, Grammalical lrllclures hat
occur requenlly n science exls arc also ncludcd n this seclkD whcn they scrve
a communicativc urposc clatcd o lhc rhclorical ilnction.

Reading skitls

This secdon irsr prcscnrs raLcgics or srudenls o use n expanding hcir vo-
cabularics n an ongoing basis.word roots and affixes nlroduc cd arcthosc com-
monly occurring n scientific erminology (for examplc, hjdro , dyna . Next, rhe
section previews he vocabulary rom thc long rcading. Thc obiect s 1() develop a
basic vocabulary hat wolrld be assumed ! the college'eniry 1cvcl. Accordingly,
words sclecred orstudy are scien.e-related erms hat would bc
tudent for example known to a native-
spcakjng, irs!-year ollege fammable, dehydrate transparent
combstion, dilute, r?e/lia). No specialized r rare words arc used in any of the
rcadings r lectures.
 r Ls p oe S S 1 r
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,rxii Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My lhanks to Dr. Ann Johns of San Diego SlaleU vers;ly or thc inspiralior
to \t;i1e lhe book and to my daughter Raquel or her imaginalivc lhstraliols
And a special harks to Harryfor hisconslant llppon aDdcncouragcmerl' and
for always having mote faith in me than I had in mysclf
 u D u pe

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2 Inrroduclion o Lhe Scienlilir Method

experiments. A procedure known as the scientificmethod was developed or

gathering and testing information. Each chapt€r n (his book is based on some
aspect of this method and how it is expressed n English.

.., AND iHERE ARE IINISIBLE

,RGAN l5/v1s THAT FLOAr N
fHE AIR AND LIVE I/I'IDE
VouR oDY.,,

HN.,HN
uh ux\
 d 1

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N O N

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B . 1 S r
O . O J s p o p q s s

e o s q p Se S d s
l J u s d p

u uE r o u s r 3 l /I o S i sM 'L
p J s p s S o c rS d
?
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I ol d s p E u pi qe
o q r I 8 u I se r p r
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4 Classitying

6A6
Al1nlatlcr maybeclassificd scilhef solid, iqtli(], r gas Soli(l\ re lrnr rl(l
have a dcnnitc ornl. Rubbcr, ood, glass, rorr, conorl, ndsarr(i rc.ll tl.ssilic(l
assdids. A considerablc orcc would be nccdcd o changc hcshiPc or voLL'ntc l
an iron bar, or crample. r€cansc hcat(nns r nlnccrlcs ot n soli(l rc dcnsclv
packcd nd have vrrylilllc Irccdom f movcarcrrl.
Soli(is ray c urLhcr ividcd nlo wo classcs: rynallinc,rrxl nnn tloLrs. ()cks
wood, apcr, andcollon arecrystallirrc olids Cryslnllinc lid\ nrc nli(lc trl) of
al(rms rranged n a dcllnilc patler'n. hcn hcsc tkls arc hcate(l' h( ch.rrgc o
a 1(uid, knowD asmellirrg, s sharp an(lclc.r. Ann)rfhoLrs LLLrsLantcs nclu(lc
rubbcr, lass, Dd ulfir. n hcs c ubs(anccs,hc ilL1cl1l l lhc alonls snoto|1lc y
.nd whcn hcalcd,hcy radually oftcn.
Liquids, n lhc othcr Tand, rcnotrigid. l walcr, rrilk, r oil is pourc(l n a
rablc, t will llow all ovcf 1hcsurfacc. hcnt(tlls or r)rolcculcs l liqrri(ls lll.lcl
ca(llothcrandthercbyc|rablcliq ds oUow. Bul hcscaL(tns.1rc (x)scly lftlcltrrc(i
aDddonol kccp bcir $apc. Thcrefore liquid will akc hcshaPc l anyconlaillcr
in which i is DotreLl. owcvcr, iquids .vc a dcfirrite ohrnrc; qtran ol nrilk
cannol it in a Pir)t oulaittcr,
Gascs, uchasair, oxylcn, andcarbon ioxidc' avc lo lixcd shal)c r volunrf
of thcir owr. Thcy dillusc r slrcad oul () lill any cont.rrrcf f watcr s prrl nl()
a tirc, t willnr nto tln) bo(tonlr f air s pu( r)to 1 ire, L llls hc wholc sl)acc nsidc
thc irc. TIlc atoms r molc(Lllcs fgascs r cwidcly paccd r rdmovc vcry al)idly.
Thcy cilher conllress or cxfand rc adapl o any .lrca
EvcrythiDg c knolv snladc of maltcr n solid, iquid or gascolrs ornl.Lalcr
in (his chaplcr, c rvill discussthcr ways nlatlcr maybc classilicd.

USING ENGLTSH O CLASSIFY

A classificalion ncludes:
l. a gcneral lass,
2. a specific lem or il€ms, aDd
L a basis br classificalioo, hich s fequcntly rt slated ccaLrsc l i1
undcrstood r cxllained lsewhcrc.
Consider hissample cntcDcc:

All matter may be classified as either solid,liquid, or gas.

 g

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6 Classifying

Rock, wood,paper, and cottonare cryslallinesolids.

(Nore hat a classification s likc an upsidc-dotm rcc The rutlk of a trcc is

divided nlo large branchcs, ach arge branch s subdividcd nto smallcr
branches, nd smallcr branchcs nraysobdividc again nto evcn sm.lllcr
branches.)

NOTES
l . The passive orm is used rcqucntly l1 scntcnces f classilicalior and in all
scientific writing becausc hc cmphasisDscicncc s usllally or thc acliotl,rlol
on thc perso[ performing he actbn.
2 . Thc present implc cnse s the mosl commonly Llscd cnsc ll scientific
wrling becausc t cxprcsses llrivcrsals, For cxample, waklt reezes t lf C )
t . In a sentence ike, Oxygen s a gat, o ly rhe meanirgs of lhc words oxrrc, and
9dr will {ygal which is the Scneral alcgory aDdwhich is thc sPecific tcnr.
 t

o Q s

C O CS

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Classifying

l. Fivc nDonant classes fconllxnrnds.rc rcids, ase\. .lts. nr0lirlli( xidcs,

and non etallic xidcs.
4. A deer s a lJrnmmal.
t. carbon cxists n three onns: raphilc, ianlon(1, ndnnnxphoLrs.
6. Rocks arc grcLrped nto three cat€goricsi tjrlcoul, nrclanm rPhlc, nd
sedimenlary.
7. Collee, ea,and paiit arccolloids.
8. Coal, wood, and oil may bc classilicd s lrcls.
9. Salls re norganic (Jmpounds,
10.ThcLwo kinds ofnuclcic a(ids ar cdcoxylibonucleic ci(l DNA) lird
riborucleic cid RNA).

Trcnsfefti ng Infothatior. Rcad hc followirrg parngraph rrd in(l .ruhcr way

rbal mat1er naybeclassilic{1. hcnusc hc nli )rnration n thc passagc o corrrl)lclc
lhcchart.
I;LHCTRICAL ONDUCTIVITY
Mattef s icqucrrlly la\silic(l ccol.diDg o iLs lcclr'ical on(luclivily r a con-
(l,rc|or, oncoDLlr,rctor,r scnriconduct(r', olrdu(loN avcnlnlly lcctfons h.1nfc
ficc ) nmvc an(l arcusclirl rlcnrryirrll, I corl(lLrcljnS, lcclfic ulrcnl. All r Clals,
pa icuh y silvct, oppcr, old, and alu|ni|rur arc good con(luclon SrLl)slnr]ccs
with lcw icc eicct()nsrc callcd oncor)ductors, r insu alo$, lccausc hc) dorrol
carry clcclric haryc rxlcarl bcrscdto prcvcrll lcori(.ily ionl llov!ing whcrc L s nol
w.r\rcd. Air, wood, glass, rr(i laslic fc nsr.rlators. lcw suL)nirn(|\, il(f ca \rn,
\iljL.'|l r(l;(1r rrrr.rrr,l, ,,l.r'l rrl,,(rrlLf{'rrrrr"(,rl':'I'.' l,!.,ri r'\"r
asJcmicon(luclors nd afcusMin such clcctroni( cviccss Lfnnsislof n(lio\.
 6

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l0 classifiing

The Passhte voice

The passivc orm of a vcrb is used requcntly n classifying nd in all scicr)lific

writing. This is because hc cnlphasis n scicn(t is uslrally on thc acti(t],,?dl on
thc person perfonning hc actidr. A scntence s drliv? f lhe srbjccl Pcrft)rms hc
aclior. 11 s pa.uivf t thc subjecl cccivcs hc aclioD. Look al lhcse examplcsi

scientists classify mercury as a metal . fd.livr,

Mercury is classified as a metal. (pdssir?)

Thc sccond scnlcncc i prefeffed bccarlsc t conccnlmlcs ou how nlcrcllry is clas_

sifiid. (wc know fial scicntisls o lhe classiliing
Formula br a passivc cDtcDccl

Objccl f vcrb pKrPcr pasr

fromactivc + fonrl ol + participlc + by"phrasc
sclltcllcc vcru ld ,? (optionnr)

(by
Meraury is classified as a metal' scientists).
Ilrhe aclkD is n thc prescnl, usc ltc preseDl cnsc ol lhe ve r lo l,a: a il lhc sub iccl
is sinsular, ln if lhc subicct s plrral. If thc ac li(n) s il) thc Pasl, usc hc pas( ensc
of rhc vcrb ,o ,cr lvr?J r wrrJ, wllcn thcre is ,1 nnxlll, lik( ,i or n,ri'I, tlic ,1?,r 'i
\tr tllust e, F tlrc cxanrple at',)v(, rhc Lty-Phft]sc l) .Ji'rrrafs) s nol us((l h('(nusc
it is uDders()o d,Hcrc are sonlc activcsenlenccs rrd hcir (orrcspol)dillg lassivc
forDrs.

ACTIVE
Thcy Erow coffee n Brazil arld
Cohmbia,
wc usc asers n Dlace f ncccllcs
in courlMrlisc recorclingi,----
Thcy discovercd iamonds n
Soulh Africa n the ninclccnlh
cenrury,
JaDres atson DdFraDcis rick
fonnulalcd hc hcory of lhe
double clix.
Penicillinan cure nclrnronia.
PASSIVE
Collcc is g()wD iD Brazil and
colunrbia.
Lascrsrreu$c(l n place ol rccdlcs
iu conrl)ad ciisc ccordings.
Dianlor)ds wcrc discovcrcd r)
Soulh Africa u lhc inclecullr
The heory ol lhc doublc hclix wns
foflrulalc(l by Janles wa(s(nlar)d
PncuDrolrin nn bccurcd bv
r;"'iiilli..

Cha ging Actit/e voice to Passive Voice. ChaDge ca.h 01 thc following a.tivc
scntcnces 0 hc Passivc brm. Bc carclll l{ ) choosc thc corrccl tcnsc (Prc\cnl {' r
 l

l D r ( , . I
) L ) r t r . D r L
s r r J'
nu o l
f " 7
' r
t I pX r l 9'
, ,,
t s p r c El t
9 o t p i
s u t .
' r r i u
, D: rq t oi c
s | D s L .
s s f s p s
, rDu '
' r s q. r r )

, Ui r i ( l u )

q Si s l u a aF
{ r { f
'
z ) s J r s I
t S i
'
' l
( r i u '
t l
l '
d
, r
r r
r u q ( L .
q u q s
( r u '
I n L D J r
u p J u
J t !
u u '
€ q
l2 classifying

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Building

A good vocabulary ill help you \ir'ith very aspecl l conrmunicalior'l; l will
improve our reading nd islening omprehensiol nd will cDablc on 1osl)cak
andwrilebelt€r. A goodvocabulary ill hclp you succccdn arry profcssiol
whcn you firstsludy a language, ou icanr cvcryday ords hal arcrepcatcd
sooflcn hal dley soon ccome all ofyour permancni ocabtrlary, owcver,llcf
you have acquircd basic ocabulary, herc s always a dc'dinc n vocairuhry
growth alc. Reading nd speaking he langualc will increasc our llucnrybut
will '?ol ubnradcally ncrcase ourvocabulary his s beLausc hc words ou arc
lcanling appcar css rcquendy nd are hus n rc dillicull 1() cmcnllrcr. l lhis
slage f languagc cvclopmcrl, ou must nakc a spccial ffofl o acquirc new

All thc words n lhc vocabulary cclion$ n this book wcre selccLc(liom thc
readirgs nd eclurcs ccausc hcyappcar rcquenlly rl s('icntifi( iscou$e Tl)erc
arc Do arc or spccialized ords,Thc word partsar('dln) hose blllrd fucqlcnlly
in scicntifia crnrinology. n addi1kt1, hevocalrulary ccii(tls olltain trnlcgics or
conlil1uing o build your vocabulary, hat $, br Dlaking ocaL)llaly r)wth n
lifc!ime habi1.

voubuur! 1 Co text. circla hc lcltcr of thc nnswcr hdt bcsl nralchos hc

nrcaning f thc hlicizcd word as t is uscd n cach of thosc cDlcllccs

D sizc,
L Aloms arc it?,4t?rlt5i, rdl
\!y' rrny b. hlgc
2. Chcnrists tudy hecompositiot f Datural rrrsld,?dt
a. malerlals b, machincs
3. Thcwhalc suddcnly fidrred rcnlthc walcr'
a. atosc b. disappearcd
4. All maller s cithcr iquid, soli(i, l gas, nd solklsmaybc srrlt,llL'id.tlnlo
cryslallinc nd amorphous.
q bi)kclLdown
.". b.tll]r p
5. Plaslic roducts rchard 10disposc l becansehcy arealnost r?/.'.{.1:!!i4b._
a. unable o bc dcnroycd b, unablc k) bc conslruclcd
6. Al onc timc lhc alom was thoughl rc bc fudlvirirl.'.
, 0 bc divkled b. nnablc o be sccn
a. unable
7. Eilrslcin's deasarc 1oo lbilr?d for nrany pcol)lc o ulldcrslalrd.
b. lhcorciical
 a

J u s '
l D u
I D qf o u r r l
l n'
q u
' Jp qi q'
! s
) s r d ) q'
. n r
U s J $ r l q r
F r '
p p

p o s

)M i s l ! l I Dt s J
i s i p up 1 / / 'M L s r t u
l l ) ! L J ! s
s u l , J s l
s l U . ) '
i U s l l l ;
l q'
p D, r u U L .
l '
j i t , l s .
t l l l i Vl i
q p o U r u q s o
r i l r U l Fr q s
su U r (
[
qU S q'
l t r r ) I

p 6
u D w
r u \ o r
i j r l r r l ^ 0
s ] q P I l
, p'
r , , p i I
D s J s r
u I t u U s r
D p t qL M l
l o u r s P D
p Yl r
p s J I '
l4 Classitying

Theconccpl ofatoms irn emerged n ancienl Greece. n 400 R.c. hc philon)pher

Dcmocritus heorized halmaucrcould bedividcd nlo smallcrand maller )a licles
until a point \aas eached eyond which no furthcr subdivision was possiblc. hcse
indestructiblc articles wcre called alonror, Grcck word mcanirg irdivisiblc We
know taday hat atoms areso small ia1il would takc nore lhan a million oflhcnl
to equal the thickn€ss of this s!,c-c1-q1!qP -er'cmocritus' hcory, howevcr, was
not universally accepted n lhe ancient world, for many bclieved n Arislollc's
lh€ory thal matter s composcd ffour elcmcnls: earth, irc, air, andrvatcr.
During the Middle Agcs n Europe, hc concept oI atoms was collsi(lcrcd (x)
abstrac! nd was acco d ngly rejeclcd. in aUy, n I 804 hc Englishnan John Da o n
formulated aD atomic theory bascd on his experimcnlat ion. Hc clainled tal all
matter s made of atomsi hal all arcms of a single elcmcnt havc hc samc shafe,
size,wcighl, alldbehaviori and that aloms ofeach e]cmcnt arediffcrcnl tom lhosc
of any other elemcnt, He said hat aloms are nol crcaled or dcslroycd Lrut athcr
form new combinations n chemical eacli(,ls.
Dalton roughl thal aloms wcrc solid, but ()day a(tns arc belicvcd o consist
mainlv of sDacc, ilh a dense nuclcus at lhe ccDtcr, Thc size of lbc nrclcLlsllsidc
ff:l,.Lil";";'";i;i"",r'i'iffi31 n", r,'nballcrd.aihucrcus
qry.irillk
whiih hivcno.cnill(r(
protoDs, hich havc posjtivc lc(ri( charge, lldn(lllrons
Thc nucleusssurrouDJed y clcctftrnj, which l)avc a neFnli\c clcitri( chart}aTlii
number ofprotons equals hc numbcr ol clcctroDs n cach alom, aDd hcrcfore hc
cnlire alom hasDocha4tc. n l9ll, thc Danish hysicisl icls Bohr ) rc )sed
model of thc alon iD whi(h thc clectrons cvolvedaround thc DLI(lcus ikc thc
planels evolve arouDd hc sul'l Today hc movemeDt fclcclrons s thoughl () be
more ikc Lrccs overiDs n)uDd-a iv( Thc orce f allrdcli(\n clwc(rr hc fositiv(
prorons n ihi irucla[i aid the rrcg:r-ivclectnrn\ v!hirlilF afinrr]J kecP: hc clcc-
lrons in their padts.

-
- - \'hd's
?z z
Itn
/,
/; ebi \\
l I ao
\\ o. t]
irhi
\\ 2/
\- - -zl

hsllumolom

what is ir'thal makcs iron hard, oxygen a gas, and mcrcury a liquid? The
properlics of an elcmcnl arc dcrcrmi[ed by thc rumbcf ol clcclrons n ar a(nn,
rahich s (allcd he alomic number' All atorrr' Jl h,''arrr, (lcr'1cr)l reJlik|] ll
youvr \ccn orre dlomo{ oxvgen, ou\( sccrrhcm.rll H)JroFrn. hc rlnr.\l
element, has one clccLron nd onc proton, In faci, the hydrogen alom, lhc most
,commonalom r lhc universe, s hcbasis on whichouren lirc Llniversc ras ormcd
Oxygen has eighl protons and cighl electrons. U.mnilrln, one of thc hcaviesl elc
menis, has92 protons and 92 cleclrons
 (

I r p s r JD : a Js I
I s p r ) l s l r s J
X 1 H r i r '

D u a
l r o " , i
is s r
L,
r

s J L u
o" '
b v @ P
z . J D
r L p 1 Ot
a' uL l p s , Dl s
p u : r p '
) "W r U) Ms
n p'
' el s J ou t p
do s
r T r u u s l J !
s ) l Mr '
, p '
, Ju ) " ) '
i1 , , r s s s i r
. n" , qi r r )
M s i
l D o i s J
J U '
' ) )
U J ) r s
l J j
I
'
' ) s Ju r t r
' U l o j ' u'
I ' E u o e u r n '

S N S D S

u ol r E J
S J r I p p u L J i s'

rp Q
$ o p
P
L
P s
z i o '
q r
l6 Classifying

) . Thcdf,vi(c wr' Lllivrn b\ n,echnnknl\'r[t:l\

a. ]nachire b. elccrrical
4. Akhough hydrogcn and oxygen havc sonc similarilics, ach has
charactcristics ral arc drsllr?d.
a. similar b. diffcrenl
5 . Sodiunl and chbrinc are he .onstirr?rtr f sah.
b. characterisiics
Oxygen s a very a.t,v? lcmcnl thal combincs cadily wirhothcr clcDrcDts.
a. stable b. unsrablc
7 . sonle mushrooms arcsafe $ cal, ard o rers are pdlr.rq|i,
a. delicious b. d-cjldly
8 . It was mportanl 10 kecp hc te mperatllrc r,iJlrr?t hroughout hc
experimenl.
a. unchaDging b. changirr!
9. Thc outcolqc f an cxpcrincnl s af lectcd y y44'n0LJ.
a. subii-e;&s b. changing bc$rs
I 0 , Bcsides ilrogen ndoxygcn, hcrc s a small ,/rro,rio, ol olhcf gnscsn thc
air,
a, quality b. quanlhy
. Thenoblc gascs rca group of gases ilh l?o,rrorereorr rollcrlics,
a, similar b. diffcrol}tt
t2, A. mots\\ito is cdkgo zedas al1 nscct.
a, alassified b. dc$cribcd
A flower canonly /aldl, ls Jcauly or a short inlc,
a. kecp b, bse

Note-Tekitrg
Many pcoplc ikc 1() akc a camera whcn they makc a lril) partly bc(ilusc hcy
know tha t they will remember he pcoplc arrd placcs hcy havc rccofd cd on filrrr
and forget much of thc resl, Thc Dotcs you lakc during a lccturc arc likc lhc
photographs ou take on a lri p. wha t you rccord, you will relainj nlorit ol thc rcst,
yo u will forget. Without noles, r a shon whilc you will u ndoublcd y .I(r gcl nlost
of the malerial prescnted D a leclurc, evcn whcn thc subiecl mallcr is ilrlcrcstilrg
to you, Justaswilh picturcs, your goal is !o rccord as nany imporhDl points as
cleady ndspccifically spo"iblc. Nole-tdkirrA ill 10, rltcrl(r( wirh y('rrr incrrins
on rhc conrrary. r will help ou lo locus o; whal s Fin! sJirl n'lrvoirl (lrir\F
your'mind wandcr. The succccding haplers contain suggcstiol)s i) r Sood nolc-
laking.
Take noles asyou lisrcn o lhc lccturc "The Chemislry ofMa(lcr,'and lhcn Llse
vour notes o comDlclc hc nexl cxercise.
 -

A t

o r o r o l
L J r us s S u t r r p
o'
s s Jd l u'
s s o a e ^ PI
l s u r s'
.
o r uo ud r S , ,
Pl
s'
' u uo J r (ML q uo J'
r $ J \
'
wI s u i '
g Us u i '
M u
' d s'
' z u u1 .
' u N L J J s n s'
' a p u D p u u s'

N Ns
. ^u q n r p s u q s so . ma
, B pr n Ds n p ^ a . Z m Z
u Z
T pu i e a J a
* dr e M L r
V o F u ui opu 0 p s'
p ( o no o ul o L u , L L u' p n
qs o B u n u o ep o u r
d pl s J u L Bq o o . p au
o ae oo o p ap e d a '

S S

t u s
u pl s & p o L d -
d d a , s L p r es p q J
u q np B e u r dL p E s
r q'
h
|
u u
F
r 8 Classilying

The opic sentence ray appenr ar th€ begn ing of rhe p.r.gfafh to nnnounce
Lhc nain dcir. O r il mny ,ppc.r .r thc o r d r o sLillr iriTc lhrl i(lcr. Thc lopic
senlencc iilcs hc pnraqrnph nd rrakcsi l clcnr ar)d u dcrslirrdilblc rJ hc fcirdcf.
Thc esl ollhc scnlcnccs n Lhc .ragfrph shrxrld i vc (lcl.rils hirr sut)poa, xtrldjn,
or provc rhe nlah poinl.
Thesanplc paragraph elow s rr(ompletc. ca(t l .n(l thi.k of . goo(t ol)j(
scntcncc o uDily l. Also, lrrd hc onc scnlclrcc h.r (l(x:s rd/ )cloull lhc pnr-
ngr'alh.

Aslfonomers lassify lanels ccordirg o thcir posilioDs n rcl.rLioD o rhc earlh.

Thosc halarc nsidc hc (anh s orl,it lhnt s.Mcrcury.r(l v(nLrs) f( (lirss((t r s
i|rlcrior lanels. llthe olhcf! arccallcd upcrior i.ncls RcccnrpnccxIkrrarions
have uncovered o cvi dcnce f lifc on any o f thesc laDcts. lnnets n-v lso rc
classified (cording 0 h(ir si/( nr(l mnss. M{:rcury, cnr.rs, nrs, ar(l I'krlo r (
sonelimL,s allcd hc clrcslrial la|lcls bc(nusr hcy r( sirrrilaf siTc o 1hc afll).
Jlrpiter, atu , Uranlrs, rd Nc|tlrrc arL'lhc nlajof or larlj(r plan{:ls..lu|ilct s
the argesl, ollowcd y SalLr'n rd lhen hc "twiDs,' Urarr!s nd N(l)runr.

Which of thc followings hc t)cst opic scnlcn(( of rhis

).r.grirl)h?
L Plnnels ray Lrc lassificd ccordinll o si/can (l m,rss.
2, Plincts maybcclnssilicd ((o(lir!l lo l)()silior r Jrzc.
L scientins lassily rarry hings ll lhc unrvcrrc.
4. Plancls r.1y )c lassil ied cco inlt o lx)silion.
scrrtcnccs an(i 4 arc oo Daffow o bc thc topic scntcocc, i)f ncilhcf covcrs
allrhc nfonnatir)n n lhc par.graph Sc r(]rr(c is ror lhc l)r\l l)c..u\( jr j\ lrx)
brca(l; r it rlor spccjlic o this ;ragf('lph. cDlcncc.lsLhc bcsL oIic scntcncc
bccausc t annouDccs xaclly whalthe par.Uraplr s aboul-Do molc, nol css.
whi(h sc[lcncc docs not bcl(Jng n lhc par.lgraphl hc scnlcDcc hil bcgin!
Reccnl pa|e qllordtiafis , , is ol rclcva|l o lhc (rpic l clissiiicnti olr ud hcrcfofc
lhould n0l bc ucludcd.

writing a Pardgraph of Classificatiotl

Write a paragraph l clasrificatioD ased n onc 01 hc ljiscLrssi on oi|lls 11.11

in!eresls ou. Sla|t hr paragfaph ith a topic scr)lcllrr]rirL
l statcs l)c Inai!l dca,
2. is broad nougb .) ovcr verylhinit n 1hc paragrirfh, nd
L is specific nough o cov€r nly whal ! jn thc |aragr.l)h.
The esr fthe senlences hoLrld rovidc hcdetajls hat cl.lc o,sLrlrpon, rrxlrlijrr
the r opic sentence.
Always eread ourparagraph, relcrably ltcr sonrc inrc h:rs asscd. hcck 1o
see hat ev€ry s€ntencc s rclated o lhc lopic scnlcncc.
 a 7

ag s
t

N N

s o r 3 s B u
s c 3 u S s r
u s u^ Si u ue u tE o u )
u s p p s p i s , 3
o d p S O u s
s s 0 . r o JM q o a
I 3 I s E r p l '
l p '
u d e D u p r J J
D u E q J u r
q p s q r r r
t s p s r u s M,
l r s D d s s r se
J J M J PI
u p o : J I u S p S '
e J J
'

6
20 Compdring

Shott Reading

Read he following passagc l1d ind as nrany colrlparisons s you can.

The wonder MetAk

Thi sludy of melals bcgan n lhc Middlc Agcs when alchcnrisllj carchcdor.a
brq( rr
lechnique (' cinrvcrt mclal'," ikc ledLL ,\ g,)ld.
making iold but at )cr't by c\pcrinreirlint wilh lhc mclal\ (irr hcy rrcvrr rcccc(l((l
,'nlr.lsl i, lhc
ancient Grccks, who only spcculated bout thcnl) dlcy nrade nlany discovcrics.
All bul 20 of the over 100 elemcnts dcnliiicd to dalc are mclals blrl only 7 of
these are common n thc carth's crusl, ron, lhc nlost wiclcly ulcd rctal, s rarcly
found in thc frce stale (not combiiEil rr'ilh olhcr rielals) and nrusl bc cxlr..lcd
from nalLrrallv ccurrin! rrmpounLis orc:l \u(h \ hcrlr.rtil(, n$nclilL. rr,i )l it(,
T hc bcauliful ok)rs 'f ro.kr.rr(Juc rLtn'\t l lllrcl) (' thfsc nir) ,,n)n0ulr!i' rr
fact, ron pyriie is oftcn callcd bolt gold bcca sc oflhc sinlihrity ol ilt cok)r rc
gold. Irorr s vcry slrongly magnclic, and thc la(llhal the earlh is a il4g_Dgltlsclf
lip,pcd scicnrislspff 1() hc thcl drat ()n is a nlaiorcontponcnl ol thc a' anll's colc,

Pure roD s a rclativcly ofi, ilvcry rctal hal s vcry activc hcnli(ally lhal s,
it combines wilh oxyAcn o clgoclc or form rU!!), It is usrlnlly nlixed with olhcr
elemcnls or conrpoL cls o form qugys such asslccl, shjnlqls -stccl, r c_!1t! itll,
which ar cmorc durablc nd rusl csislaDl han purc ron,
AILlminllft is thc mosl abundanl nlctal,but il wars )ol useci l)til a ccnlury a8o
becausc t is so aclivc chcDrically nd difiicult lo cxtract. Like ir)rr it is n)li, btlt in
coDtraslo iron and stccl, ahnrinuIn is vcry IiSht at)cj Dolc rcsislilt)t o corrosi(nl.
Thcsc qualilics makc t uriclirl br airplar)cs, raius, lLrlonn)t)ilcs, 1)ckets, nd housc
sidinS.
'lnihe
1940s, magncsillm nlergcd s ar inll)ortal)t rclal. AlthoLrgh l is lcss
abundanl iD th c caflh, morc chcDrically clivc,a (i har(lcf t() cxtfa cl tltnn alll'
minum, l is prcsclrl n scawalcr ar)d halmeanshcrc salnlosl lr cllclless trDply
ol il.
In thc spacc agc, hc cxtraordinary propcrlics ol tilaniurt have nrndc l Lllc lcw
wondcr mclal.LighleraDCllroDg cr hnrr slccl, t is Drorc csislanl o corrosi(D.1nd
ablc o withstand cal.
rhe iiiifiining malormcrals arcsodilrm, )oiassi!rnr, rr dcalcitrDr, ll (x) active
chcmically lhcy rcacl vktcr)tly wilh rittci]l(ia usc lr corrstrLiciioD.
 I
D H O UI

Ss S r o o u s p
p i u e n s te L Pi L u -
ui L e u s

o D s
U g a
u D p o p $ . o o p'
o d op

t u u s
'
S E r

N C C U N S

a Al P1 p A D '
P o qs

u st L at l "
'
u o ees

nu us , l ) '
u e u n o 3es

u t o L p F u us l q Ll p r u o
'
q e u p 5l
o E u p I

h t al s s p a ! L u nL '
P u nu
22 Comparing

Sentance Pattefts

COMPARING SIMILARTTIES

frire I
u,nn..iu. , I'i-iru''9. | ,',.'",..
mponanr sJ
Las

r**,',," hqll"'.} aruminumnmdny r)\.

| paralers ]

CONTRASTING IFFERENCES

fis unlike I
Iron 1is dtfferent romI aluminum.
Ldiff€rs rom )
unlike ron, l
In contrast o ron, I
alumrnum s '8nr'
cornpared o iron. I
In comparison o iron,J

fheavier han l
Iron s lless abundant hanI aluminum,
Lnot assoflas )

,,on , u {relarivelv . }"urr.nerar.

l(omparauveiyl

Ufiderstafiiling Compansors. Rcad hc passagc clow () dc(crminc hc oftlcr ol

the sevei ilalicized metalli accordirg to thcir mcllir)g pojnts. Lisl thc nrclalwilh
lhe rrrjre,I mching noinl /1,..r.

The mehing poiDl ofplnrirrrr is high compar cd o nnsl melals but not as high as
that of chrotfiium. he mehing point of zir. is lcss harr half the mclling loint of
grld and approximat cly hrlc timcs he mehing poi of rrdirrr. Mr,Irry has thc
lowest mclling poinr ofall the metals- lopper |1(l old havc similar meltirS poinls,
b thc mclling oinr fcoppcr sslighlly ighcr haD oldard ower han Dlalinunr.
 5

D 4 "
s p i
u o p e p u l -
p S E P]

r E u J es

w 6
o t
(
I
r 6 € I 9
D IO E 0 T b 9
OP t € 9 n L
n l
) N 0 L <
( I s l 9
- € 0 8 1 L b l
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-

p l J u s e J
O o '
s q s s q s
Z u u s eq q o i o '
un o
) J J pu t d Li '
r el

t p C D e qs q op s d )
'
u ap o^ 3r $l
J u s J u L a '
i q BI
p r q q B s'
^

i J J u r . J d'
r u ^ s
J r p o s E J
'
D u r Pl
z4 Comparing

Creati g Sente ces. Writc a scntcncc omparing hc i tcurs n cach oflhcsc pain.
There s morc tha n onc way to wrilc each anslver.

l. surface cmpcralurer Mcrcury-3to'C

Vcrlus-475oC

maximlm life pall:. kangaroo-16 ycars

cat-23 ycars
3 . cakxies; applc mcdium)-75
cgg- 70
diameten moon-3,480 km
canh- I2,800 km
5 . geitalbnpcriod: elephanl-21months
giraffe- l4- l5 months
6. percent of y,/otld's water: Pacific Occan-46%
Atlanric Occan-22.9%

credtifig com pddsons, comparc thc items n cach ol lhcsc pairs orally lr or)c or
two scnlcnccs, otc$al thc tcnrshavc somcthing Dcomnlon, or odrcrwisc herc
would beno poinl n comparin8 bcnr, A goocj way $ make a coDrlarison s o
begin wilh whal thcy havc iD common. Inchrdc al lcasl onc way thc ilculs a rc
similar and onc way lhcy arc diffcrcr)t, For cxanrplc, 10 compare c a aDd coffec,
you mighr say, "Borh coffcc and lca arc drinks, bur coffcc s nrade roDr a bcan
and tca is prcparcd rom lcavcs."

l. a lelescopc nd a microscopc
2. a submarine nd a dolphiD
3. a compuler nd a calcula(t
4. a descn nd a uDglc
5. a photocopier rd ar1 -ray nrachinc
a s
b , p ' q o u
l :

q M E u .

M p E ^ ,P q r :
o I o o I '
r sp o p iu p u D o s J p ui
u r :

e x S a '
u q e EI C
o s e q s p'
e s s E q o (

p I q u q J r o M u t
t 1'
l E !
' u s o '
q ) p t t r
L s o'
o o r

n S'
B q M p p u'
P se l
'
H u s t ql qpo 1
s l u s
26 comparing

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Brilding

Interrupling reading r leclurc o l ook up words n a dicli(nrnry ill break

your concentration. hcrclbrc, her yoLr cad or hear a ncw worcl, oLr hoLrld
always ry 1o igur c oul itsmeaning ronr ls con1ex1. onlclimcs hf seDltncc lscll
conlairs a dcllnili(nr:

silver sulfide, a black chemical substance, forms on its surface.

Al other times, hc surrounding scntcnccs r paragral)h ivcs s(nnc n(licatiorr of

themeanrnS:

cold is a ductile metaL one gram of gold can be dlawn into a

wlre 1.8miles in length'

From hese wo scrrlcnces, ou caD oncludc hat a drclilc nc(al is one hat can
bestretchcd r pulled ntowirc.
(hance
wordmcaLrings romscrrtcn(cs, hclr, n thc fca(lilrils lrd cclurcs' ootli8nrc
In the vocabulrry cations f each unil, yoLl will havc hc oLlt
canusc
othcr clucs o hclp yoLr ndcrstand hcwor(1,

vocabulary in Cortexl. Circlc lllc lcttcr ol thc answcr lhal L)csL l)atchcs h(
meaDing l tbc lalicizcd o as t is Lrsed n cach ol lhc follt)wirlg clllcrr(cs

L silicon s a nolrnrclalli( lcnlclrt hal is |rcxpcnsivc ecausc l is so dLlLtnLlntll

iD mincrals ud rucks.
a. rarc @ plcrrrilirl
oairarrd nn)islurc, ri;r] will.irlro,?c.
2. whc|
a. rust exposcrl Ll.shinc
3. when thc flanrcs rllrsided, hc policc nvenigalcd hccnusc f Lhc
colll0uslL0n,
a. bufnrng lr ' ('xcltcnlcllr
4. The spantan.ous xplosioD auscd 1 d of damagc.
a. unijlanrrcd b. planntd
5. Thc room gol s.tully and warm duc lo imfropt:r ventildliatl.
a. healirg b air circulaliorr
6. Many ivcs could bcsavcd f nalLrr.llprercrt,:rd (rch s canhqtrakcs nd
hlrnicnncs could Lrcprcdiclc(1.
a. rcsources b. occurrcllces
 ,

u d & J el d s p p -
" I
q n r
qq e u p u e '
e P 8 s

' u r Bn p € 3 u r
P E n r
q'
0' a s p r s'
Pq & q B u

' q s o, o t u P D s'

e t el 8L s'
B s

' o u o oe p'
e u a
, r bl o e a i '
, q u
I q 6 6 p s p u e l Me '
P $ q p
sn c u el
:
E u p u l L DI

' u J up
i s n c u u o p'
B ui e S s
' o A p s t Si p u d oD el s r
A B s'
1N n s

, o u u s u e c'
_
p
o r n q , s a -
'
p . q o r ,

s w 6
u p S MI e u } E p S S.
e c e u ul s q )
P el nl p n e EI P s o D de :
ur ul n s c s'
u ) u'

F q m
.
28 Comparing

L Rcad hc firsl scDtcrlcc frvcry p.rilgraph, hich rcqucnrly. llhough ot

always, onlains hc mair idca.
4. Read hc summary r r concllrskrt(thccndoflhc pasiirgc.

NrlciToskima wholeb(rck,rc.d he irsL aragraph ndconclLrsion lcach haptcr

Skim hc following passagc ()discovcf rs m.in lopic and t hc inli)nrr.tion l

contains.hcn answer hc followina ucsLious. fy to do this allin thrcc an(l
half minules. You )
will bc givcn Linlc rcad he pass.gc horoLrghly ntcr

t. Thc main opic of this eadinS s:

a. lhe nduslrial rscs f oxyitcn, il()gcn, andhydr'(rgcn.
b. how oxygcn, iuogen, nd hyd()gcn liffcr ion lhcothcr clcnrcnls.
l:. thc mportancc f oxygcn, ilfogcn, nd hydrogcn o living hin!s.
d. thc diffcrcnccs clwccn hc hrcc Hascs.
2. A11 ithe followinS opics rc discLrssedn lhc passaltc ,r(r.?r1
a. oxrdatron,
b. a comparison f nitrogcDnd oxygcn
c, the
d. ihc charactcfinics l hydrcecn.achgar nn(l hc ycit o1 liscovcrics.
scicnlists ho discovcrcd

Readirrg
TheLife-Supportitlg ascs
llow lonJl an a hLrnrdrr )eing ivcwitholrt oxy|cn2 Whnt il thcrc wrfc rro
nitrogcn r the air? J!sl how irnponanl shydml.tcnl
Thrcc of our nn)sl alrunda|l nn(l in|ort.nl clcnrcnls rc rhc Niscs )\)g('|,
nilrogcn, ncl ydrogeD. lthoLrgh hcy rare nr.rny )n)pcrlics-.rll hrrc rc rol-
orles\, dorless, ncl astclcss t room cntpcrnrurr-cach nc s ]lcrcss,rrv
lll a urlrqlre way. o li{c
Thcsanrc ubslancc auses rcral.; o coflo(ic, oo(l o r)1, al)l)lcs o runr LJrrs.,
paint o harden, as(tirrc o bLr . and l1n lo rusr. irc.annol hL I \ailhoLrt t.
and hLrnlan cings rnnoL ivc withoLrl 1.Thi\ slrLrst.ncc so\ygc1r,1r s\c!1li.l
ingfedient n airand waicr and hc rnosl buIdnnl clcmcnl n lhc ei|1h s cfU\1.
Oxygcn svcry activc hcmically, rcaIirrg haLl fcadilv.onrbinc\ !irh olhcr
substanccs n a proccss alled xidntioD. or cx.lnt)lc. n)n olntrinc{ ilh {rxfsci
lrom hc air o producc r(Doxidc, or rtrs1. o(xl rr(l w.tcr comlrinc ,il h oxvlcu
1o ofnr dccay. cgclablc ilsured n p.inrq on)lriDc it h oxygcn o h.klcn. Thc\c
areallexamples f slow oxidati(D.
T hc rapid oxidalr(nr fluels carscs onbLrsLion, n firc. Someli|neslirc stins
sponlancously. I a subnance
ncwspapcrs, r grain, shcated vilh
n lhea lovl' indliIlg
bscncc cnr|cr.lLrfc.
l l)rotrcr clril.tion, uch.s oilyrag\,
o.\id.li(nr ln!
 6

nl p s oq s B '

r o , Pl : r s o s u sD p
s '
: J l i P s s D o
u s p L
LH L s i J P i sM r '
1 u r s o L p s p i t
l sM J ' ) l J
o r ) o , s M .
Pl
d' I l
o sP o 1 o n s s u r
u o M u s a Lo u o i L q c s

E P ou u s u Su s p sP p
t '
L o u L s i 1
^ )M q r { u s r u -
J o o q u L r q J
P U Es o o r p p
o n n r q M o ' q q q n s'
pe P o u r
p s
i M n t o s r p u
d J .P P o r s
S s s p sN L u r
'
p E q 8 P'
H s u l eL uo J u ol p JL
u o q
oq H u s o uP E d u Ep DI q J
3 0 Cumpd,ing

are morc aLoms j hydrcgci l D our bodics har ary olhcr clcrrcrr bc(.u\c ol]f
bodies arc about two thirds rvatcrl Hydrogcn s al$ JbLI ir rrost lirclr n r d i n n ll
acids. t i\ the lightesl ro*,n clcment and is highly flannnaLrlc . cliLrnr s.lrrosl
J. lipl,r LvLi. S-|t,l|r ir..|l'r.fl.rnrn.I L.
".
Hydrogen a D doxygcn are hc main (onnilucnls oflhc wirlcrwL (ltirrk. Njlr()!rc|r
andoxygcn.rc lhc chicl clcmcnl! ol lhr air w c brc.lhc. O Lrr xislcncc ould noL
L ' c n..i\lp $.rlr,,L' h , p r .,ir, t"ll rl.r,.

Unclefila ding t h e Readirg. Ea(h ollhc followir)g alcnrcrils l irrc ()rsi1lcnl ilh
lh c inlbrmalion n thc prcviolrs a\saitc. licr a c.Lclul caclirU l rhc p.ss.ge. c \ r
your comprehcnsio n y finding hc crrol in caclr L.lcnlcnl nd rcnating 1(onlclly.

I Oxygcn. nitro8cn, and hydro,tcn h.vc sinil.r prot)cnic\. bor only oxygcn s
csscnlial 01ife.

2, Thc, (bslancc halcarscs wood o fot is nol thcsanic.r\ hc orlc h:11

causcs.pprcs o urlr Dr{)wn,
L Thc dccayilrg [ ftxx] sancxnn]plcol npid oxidation.
4, It is mposslblc (r'a llrc () starl ponta|rcously.
5. FlLrnnn cjnls can ivc Lrp o 15 nrinlrrcs irhour oxygen.
6, Nitfogcn onvc,rts o a licc stntc ry pfoccss allcd l)ontancous

7. Comt)arcd o oxyltcn, rjlr)grrrs vcly.(rlvc

8. I1 hc air wcrc purc oxylcn,wccould all snrr)kc ilhout hn nirgoLrr
h(rlrh
9, Nit()llcr'r sLrsccl n cxplosiles ceansc t r sso stablc.
I0, Oxygc| s hc Dlosl LruD(lanl lcnrcnt n Lhc Lrni!,crsc.
11. Scicnrins
12. o DorkDow
llydrogcnsrhe urhil lhc sun
nronablrndirnr s Dr.dc
lcnrcnr ol)odjc\ L)ccaLrscLrr)(,rtjc\
n oLl|

ll. l) c(trnrast o hclium, hyrlrogcn s Donllarnnriblc.

14.Tllc cslcnlial ngredicnr n fcl1ilizcrs shydfogcn.

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary n conte xt. cit.lc lhc l{:llcr ol lhc .[swcr LIL]L rcsl nlilchc\ lhc
mcaninS ollhe ilaljcizcd vl o . \ il is rLscd r cr.h ol Lhcsc crlcnrcs.

c polishcd hc c.r 1() givc h c lluish . ,rJ/cr.

o shine 1,.dullncs!
 r

I j I J , .
e q )

' u U l s l n r
^ u. '
s p M ui e r f
"
a' e q r
5 .
eu I e PI Dt s '
P s qM s
p p p 0 u r u L'
q r
^ r s i u L M I n
p'
eq J u ut
s PM u o p i '
p qo P
r s i p t '
e s ! -
s u J J O qiO L'
o u d
r J i n s p P u L P r
e p p
a t l e i
Z u '
$
J
a q s p p ' s

o 6
i c J i s o r L s u o
I M r l r {
nl s nJ pu s nl J l n l
) 3 u o ui i
M s o Bt U q u n l u
n , , f f t I .
n0 s I ( n p o n
p s L n M r '
s n L o J i s , p L J r
o d r J'
12 Comparing

Unde$tahding the Lecture. Usc your notcs to dcrclrinc lvhcthcr cd(h oJ rhc
.r,ll.,wi !.l.rr,mflI\ , r u { r I , , ' . l,li '/ | ..,,, ,lr.rL . , l r L |1,..r..r. i|l r.r(

T I Gold, ilvcr, nd coppcr re valuc(iortheir un(r nrxl scirtcil)'.

2. Newlon was dre firs( to srrcceed ll changirg ).rsr rcl.ls nlo gokl.
3 . Copper s asmalleablend duclilc
4 . colLl \ lhc Drosl hcnrically.clivc ol nll thc nrcral\.
5 . cold h.s a t)cautiftrl oncr bLrl r is nol r\ (hlraL)lc ssilvcf
6 . hr conrran c Fol(i, ilvcr anrisircs.
7 . Purc ilvcr s a rclalivcly tl rrrclal.
silver s Lrsed or pholographic ihr bc.nulc sonrc ilvcr
con )Lrnds ellccl iithr.
9 . Thc propcflics of silvcr rcscnlb lc hosc ol gokl .11r(lo|l)cr.

t 0 . Golcl sr)ol uscd or L,lectric ifilrg bo(ausc t is nol (lt](lil(.

Coppcr s uscd i)f clcctric iriug bcrilusc t i s a lrc trcr or\(lucror
than gilvcr,
t 2 . BroDzc,n,llloy ol riD a|]d coppcr, shaf(lcfhirrr irhcf rirr ol

1 3 .Cold, silvcr, n(i copl)cr.1rc nrons Lrr rn)sl 11)!r)(l.rrrlrrrr.lls

DISCUSSION POINTS

To compafc tcnrs, cgin with lhcif sinrilarirics rxl Lbrn )()ir1r nr1 |(if (liJ]0f-
cnccs. Avoid v.1gue tatenreDls ucb s, "Car A is bcltcr Lhnn Car l." ln whar
specific ays rc hey diffcrerl? ocs C.rAhirvennorc owc ulnrolor?irslr)|gcr
[xx]y? a iaslcr pickup? Bt rte.lif.

I comparc conrputcr ndLlrc r.rnra|] rain. Co0rl)r.rlcrs avc )ccu )rogf.lnrnrc(l

lo lfanslatc iorrr oDc aDguaitc o arx'thcr, o play chcss,.1rl(l o solvc
complcx )ilhcDr.ltical ()LtcrDs. ill thcy cvcr bc al)lc (r hinki will thcy
beable oanalyze, valrarc, Drnkc ccisions, ndnrike Lrdgnrenrsi ill rhcf
be able o desigD, magine. r crcatc?
2. Comparc 1sporl or g.nrc har s polLrlar n lhis connlry wilh oDc hil i\
fopular D your counlry.
L Comfarc hc foods f lwo couDlrics ou know. Why are hcy lillcrurL/
4. Comparc n Amcrican arwilh onc rom anoLhcr oLrnlry. oulidcr hcif
fowcr, rcliabiliry, comlbrr, cosr, appcarancc. D(l a,orklltan\h lp.
 €

d p u M E o P o qr
a

U 9 X S
6
r M sl o J i s p s
u o o o JB o u s J u r
D Li
D Li S o p'
p e o o o D p 0 u'
s o r p p l '

rp T M L o p l us ) us Fi p'
l B i s I o
e q n s J I n r
o l J s u i
q u L'
el s L u u u / v ( sp
s t d r P l P r s
s S l o p , q'
l A i ^ L M L s o r 7 s n s
m p p 1 s r s -
o J o ' L J n A, 0 u q r o ,
u o . .
u '6

U ,
u ! u p o n r
Up L'u t L )
l4 Comparing

is rare, bur it is stable. Tririum, on the other hand, s radioaclivc and can o nly bc
found in traces on the earth. However, l can be manufactu rcdby bombarcling
lithium with neutrons, although his method makcs r morc cxpcnsivc han dclr
tedum.

Th€ irst paragraph sesMefiod I. Analog data s descr ibed irsland digilal dala
second,
Thesecond aragraph sesMefiod 2. The wo itcms arecomparcd haractcristic
bycharacteristic: irst or fusibility, ten for stability, and inally orcost. Frcqucntly,
a combination of Methods I and 2 are used.

TransitionWords
In all writing, t is very mponant o show how thc idcas rc relatcd. Words
that clarify hese elationships rccalledransilion words.Transition ords hal
areused o show contrast ndude althoqh, brt, however, n cantrast, n heothcr
hdkd, even hough. evet helest. the contrdry, et. n spite I a]tl dfspit?. rhel
rransillon ord; su.h as imitarty, ikewise.nih; same ay, n;reover,;iiJtnhtr-
more, nd besidesxDresshecomDarison [ Iikc lcm9.

witlng d Pdragraph of Compdison

Write a paragraph f comparisou Done of lhc Discussion oints. cllin wilh

a topic sentenceha!statcs ie maiD dca.Thendcvclop hcrcsl of rhc paragraph
to suppon he main dea, usingMcrhod or Melhod 2 dcs(ribcd bovc,
 d €

pp p
o "
1 p

N N
l s J S s S ) s s t
i p r , 1 I D s p
D
s E u t ! DI
I c p s r 3 s
i 3 ^. r s r u o ur ' pp ^
s l o
p u J s u J p
.
i r p s

) r J r r P p
Jp '
L s
u J p I t s J r L s r s
t L u r L sP s
u u l p s J q J o t P s
) p s J r M p'

g
16 Causc and Eflecl

Short Readiflg
(olors
Rcad hc Passag€ rclow o (iiscovcf whal caLrsts 'rs o sct diflcrcnl

The Nature of Color

grnss
Why is h( sky bluc nnd ( hc grass rcen? W hy isrrl hc \ky green rnLl h(
wav
bhrc? r cl why is a nrse ctl nncad of |urplc? whal wc scc nscolof s hc
our bfanrs cspond o lhc differcnl rvavclcngths i light
(lifiercrrl
L{thl is a fo n of cleclromailnic encqly thaL ravcls vcry quicklyon
n
frcrtLicncics, f wavclcn8ths, hich wc se( asdifltrenl col(rrs For cxarr|rc'
vi()lel A w'velcrrgth l 660
wavelcnglh )l400 rran(N(lcrs nm) caLrscs s1()ce
nn,causcs s o sce er lThecolor Lrrowlr s n(lLrced y drc nrixing l w'vclcrrilLh\' ''vc_
Ycllow canbc prortucctl ry ilhtr ils own wavclcnllh of a rrixlrrrc l lht \
rr d
t.''tgttts o rcd'unA rccr. olrf sk) l(x)ks )luc bccnLrse rolc(lrlcs l oxygcrl
olor'
niLiogcrr u thc air sialtcr n()rc Lrhrc avclcrrglhs hannnyolhcr

red

oran9e
gleen
Dlue
lndlgo

prlsm

sir Isnnc
whitc lighl rcsLrlts ionr a mixing of thc wavclcDgtlls f all colors
a rism' hc $'hilc
Ncwt<rn liicovercd hal whcn sunliShl assccl llrough Slnss
hcspccLrurll
iiot'r, iro"rr"a inu, n tlt"clrunr tcolorcd i8hl Ncw()rl llcrl allowcd
lr( c('l"l' ru"rnL'irr"l J l\1rrr
i., "." ilir.'"*1 3 *6,' .1 1,,1.,' n(
*fli,l.i*f.rl.ii',.i'rrf",),I\cr,mLnlJcnr.)r'.rrnt(,1l hn shir.li;hL
lr''rr'rrr!'rnlrrrrs.r'l l"lt (
1 l n . , pr:r'rirn a bt.r.rLitrrl rrrJ hJmJrr' \'rlfl( 'J rlr'' \ l r' $lr'r'r
.,,i".
a rairr' hcbc'n ol whilc surllillhr
,."rfiehr alh u; d",ps of watcr r thc airaficr
sDallcrs nlo a rainbow f colors.
';.:";i;;;;
;;" invisiblc ohuman evcs wavclcnSlh\ horrcr han thal ol'
rr\irJ\|lilhr'lr.rr(JrrJrn tc'krrrc(ll\' rv( rillr' 'r'ri(r ri11
\i,,l(|I'r,,Llu(cu
.h:r',r hc,,,l r n J t'"Jrric rrtrrrc'l iFllr' 'rdi'r rvr' \--r\" r'r'l Jrrrrni 'r\'
c'n nrcas!1rc ll(l
we .onnu sce.ulors produccd y thcsc wavclcnglhs' lll wc
 /

9 D a J
/
s p u ol p s d u , a ,
d sa s J n s'
DD E o ) a ( s ) '

e Sq o a O al

o a I
'
a u A u o'
SS P a (

o u , e S s

p ta l u a 64 ol a
r p p 6 w'
u l pa p u d O r D p ,
^ r (

e + o e q

a e s
p p u

s u ol o r a or r u ,
u t ce , D S A J Se a S P
(

a S s n u
e Pl e s
o .
18 cause and Effect

white light rcsultson a mixi g oI the wavelengths l all colod. . . . Tlle bca of
whhesunlight splallerc nto a tainbow oI ulors
(Sometimes here s a correlati{m bclween wo evcnls that is, ollc cvcnl
always accompanies he other, vhcrhcr or nor thcrc is a causal onnccli()lr-

white light _--wavelengtbs

--+ a mixture of the
of all colors

Se tence Pattens

ft**"
l'..',1'c
I
ln I
A mixins or.ll wavelenstls I il"^li,'"j. I a whhe iBhr.
. Lrnduces

fcauscd y I
lduero I
whhe lighl is { lnduc€d by } a mlxing of wav€lengths
I a result f I
Lproduced y,,
ffl
all the wavelengths are mixed, a whilc lighl is produccd
Yhen

IuI
A while light ts produced lwhen I all ft e wavelength sre mlx€d
LAS J
Note:SoneoI theabove reakopredktio akdcanbe x\ersedwith
thetuture ente.Fot exampk, $ all thewaveletht arenixed,a white
light wi baproduced."Ptedictio,ls,ill beditcttttedurthet in Chapter
12.)

'Causeard Effect Thc Roman oralor Ciccro wrole, "Thc causcs f

Identryittg
eve.rti'ure-eue. norc interesting har thc cvcnls thcmsclves In cach of lh c fol-
lowing sentenccs, nderlinc he causc once and lhc c ffe€l wicc.

l. When copper s hcated o 1083' C, il mclls.

2. changes occur n planB \,r'hen hey absorb encrgy rom fte sun.
 p 6

' e u JE p u s p
i s r L 3 p'
E' s r p'
q 3 u o c p ) p ,
'
u 3 u s r e u J
r s s r q qi e Je ) s'
' u'
r s o o P J l s'
' r p t L '

p a o Je g q s J
u n J q J t u s'
u a En e J pl
el '
u
6 u t p l e n' l p 1
d J' qi
o u u qu o p sp o p L '
u l B u p o J p r '
! u p o J s s u p'
q s J r L qo r p'
o s J r a u r
q s o n q l
H S p u & ( se '
v s n u o up
,
u i s p u e p'
w q pu er
s l L s U r
s q o u r e'
9 c p J , p'
r i p'
i p J r M p se l r '

p e u

u r u J o s o E s n p E o
s t r u u ul M r
D uB n 0 s q u u P o u r
40 Cause nd El{cct

by purLing l li a ,1ain ldt^e, whik thc css mporLanL (tc.r r|l)c.rt n thr rutiol
diraLe r sc.ondary lausr:

Human beings cannot live on the moon b€cause there is no air

or water there.

ThcnranrclaLrseofrhi\scnrencc,/?rrr.?rrrirtlr,tr1a1li4rntl]t.tilon,i\i1.lttd1.l.n
which nleans hereh
idea (l,efrirrc iat il can ranLl
no dir lonc s0nscntcncc.
nt vttrttt th c r?00r) shc cxprc.jscd
ccondary, n rLhc
cssrl{,1/rr'rn
nrponanl.
f/.1l]s!,, vhich s Llqadent .n].rht: ainclau\e. t caDnor tanLl rlonc s. scnlencc
l)cc.lLric r docs norcxpfcss conUletc houghl b) itself.
Nolice hal the word ,..,rrr..rl,i a\ . corrucc()f clrvccu hc nrcauili.t\ l lhc
Iwo clauses. hcconnc(ling word alirilys nlrodLrccs hc rubor(linalc f less nr-
l)oiarrL lr(lsc. Notc nlso hal lhc.lauses ray bcfevcrscd. l is cqu,rll) orel:l to
say, E.rdrrc r. fd ,s rd dir or wntr lhcrr, hLtn.1t1 titl!$antlnot it r/] //r(, /&1/r, Now
thc subordin.lc l ;lusc.1])l)c.1rs cli)re hc urain claLrsc. nd, hhoLrgh hr rvoftl
l]&rrrrr s rx)l ocalcd ctwccr hc claLrscs, Lslill nc(\ asn conncrtor i ncc t rc laL!s
lhc nrcir|ring l orrc o lhc olhcr.

Recog1|izil1ll ubordifiatior. h c.rh ol lhc lollowiLrg crrtcncc\, (lcnlily hcrrrnin

clnLrse f dclcrnrinin! hich clnLrse onLnius hc cc|rlfrl (1c.. Jn(lc r)c hc rnairl
clausc ncc and hc colrnccling o(l LhnL ink\ lhcrlau\c\ 1wiac,

I , NooDc waskillc(i bccausc hc valanchc ccLrrrc(l l r)ieh(.

2. Whcn silicorr s addcd o ifoo, rfor) LlccontcJ 'LLst csrslaDt
3 . Evcn whcn hcatcdl) I000" c, walcr will nol (loc{)rll)osc,

4. Thc g a s Drcsnrfc ncfe.sc(l L)tcaLr\c h evolumc (lccrcasr(l.

5. Whcn co|r]cts r []clcors colli(lcrl with lhc carth, thc ca lr,\ rr.rgr)ctiL icl(l
nl.y hilvc bcen rcvcrscd
6. A! thc lcmpcrature ncrc.ses, hc raLc ol n chcnric.l rcaction ncrca\cs.
7. Ncon givcs offlighr n,hcn.n clccLric lrrrcnt s p.\\cil Lhr)Ugh l.
8 Ii ci r(rrr ioxidciscoolcd Lo 79" C. iL condcnlc\rlircrllyto. \t)lid.

Usi g Suborcli tion. Iu cach ) 1hc i)llolvirrg x.rnrIlcs, ombinf hc s( ) l.Lrsrs

inlo one cnLencc o hat oDc dca s \Lrborclilr.lc o thc othcr. YorLwill ncc(l o
add aconnecti nsorr l nrch al r1,/,.,r. f. ds, e t$t. ot lr thtit.

rllcfcLrry shc.:llcd o 18.9'c

,/rP/4 t lec.lzl la -lS 9' e IJ

 r I

. o p J p
l I p L
I s
u p r r
I o s p
D n l I u
s r p
s l M l
n s o u u Dl s o u
D p u p

a p a uD D r o n u t
L'
u u ) r E M

I
u U l D p
J o p l r
o p U r n
U I o ( p M i l p i
s l J J r p o
t '
. l \ ^ u t .
) I r l ! J f j
l I iM o
1' '
M t i r o : a
r p i a
M l l r r z
p ) J o a
E' A s U ) D j l u r s L
ra
s D I n r a
l l r s } u a
r l a

D S

t 6
u r p s p r M L r u u M s
L r q M r
q J U J l U I P q r r
1 l s p s( M r s u P
u i s a r r r
+: Cause and Effect

prcfixcs n-, n , fu , dk-and / makc a word ncgal ve will tcll yolr lhal rrt,f!diJ..rr' 'l'
neans nrr ,?dcsrrd/y, ,rposJirfu cans not polsibk ina(ttrttta ntcans ?dr .'rr,rld,
iliconneded means ot cantle.te!1,\1d olti.al mcans Dl 1oilic.r/
A worll of caution s rrccded . owcvcr, or you c.rDrrol elyconrl)lctcly n nrch
clucs o determirrc meaning Englirh s a laDgrragc hal has cvolvccl arrd changcd
over many ycars, absorbil1g ords rom many angu.gcs. Thcclucs cansonrctirnes
be nislcading. For cxample, ldtltnabk .lnd irr4dl rra r1.' have hc sarDc leaninlll
They both refer o $mclhirg thal can cnsily alch Ilrc- (Theanl(n)ynr s,drllr'"'-
dhle ot tninJlammable.l hcrcforc, you lnun always scc f Lhc nrcnning hnl you
gucssed its lhc way the wod is use d n lhc sc|lcncc.

Prefixes: ypet, htlpo-, Posf-, r-. SlLrdy he f(tlowing lin of prullxcs and Lh(rr
lnal(h lhe tenns al thc lefl bcbw wilh Lhcir nlcanirrils l lhc rilhl. You will nol
useall thcmearriuSs isled.

hypet-; over, above,beyond the norm, hypertefisit,tr = high blood

pressure
norm; hlpolensitttl = low
,ypo-: under,
blood pressurcbeneath, less than the
postr after; postglaaial = after the glacial period
sub-i wder; submatine = a ship used under watcr

L hypolhcrn)ia a, p!ll ul)(lef walcr

2. hyporcxic
L hypoa(idic c. subnofinal xxly ctuPeraturc
4. hypcwcr)tilali(D d. bcrrcalh hc bol(nr ol thc sca

t, hypcrsonic c, lcss cidic

excclsivc brcalhirg
8, submcfgc h . hi!hly poisonous
i . faster hin thc sl)ccd ol sound

t . .illcr hco|craln)r
k aftcr icarh
 {

q u . ) M t )
u o p p s s p q J r s'
o o e q o p r '
O
:
z I o s ! U l )
q - ! r
q J p L u '
l

o M u | uo '
t J
q
u p p p u u s p p'
u
u J $ _ r
u o i
i D q l u JD '
I l
8 p s t s n r '
r
Dt J i JM '
n I

Jp J r u'
Pl
I s 4 L l p '
P UI
' op n p S s p u u ,
\ L'
u p
'
v x s q q o a u a -
s
VI s . p ui
' -
p
44 Cause and Eflect

Scanhing

when youneed osear{h cchnical alerialfor hcalrswcrs 0 pccilic Lrcsliorrs,

you will r'vant 1o ocale drc parlic!lar inlormalior wilhoul rcading cvcrv wofLl
This .n beaccomplishcd y s.drriri the passagc. oscan ct youf cyc\ urr apidly
down ihc pagc and lmk for thc kc y or inlporlanl words hil yoLrarescrkjrrg
Rcad hc lbllowirlg hree qucslions. her Iind lhc answcrs y sc;lnning he
Fassagc br rlle key words. Try lo do il all in firec mirrlrlcs.
1 Whal is lhc st)ccd of light2 (key wordsi a Llrge Dunlbci
2. who oriSinaled hewavc Lhcory i lighl? keywo|ds: a pft)fer nirnx rilh
(apilal etters)
L What is silvcr br cmide used or? (kcy words: silvcr n'{nni(lc)

Readi g

Relecting o Light
Mosl ofwhal wc krrow L)out llcworld conrcs o us hrough trr abili(y ) "sf!r"
with our eycs, lrr cicscopcs, n( loLIr tia()s(opes, ul how (lo we sce: Si!lhl \
notsonlcLhirlg lat cachcs (rl.lio, ourcyes. nslcad l is hc ighl hil lf.vcls d
oureycs. oLr ce his tagc, orcxitndc,bccausc iliht, cflcctillg |1)ll] hcsrln ol
ao clcflric ight, ravels ionr hc l)nfcr o yoLlr ycs

\iJ

,,Q'
 a p D s

1 i
T J 1 '
n
?r ^r l up i l d L r - u J )
T :#; ,
nl , i y
:i I
u: i
. 1 n p ql o 1:

n 1
e ^ s
j i
s & pl M u -
o p r B o ,
H ; l Li ,
i : T;
r ll nm iui ,ru i:d
f j #j ;
,
' u
D .

ql u
6 6
e e
q q
n o' n 3'

i ln t f1 1 , ll

: ;# lJ; uH$ r
i i
j i
^ t l
46 Cause and Eflect

Light rayschange directlon n water.

bll|n a h(tc in il. ll js (his igh( cn(ryy iorr Lh( sLrn hal w.lrrlrs hc c.lflh an(l
enablcs ivirgrhirrgs o row. Plarrls ct ight ncrgy lifcctly r)nr hc slrrr. ninrirls
gcl rlionlrhc plarlls heycal.

Making nferences. A scicrrlist lr'rsl lrakc vcry clli) lo lrc )rccisc ) y rcn(lrrrl
and o6scrvirrf arcftrlly rr dnrc;rsu rg rxl rccor(lirrg ccuf.lcly rla(ctr|nl( rr '
Ii)flDaliorr arrcsult n llcorfccl onclusions. rl(licirlc hclhfr cach l llc i)llo\1'jllg
slatcurcr\ls sslaLc(j rl lrc Passagc S), nrPlic(l )yolhcr rrli)rnrnlion n thc )nssagc
(/), or rrcilhcr L.lc(l or mplic(l N) l)o,tut n(licale hclhcl hc slrlcnlcrrl s fuc

l. Thcrpccd 01 ighl s 186,000 ilcs l)cl rccorl(l

2 . Lighr ravcls lower hn)ugh gl.ss llan hl'(nrllh ir'
3 . Light ravels irslcr han nrtrnd
4 . MoonlighL s rcfleclc(l ighl.
5 . Lightlravels irncr lhl1)Lrgh nler lhiD ()Lrn(i docs

6. Scicnlins lill rot illways krolv lhal lighllravels

1 . Lighl lfavcl\ iu thc sime lvayns v)Lrn(l

rr cliffcrcnt \rrhsril(.cs
8 . J-ighl lravcls al diffcrcrrt sl)eeds
Solrxl wavcs d o Doltravcl r r (rnisht lincs
0 . Mosl ol lhc v)Lurd ivc hear is rclleclc(i
 I

t r l u l s
D'
o J D n up l '
V r s p p '
q q p qr u '
s j

T S N S S

o. P q a
S J r u p p s p L r i s'
H q Ml d p , L s or l L t
Of u '
o u ul
u e u s m s pL n s'

. S n e J r s s'
M P s

I u s e p e q 1 p u e'
,
r p p \ p '
d p
48 Cause and Effecl

6. Becausc hcdr?plilrA!, fthc Lrnivcrsc s mpossiblr of Lrs o conrt)rchcnd.

wc nray never Dow ho*,extcnsivc 1 s.
a, largcness
Dilfcrent wavck'ugths p(xlLrcc vdf,d/rdrr in colort.
a. slylci b. diffcrcnccs
8 . The ld,rc l.r \ iolir is N.lll.l anLt iih.
a. sound ualily b. picc
'). To pracricc nrcrycncy pfoccclLrre,i,1,c rrrldr!'d nn iclrr.l cn]1hquilc

a. obscrvcd b. irnilared
1 0 . TiDydaorljtlacvi(csa rc 11s('do ii(l hcadng
a. visual b. sNrd
l t . (innpurc|s can bc f,'o.rr.rrrrrd o prcccss nd analyze all l(illds ol (1.1..
.. dcsigned b. dcslrcvc(l
1 2 . All lhcorclic.l cscnrch assLrsfcndcd of lhc,/rri?/i(,/7 l lhc r,.r.
a. Ptriod Lr.benclrl

Note-Takihg

Whcrrnking notcs Lrring lectulc, lways oc(l$ n lhc nlain (lcas, , nclrillg
for thc nrain poirns s likc l(x)kiug br thc ()t)ic crrlcrrccs n i rcndir)l.l )ir\\ng(',
:lllhough l is nrorc dilticuk )((.Usc ou ( lo nothavc ara8lrl])h luc\ o l\cltr or.r.
YoLl husmusr istcn i)r hc gcrrcral deas r couclusront )1 hc lccL!Lfc.
Filnl oLrl hc bpic or titlc of the eclurc o yoLrwill hnvc nn idcn ol whal l iJ
going o covcr alrd whal yori need o li5lcr) i)f. Son\clinlcs hcJl)calicf l.lcs lhc
objeclives l llrc bc!inrling f thc preseDt.li()n. rc.sionillyrsl)cnker fjlc\ irrr_
porlaDl oirls onachalkboar(i rdisplays hcnr ou . sli(l( or firrrs|nrcncy. :irrnlly.
rhcspcakcr maysrinnnrizc hc Drain oints J hc lcclufc.rl hc cnd.
Takc nolcs s yolr isren o hc Icctufc T hc MLrsic )1 oun(]." l1,1o wrjlc low'r
allthe main dcas.'Ihcn sc youf noles o conDlclc hcncxlcxcr!itc.

uhderclanditlg the Lecture. ljsc your r()1r'! 10 (lctcnriuc whclhcr c.ch ()l lhc
following tarcnrcDrs ,i ruc ( 1) or falsc F) icco in8 (r hc letlLrrc.

T l. sound s prodLrced yairvibtatior\.

2 . Sound \'avcs nove n only o|c direction.

L A bell lmg n a vacuum will lror produce sounti.

4 . Wc hcaf sound wbcn our car drum\viL)ralc ndseDdrc\\.rgcs0
 p 6

p s n P u ;3 p'
-
J p
9' d p p s'
V u s r u l
'
J Llo E o 8 o s s
'
E d J'
Y r sp a u ue q Ll
d s u q e s P s'
o nl J q o e p u J'
'
t ' n u Jd S od Fr o'
' ud s t d i s'

1
p

zl ((
N o s
M P J qu a oo el u
qs L Z
u q ul s u t o Z
p oo o J s J o d a
pl t p ou o l n o z
P u q q q p { L o rd Z
M D q n o u J p n a
9 I Z
Z A e r q u
8 A e s J a
50 Cause and Effecl

WRITING SKILLS

Patter s of Organizdl[ot 1

Whcnwriling n tJntrcr, hoosc logicil or(lcr 10 )rc\cnl olrr tlon'rirlion )

thaloDe dca c.ds o nnothcr. Younrighl orgnnizc voLrrnptf.rc.o(ling ( ) onc
of lhc li'lk)wirlg oncctls:
L Tirnc chfonok)gy)novc Jfour hc uiliirl jlccls J orrrl)LLicrs () hc rrfcrrl l_
a. Forcxn1nfl(,
t,Lr\l ll . t\A\il'l\'lL,r'ft |ft.
2. Spacc
a. Forexamplc, lovc ionr 1hc llccts l coml)Lrlcrs l hornc o lhcfllc(ls al
yolr school o lhc clltcli n1 work pli(c \rr.h as n storc, ,rnk, )r ajrLint
officc
3. Lollic
a. Movc rcnr hc gcncral o thc spcciiic
i. lor cx.rrrplc, rovc 1R)llr hc effccls l (on]rulcfs nr hc wofl(t n gcrr_
crnl o lhc \pccilic lli'cLs n onc crsorl
b. Movc ron lhc llxlili( Lo hc gcncral the evcfsc t lhc fl)ovc)
i. F(n xanrplc. lovc rlrnr hcsl)c(ili( 11c(l\ ialucl sho.1llcorror)c
pcrsolr ) the gcncral llc(Ls rr lrc world
c, Movc homlhc sinrl)lc o thc (onrplcx lrevcr he cvcfscl)
i. For cxanulc, ux)vc Jionrhc (lirr(1 llccls l conr|ulcfs o lhc irxlifccl
or sccoDd.1ry llcds
Rcid lhc pnfagra|h clow rr(l dclc ninc which ol l hc alrovc rnllcrrr| l of_
gar)ization s uscd:

lrr 195,1 hyd()gen bolnb was cslc(l l Ilikini. Thc cxl)lo\iorr rxlLr.c(l hc
cxIccrcd adio-.1clivc all-oul on a rlur)rlJ('f l Paci[ic slanris, rrrl also scallcfe(l
dclifis vcr housands fs(lu.fc nilcs. s n r('\ull, iarrgcfolrJ adio-.(livc rnlcfinls
apfrarcd r rhf sorall lnnl\ which ivc |r hc surl,rcc l lhe scai hcsc 'r,crc .rlcrl
by sln.ll rrirrrals hich ulunrwcrc c.tcrr )y argcf.r nr.Ls,otal)ly hc rrrr.r i\h
which arc aD inlln)flanl 11iclc )1 licl iu .Iapiu. lcncc a nlr|nL)cr 'i .Lll)a'rcsc
iDgcnrd uirnlilics l fndio-iclivc bod.
S. A. B.llrcr1, Tltt lltuIdn Sllt.ic!:
^ nirlo!]v .fl4nn (Hirr|cr6 R o r , 1971)
1] 108

I n lhis paragraph, hccllccls o { a hydft)gcu oDlb 1cd rc (lcscribc(l n ch11)rrok)gic al

ordcr becauscl is a chain rc.crion, hal i!, each cllccl i r r lrrnr Lrccomc\ he c.usc
of anorhcf. Thcse elleds afc iDtrxlu(cd wilh lhc word\ trodr.e?. d r d /.xr1r, Dd
,r.rcr. Olher words rhar calr inlroducc clf€ds iDc]Lr\(lc.t1 cd, hldr.td,.anstitLmtlt,
thrs, aI'd theftfore. Transitiou word! thal inlroduce c.uscs i clrrde ls .?rr..i |ry, r
prokEd br, i! indtlc.d b!, happdls btcatse, and rr ,7,,e o.
 p I

U D o t

r nu l M P n s L or
M M r J r L r M r u -
L L , r o n r I
I uM q c s p q ( r
u n n )
B e '
chapter 4

Hlryothesizing
Motion and Gravity

INTRODUCTION
When a scientist iscovcrs rclalionship hat scems o hold lruc wilhout
exception, he or she formllla tcs a hjpathctis, A hypolhcsis is a rcnLative or
temporaryolution oascientific roblcm rancxplanation or why somelhing
happens. Ahhough a hypothesis sually devclops rom the intuiLion of thc
scientist, t is based n obseryations r facts. ForcxamDlc, Charlrs Darwin's
hypothesis bout evolution ame10him whilc hc was riding n a carriage hc
wrote/ /I can cmcmber hevery spot n t hc road"), ul Lhc dea was he prcducl
of many years f study andexperimen(alion.
A hypothesis does not always prove 1o be corrcc l, and it may have to be
rejecledallogeth er or at least reviscd. Progrcss nvolves conlinually refining
hypotheses s new information omes ( ) ighl. For cxample, ince no one has
ever seen he structurc f an atom, cienlisls ontinually cvisehcirhypolhesis
about what it looks ikc.
As evidence s gathcrcd o suppon a hypolhesis nd ! bccomes ccepred n
the scientific world, it is referred to as a llreory lbr cxamplc, rhc rheory of
relativity). When a theory cxplains or unifies a grca! dcal ol inlbrmatirnr, l
becomes nown as a pri ltiple, ot ilduttdl dty tor example, Archimedcs' principle
of waler displacemen tor the law of graviry).
 o Et

u q
r p o e q nl
o L'

a u
M q E s e q ao P a u J P ae s
p e sM P a $ p p u & { '
oa p l q s El D s p el s
Pl M q p e o ar
'
o rP o p ue o p u q P
P l D el P o p r P u ( Hi
p p c e I J u D s o t t ps o s L I
d u q Du o sq sM r 0o p
$ a ^ n q )B p Pl
P u'
lM o u u e a q qp F M pl
u P o o M n M -
u H p sM a q s u B 8 r
o s l n p E Pl s e I ss''
J p o u I e Vq J M el M e
L q c D Mq J a L r
54 Hypolhcs;zing

Calilco.rlso ljslr()\c(l Afinorlc's hllrolIcsis .t)oor hofiz on(.1 ln)rion. Hc rlrnr

on\narcd h.(. bo{ly )uslr(l n . srrx)rh sLrdrcc oul(l o Duch r hefthnnonc
pushrcl n i rourh m1Lr.r. Whur n lLrL,ric.r)l u.h is r)il w.r\Lrs c(l, lnron no loffc
wns rcquircd o I(r(l) lhc oliicrl in nrolil)n. H c (1)rclu(1c(l hirl l .u o L)jctl loc\ n o l
nrccl wirh rc sinnncc lLiclion), l will conrinuc 10 nn)!c nL. cor\lJfl s|ecd rvcD
il no li)rcc s.l)tlied
Halfa r(ntLIy l.tcr, Nrwlorr cxlcrxlc(l c,rlil(r)'s (lc:rs.rxl lo ntrlilc(l . th cofy
thnt.r bod),.r rrsr wjll r'rrrraj i 1 ( \ 1 .u(l n l,(xl) ir fi)orion wiLl crrl.in n n n)tion
Lrnless (,nrc oul\i(lc 1i)r(c (l\ ( ) n jl Thi\ lhcory i\ vr univcnall_! cccl)le( l t i\
r . ( r(f . .). N,.v ,.llr. l s ' , 1 l ri.'|L

USING ENGI S H TO HYPOTHESIZT

A hypoth(:'is s n tcnlaLiv{r rr)l)osiLion h il fctolvcs. Irn)i)l(nr or dnswcl\ i l

scicnlific qLrcslion. lhcoLv s n ht|othcsjs lh.l i s gcn(r.ll)' .(crl)Lc(l Howcvfr.
l h c i\()r(1sq,(t/,.tr'r rxi //?r!r'r'i1( fcqLLenLl,v rsc(l lrLcrchingc.l)l-v
Thc lollowing nfccx:lnll)lrs ol hyllolhc!(s l|1)nrhc (i(ting:

,1 f .\Ir,rld'J ?t,ll.tlrct.tl objects fall with a speed proportional to thcir

wci8h1.
Thc natural slats of an objcct is ro be at rcst
and a forcc is necessary o keep an objcct in
motion.

NoLc hil allhouglr r rruf nIt)cnr wilhin r scrrtrrrrc, hc h!Polh(sis lscll \ rl\tafs
in the Ji)nn ) 1 ror\\l)lclccnlc|r.r.,,.t scnlcrrrc |ngnlclrl r. (lllcslLoLl

C.i/i/{,.)'rrBxr.,J.\: All bodies bll at cqual ratcs.

II an object does not meet with resistance, t
will continue to movc at a conslant speed
even if no force s applied.

M o n hypolhcscs fc slirled r r l h c prescrrl irll)lc crrsc..llhotrsh L \ l)ossitrlc t )

hy|orhcsizc rboLrl (rnrcrhinghnt hirl)pcrrc(t rr rhc p.\r of wlll hrIl)crr i thc
lirrLrrc. onrrlir cs n hylnrlhcsis \ cxp fc\\r(l i\ i prctij.liorr, rsi|lg he ltrtLL'c cnsc
wilh r1,///. hc mcnning is llrc \nnrcas r l l h c fre\crr( lcrrsc nffr tr\(o. s.yrrU
v)mclhing.lwnys hnIl)crrl 1\ hc t.n rc:rs l)rcdirllrrg h.rl 1 !ill h,rIl)crr.
 g

6H w q u o r s -
s o ) J r p P 0
'

Y P o s l J Ps L i 0 '
r s p u u L r s'
z s I r L
0 '
. e EU ) L D s q o p l

u s r i '
P o q s
u q pJ s u ) Pr s
r dp '
u n ql P L p r q u u'
e $ u eo qi q '
g ,M s rd P P p P t
D s t '
q D Ms o 8q su up u J 3'
I
i
p o s p s. t i '

i s p s d s p n o i L s o
r L u'
$ ^ A u D t
u EI r M u'
t o Ls l o u u J l s'
q l i J s l o uo
s J' o o'

6 DH v 4 pu uq q r
M ui u u d L'
a
P ur S 0 u I s L o
u s s p r N M q o z L d L
v
ue u q n b P d r
u q e o p p D p
^ o r A s r D p s D s
o E on r s q o B n u J L p
uS o u '
56 Hypolhesizing

Ptobability

Hypotlrcscs rcoftcD xpressc(l ilh woftls hat ndjcalc lhcif tclltalivc Da(ufc
orunprovcn tatus,hcsc ords.fc vcry ntl)orlanl. osay 'lhcrc is ilc otrJLtpilcr',
is enrircly iffercnr ronl sayinil Lhcrc maybclilc on.lLrt)ilcf.,, n rhc i)llorr'ing
lisl, ie Iirsr sentcDcc xprcsscs robibilily nosl slroullyar(l cach Lrccccdin!
sentcncc xpresses 1 sliglrlly css slrcngly,

There ls life on Jupiter,

There must be life on Jupiter,
There is probably life on Jupiter,
There may be life on Jupiter.
There could be life on Jupiter.
Th€re miSht be life on Jupiter.
It is unlikely that there is iife on Jupiter.
It is impossible for there to be life on Jupiter,
There is no life on Jupiter,

Identifyitlg Probabiliry. There arc many ways rLr cxprcss probabitily. Circlerhe
word nr h ord\ thiI lnJ(.Ic prnl'.rL.rlily e.), r,.r h..c .c,I,cr.,...

I Ligh! 1rl ra vel n wavcs.

@
2 . The accumulalion of carbon dioxide r fic air is bclicvrd lo bc warnin! lh c
earth o a clangerous evel.
 t

' n n q q r r t u L s'
b' l q s '
! r d r H
. \ t t t
s q J s u o i L 0n r
n
e n s M q o u EJ p u i
p J n'

6 ol ps ap d J s p u pi
s p M r t w A u n'
p ) l r sE q u r '
) n ) us , J q0 Pi
u s q t ) np o Mu L n U J
r J s '
) n i , ni P z

) s i a
z
i s s M ) i z
€
i o d p ui e a
g J r i J z
s ; o r r t s I o J
z
e L J o p S ! e a
c s S p r a

D s
q d

M d s p r p sMI d o ,
M, np o e , p n M S x
u J r d e'
^ B oA , u S A p o ^
8 q o M s r 4' '
t p D Da a p '
D 2 1'
5 8 Hypolhesizing

Ik)wcvcr, a w.rlling is rlcccssary irr sLu(lcnls l Errgli\h n\. sr(on(l lnlrsu.lgc

ManyEnglishwor(lsLrcgilrwilhlhclelters,fbulrr)llhclrctir,-f.su(h.s:,fn)rrn,
rtvolv., rcj(t, reJlc.t, ctin, rdllrjc, rcr.rL'., rdr. tLth, avrdl, 1.Jir, a,.Ld,-r./rr.d rllcr(sr-
iDgly, rlrhough hcr( .r( nlar)' vrch vcrb , rhey olicn (or1.1in hcnrc.ning ol .'4n,,
o r n rc pearcd criolr, a\ i \ rr ue ol r.r Tr'x, l]r.1il, fvidr, 1.th(. r ttt1l, lrrjtbtt , antl

Prefix: rans'. SlLrdy h t iollowirlg )rclix andlhcn tonrl)lclc hclcnten(c\ trtl()w

usirg . diclionary l nccessdrY

Ldr?r-: over, across, beyond, through

translucenl-allowir'g liSht to pass through

l. Metal and woo(l irrcol)aqtrc; jlnssand wa\$ atr t!!1Jg4494!--

2 . Marin docs no1 pcak English, s o yot| will hav( lo /,'dl,J

lor hcr.
I Thchosl)ilnl alicrrt L'ccilc(l bkxxl
i r l . fidio.r plillcs hc iUlral ithout

Lrsing vacrll,lnl (lbc.

5 . SoLlnd s l,rrlrj irrw.vcsi l c.tlrlol r.vcl ln()Ll8lr

1oanorhcf luivcrsilY n his

7 . Mrny livcs arcsivcd bY ki(infY

lroln orrc pclsoD ).rrolhcr'
8 . Lightcr)ergy an bc r,d,r.\

vocabulary n corl?xr. Circlc hc lcllcf of lhr nnswcr l].lL bclt nr'llchcs h(

lnca|lirg )1 hc laliciTcd ord s it is Lr\ctl n c.ch ol lhcsc crrlenccs'

l Thc rcsulls { he extrcrimcnt c,r7i../ hal orLr hcory wa! corrcct

n. clispr{)vcd U) Pn'vctt
2. Thc csson .s ,rxl.rrd.? nc hour () nll(nvrnrc or qucslrolrs
a. lenglhcnc(i lr' shorlcDcil
 H 6

o p P l o s'

s n /
s'
I
r s 4eq P
JL '
,
q / p q '
Dt 1 (

J u q J s t r I '
) q' n
n P u q l L q'
I
P u q l
P'
o A i

r q P o L P o J'
P i
q o q o o L u n
t r 0 s'
P p D p
oq u 0 p e q r o MJ p'
D ! i
q P q ! e ul L p P s ps u'
u n r
Mr t u o r q '
i t
q
o q u l q r o s !
o q q
t p d p E p u u Ui '
d P l
q p qi s J p r o '
f
e q r o p L'
D P r q q e u
/ o u P MI r p
o P . qs J'
60 Hyporhesizing

Fitlditrg Main ldeas

A good way kr rcad anytcxrbook s ro brackcl r highlighl hc topic senrcDcc

ol cach aragraph r section. atcr, o rcvicw henlalcrinl ) f a tcsr, ou only necd
1o ead rhe topic scntcrces or a \Lrmnrary f all rhe nraiD poiDli.

Re^ditlg
Puisquarc rackcls rcundhc r(Dic cntencc tcvcry aragraph n hc oltorving
passage. ote hal hcrc hetopic scnrcnccs reLrsLrallyirrlnd oward hc crr(ls t'
the paragraphs ecause hc nfornlali(nr uikls | lo a conclusiou.

Newton Explains Motion

[etrhough many s(ic'ntists tudic(i motioD, r was he grenr Sir snac Ncwr(nl
r\,ho ormulalcd hc lhcorics l nlorior'1, criJying ndcxrcndin! hc ra[lier work
of Calileo nd Cofefnicus.] Ncwton nudied horizonLal nd vcriical rorirn.
Firs! Ncwlolt srudied hc qualiry f inerlin, f lhe rcn(lcncy l a L)ody o fcsisl
change n its shlc of mori('r or dirc(rioo. lcDnis all, br cxarnplc, irs
incnia; t iseasy o get 1$ ntove, lop, r (hangc ircctiotr, trucL, n thc olhcr irrlc
hand, hasa glcat deal ofincrlia, New(rt conclr cd lral a l)(xly.l rcst will fctrraitr
ai resl nd that a body n nlolbn will rcn)aitr n nloti(rt unlcss on.rc utsi(lc i)rcc
acts n il. This plinciplc s called hc aw ol inc ia,or Ncw()r)'s irsr awofr)toliorr
But Ncw()t's curiosity as nolsati slic(I.cwondcrcd whal causcs chaltgc
in nrorion. Why docs body al rcst begir) o nn)vc r a Lrody ll nrotion hangc ls
direcriolr? edcrermincd tal f a body s at rcsl, o li)r(c s cring oD rr horrycvcr,
whcr) a fo(e acts on a body, hc forcc will sl)ccd p,sk)w lown, or changc hc
direclion ol lhal body.
Morcovcr,Ncwt(rt dhcovcrcd hat thcrc is a relati(nlshif bctwecn i)fcc at)d
accclc6lion.lfyou usha swiDg enlly, l willrnove lowly.lyolr puslr tha|licr,

il will!o
ol faster.
lbrcc is direcdyewtor)
elaledorcd
o theha! lyou discounl
amorin! bc ictiorl nvolvcd,
ol accclcralion. bcanl(nrnr
The accelcration s also elalcci o rhe mass l thc objccL. ass, whi(h i s thc
quanlily of maller u a body, also dctcfrnincs heaDnruul l incnia aDobiccl ir.
A rruck hasa greal deal ol nass, a bicyclc ar nluch css. l you usc an cqLril
amounr l Ibrce o push a bicyclc nd a lr6ck, hc bicyclc ill go nuch ;rslcf han
lhe ruck. Thc arger hc mass, he ess hcacccleralior. n hcr, rhc ccclcr.llion
ol a body s inversely roporrioral o ils mnss. Newton's 'cond aw of |r (ni{rr
states hal lhc acc€leration l a body s direclly rclaled o lhc lbfcc rcliDg n il rrd
inversely roportioDalto lsmass. hedireclion l hcaccelcralion s n r hcdircclioll
of lhe applied orcc.
Finally, Newton explorcd dle qlresrion l lhc solrrce ol lbrcc. Hc olrscrvc(t hil
dre forcc acling on a body comcs ronl anolhcr body. BL lhis kic. by ilsclf w.s
noi consislent with his view ol a balanced nd synnnerrical rnivcrsc. e hcrcfofc
concluded hal whenever herc sa force plrshing n one dirccti(rr, hcfe isnnorhcr
 H I

u n qe e s u 3l p a u n'

r S I s t r l ( B r . n !
n J p p u n u u E d s
o J 4I lP g P q q n P c i
l s ) i J s P s
'
u n q ) I r M i
n ) r Pl J P u nE c t'
s r L rp p J Dq o t
l r r s r M o r
'
u r L L o P u L s
M o q S M U P p S q p : CD C q D SU '
LU J O q S U Pl p S C O l
'
J se o u qs d s s'
pl p S r U
op i L s p r s L ,
u'
N MI ps e d q q up ) u :J U D s p iq
o S p e el s u n e o
I p d El 0 u ui M u P o p p
P' o P
s'

nu a s u a p o' J r q i M i s s
r ( B r J Pr c'
J P
o q u, s ' M L s r '
' n os r u M s '
t M s p ^ J
e'
p Je o J
'
62 Hypolhcsizing

5 . A n y changc n nroLion s producc(l by a lorcc.

Accclerali() l s froponioDnl ro nrass.
l . Thcdifection of ac(clcrilio n is o|l)ositc 1{) hc (lirccri{)n ) 1 ar.c.

Pushing off ngairsl he si{le of a swinrnrinr o o l i{ .1rt x.Irt)l c ol

NcwLoD's ccolrd aw.

9 . Ncw((D brli(vcd lhirl lhc u r)ivcr:,c s syrrlrr)crfic.l ln(l L)irl.ncc(i.

l o . f\\ r) ,.li'.r ,rr,\i.r.(',Ir ,tr..r1 rr.l r\.\'i,,I
"t',r^rr,
l t . A rock ct uDctioDs n thc priDciplc f drli(nr nr(l r(aclior1.
t 2 . According 1{) Newt(n, yorr sln)er wcirr out lr(causc yor.r fc
wcaring he w(Dtj Lrrand.
13.NewloD's dcasnflucnccd vorld hinkiug n licl( ls Lhcr h.|r

LISTENING SKILLS
vocabulary in Cohtexl Circlc thc lct('r oi lhc nnswcf lhat L)cst nralchcs hc
nrcaning f thc lali(izcd woKi as t i s r,rscd n cach ol Lhcte cnlcnccs,

L Gravily ecls hc nnx)rr rr ls o,-rir r)un{l lhoonflh.

( O) |ath b. positi(rr
2. Scicnlisrs fcslill spd(r/dtili, boot hc srcirr l thc univcrsc.
a. rhir)king b. cxfcrinrcrrli n8
l. Obiccts all downwa bccausc l tlrcca h's /1rvir.r.
a, pull b, nr()vcnrcnt
4. Thc p()lcsmr wasalways n timcand bcganhclc( lurc r.'cilii'A,at rooD.
a. .lpproxinratcly l). cxactlY
5. Your wcight vdrieJ f('m day (' (lay.
a. chaDges l) . irrcrcnscs
6. Asrronaurs xpcnencc ,.grrlesrrs$ whcn travclirrlt u sp;rcc.
., In v\.irhr L lrur rrr,,
7. Thc fdld/ivr advanLlgcs fcoppcr and silvcr wifc wcrc sLu(lic(l rr(l

ir. conpararivc L). mponnrl

8. Ncwlon rlcrrrcd hc sizc of lhc plaucts.

a. compulcd b. rcpoacd
 H f

r s u ) L
l q p
I u p U r
' P'
U q .
r u u r l l

s ! D S l u s r u )
M r s l D U f r D i u n $ n
) uL J l u o r n pM r U !
r U r U u '
l o 0 ss ) P
n r s I s r l s o
^ l l l nN l , L s l n L r
( i ) n s r
M , r i l

l
l
P J s s

r s 1
'
P e e E €
'
r l I %L
M r u O
"
A u tM . c i c op s
1'

r s s r o i r_ MI u
s o r '

U t J s
u i u .
'
J " l \
'
L u '
64 Hypothesizing

2 , Planels arc hcld in thcir orbits by the forcc o f gravily.

3 . Your masswould bc diffcrcDl oD Mar$.
4. Astronauls weigh lcss on thc Dtoon bccnusc herc arc no goo(i
restauraDls llcrc,
5 . Aslronallts cxpericncc weighllcssl)css hilc tl..rvcling n sl).1(c
bccause hey arc loo far fr om lhc graviLrti(nlal ull ol lhc enrlh ol
lhe moor,
Newton calculated he rclalivc wcigh ts of (hc plancts by studying
their gravitational pull,
7. There s a strongcr orce of altraclkn Lielwcelt ltc slln nn(i lh c
canh than bet wccn hc eardl and lh c moon.
8 . The ocean's ides arecaLlscd y cclipses,
9. Yqu cannol eel thc gravilatioral pull bctween yolifscll and lhc
person sillinli rexl lo you becausc l is lio wcak.
1 0 . The aw of graviay s univcGal and applics cvcfywhcre.

j.r\
 S

N Ns
u pq o d q p r r I
'
I t M q l
'
Z' ue o r o r q '
p o u \ J
' '
t Iu P ' o I J o r u
' Lc o u f s o i p
'
c o U l n D q r
M t ! '
p o r o r s
r s o '

U 9 S

4 6 s
V u q s o l i u r r
t
i I t o J l s i l '
i t P M r n o -
u V pu p o J i Mu r
U a D L t s s s N r M l
l J '
z . L o M t u
uu o qip J p r '
i i r s LM st z t
r z u t a l p a
LM s P L r I s u'
o o p - s '

A 4 u

c q p l r s o E P r L
qi o r u ol r q p
r E r d u P
D
ol H u Pl nP esa LJ r J n t L' .
da
el P u I o or r
q t os n r u o E p i
Hypothesizing

dJmilttll. Or yuu mi!:lrr rAsc\l hJl lhi\ 'uL'i((l r(((l\ rrnl r rsr'irr(h rr'lrl\r\(
v('rrr hVnr'tl(si\ : lhat \lutl(rrl\ nkc LrrS\ \1'1rr\( r I \1r I'r(\sLrr( Y"rrr)rrSlrl
(lrrg5
i rn.t,ri" rttut *" ro changc hc alti{ude ol young pcople oward
"""4 qucsli(nls:
Be surc hat your conclutli|g slalcment allswcrs c/rdof ll'tcsc

t. t\ lr y r yuurhyPolh!.is rrrln'rlarrl'
2. What cllt.r will ir hrvr?
L Whal
4. What can bc done
shorld abo ldo?
the readcr il?
 d g

[ t

N O N

a ue S sq o o r p u/ s Pa n
a t q o q s p nl t
' ul ds e s a S p'

-
L
 A definilion answers he queslion, "what is i1?" so metimes a deliniiion is
necessary ecause word or concept hasmore than one meaning. Forexample,
wherhcr carbon s a mctal or nonmetal depends on how yoll deline carbon Al
oiher t;mes, a definilion is required becalrsc a term is being uscd in a spe(ial
way. For examplc, physicisis use thc lerms lL,otf t nd erfltu, in ways thal are
more specific than thei( common meanings. A dclinition should be complete
enough !o include all thc items n the calegory yet narrow enough to eliminate
iremsthat do not bclong. The Greek philosopher Plalo oncc defined man as a
two-lcgged crealurc hat has no fealhcrs. His critic Diogencs cfl the room and
brought back a bird withoul fealhcrs, declaring, "Herc is Plat()'s man!" The
problem with Plato's efinition was that it did no1distinguish a man Iiom
other twolegged creaturcswithout feathers, Communicalion etwccn researchers
is dcpendenl on pr€cise definilions of substan(es, conccpls, processes, nd
ideas.

Short Reading

Read hc lbllowing assagc o linddcfinitions or as nrany ypcs of cncrlly rs

TheManY Fortrlsof EneryY

Ellcfgy s hc ability o do work. whcu a hammcr lrikcs nail, ! cxcrls l(ncc
on thc nnjl lrat auscs t to nlovc. Thc novenlcDl f thc harl)rlrcr as hc .l)ilily
lo ( lo workaD(l hcrcfore asa li)rnl ol cDergy hal wc call kilrctic rrcrgy (ilrclic
cncrgy s lhc crlcfllyof molion,
An objcct nayhavc cDcrgy otonlybecausc l ils nrolior bul also Llccause l
its Dosili r of shapc. or examplc, hcn a waLch priDg s wour , it is sloriDg
When hiscucrgy srclcascd, t will do lhc workof nlovirrg hc harrds f
cncrgy.
thcwalch. his brm ofeDcrgy scallcd olcnlialcrlcrgy olentialcncfgy ss()rcd
cncrgy. Walc| lr a dam s anothcf xample l polcr]lial nergy.
Thcrc ar c many ypcs ol ki|clic and polential ncrgy, nclLrding hcrnical hcF
nral, mcchanical, lcclrical, ndnuclcarcncrgy. hemical ncUy s polcnlial ncfgy
thal sslorcd n gasoline, ood, andoil. Jusl as he waich lnirlg rc cds o be clcdscd
lo do rhc wofk ol moving he hands, hc energy tored lbod moleculcsccds
ro be releascd y cnzymes or subslanccs n lbe body, and lh c cncrly slorcd i
gasoline uslbc releascd y lhe spark plug 1.)do i1s wofk ol propelling hcc.1r
Ibrward. Thcrmalcnergy nay bc dcfincd as he kineliccrlcfllyolnn)lecules whcrr
a subsrnuce s h€aled, hc molccules nove fastcr, which calrses ha! slrb:iLance o
lccl hol. Mcchauical energy s cncrgy relltcd to the m ovcrlcnl ol objects Elcclfic
cDergy scDcrgy
thal s norcd hat
n lhe is l)roduced
nuclcLls y eleclric
f cerlair kinds charycs.
of abnrs,Nuclcar energy s LhceDergy
ikc urariuln
 6

S D H C A

P P r
I D t I r s t u I
s s r p Jp { P c s
L V y u Ll p r q s y
, s
u t
q , n '
u P:
3 D s

D a L l D p u U a P
o o'
I sD r sE ) i q
n
L )
o Q \

E u I + s u- '
S Si p

D ^ a p r A bl $
s s su r '
n t , s p(

I P ee e
. J q s

o . a ul b '
s J . J u J r
Pl (

^ I

) J
, o u
70 Defining

Th,rrndl ener!! nd! b( rlctnc(1 sthc kineti. nerlt| oltllr ec ct.

(Thc useof thcmodal ol fossil)ilily 7dvndicatcs hn! hcfe s nlorc hnn
oDcway1() efinc 0nlcrhing.)

thcrmal kineli(
ener8y enerSy

Patenltd! n(rlll ts slarcLl erll!

(Sonlelimes hc (hrrrclcrislics rcccdc h( class.)

+ €nergy
enerSy

N0lEr whcn dclining. cnrclnbcr hc ollowingi

l. Definitious cquirc hc prcsenl inple cnsc lld h(r vc lo rf.
2. The definile 11i(lc, rc, s usLr.llyotuscd wilh bc cfm bcirr! lclirrc(l c.ausc
dcfinitions
gcncrnl), otrcgeneral talcnlcnts. ir cxa|nl)lc. c would lclinc d ltiraflc irr
re gifaflc a spccillc irirllc).

Sentence allerns

DEFINING

+ sPr,crhrc H^R^cr.nLsr(:s
x 'on,'me') who fstudics hrunivcrsc. I
flArcondu*i"n
"brrumrrer I f"'."","
'' IJD I
insrlurnetrl
p--*
rhnL J rnr.rrur(5 i! p,($ure.
bl wh(h lhua' i< JnstLn(ri
t
1 I" pr.rr f l
LA lahnhLory J [.r ) wherc IcxperimeDLs rc P(rrol'ne.l

lPhysics ' - Irtre

rurtv Jurn,arLerand ntrly
[A volr ] lJ u,,ir J It'tmir'urrnpetcrtri.al ,r...rr,.]

.|
It***'], n,,'r',,*
ll*;t'J [*lt,ili, .J I**,:ll,"i
lr,u:;
 I

o Ga o J l qi ul
o s
Ds qr M J

s ! s p .
_

v . l l l r o '
u J r u s r J n'
u r sp p r '
. n sp p t u r p
. r ^ u U'
y ) su t 1 r r r t
'

6 l r ) s . p

n s pr M u p s lu p ) ' J s

l s J s i p
, ,
o U I p l ) s '
J J n l u su s x q M t J
. D : s t l ( . z
l j v ) u su r
r s s '
r ) Us r L n i
v U p l i -
r r u o s l L r n I
uM r u Mt M L u r ^
M ! i
r r n r s t o , s
oD L u l u

v } su . s A'
U n p p i l P
' '
l
r ss s uu s r J o r '
! y L s x D ul I
o h u s'
I u s L '
72 Defining

8. A conrPass ooks ike a clock

9. A amphibian s ike a frog or a r"rllc
I0. A suPcrnova s a blg nova

RehTtitle Clauses
(] A relalrvc
A clausc s a pan of a scntence hat conlai|s a [oLrn a verb nn)sL
a".,t" i, rvilh wlL' that \rher'' at wha wl?rf, and ?'r 'rc
pcopl! Sclc'rcc
i" '.i"'ce dcfiDirions; 'o isuscd when rcferrins o
"t.i,l*ir,.gi"s
i.lll-.,riv.,r*l
definilionsolienillclLlLierclallvccIaustscon!aillinSlhccharaclcrislic\Lhaldini
glrish nilcm r om othcls n thc class

( r (h ol rh( I' ll' s rrrF rljr' I i r " r r" r r"

Llsinq Riative a/d,|\er' L''rnL' r'
\ ' , r(,'(.lcrrr'| r ' r nr'lr'r 'l'ive'lr'ts
;;'.ii..,
"'',
They ar c ont'ir1((ln lht nLrcleLrs l
L Pfololls Ic positivcly hargcd aniclcs

^)'.,)))l)
"*,r*to*t+ 'l*'t"a **t"o u"l "* *"t"o*a*
lh" ru,rlzrz el an altn'
gf'lvitaliolral )lrll solowcllrrl lraL
2. A Lrlack olc sar) arcn ir sl)acc ( has a
ivc,r,rrc
, iilllli,liilllil,iili'l,llti';,;iiiiili"",,ai,"ni,'nrsnd,ran,s,ha,
','l'iil'il,,iliililxil
i liii :"1':llHl'l',lti::i:i"lllll'iliilll:i'ii'i;
u. fil'i,ilii u,"*,.' lbnn or ileon carh arcbacrcria''hcvafesinrPlci)nnii
t o'c or r.orc crecLforrs
, Srtl],ii.1ii, **''cal rcacri(n t ir\volvrs hc oss
"
t"]'::l:X'ili:i1l;
. ,0 pcrcenLl the air Ir is a tordrcls oLlocssAas

ti':"il'll:li:
l'l:ff;l::,'i;':i,iil
lgK,';1lii,"':fJ'li,1n."';:il.1[l
L a f amt,tb.r ,,necellrd animal/ constanllY hangcs ls shapc
4, aorr"'ltaa a aze cdlzd' adl44d l/4aJ

r:c.
2 . J r ' r'Il '.i( .lrLrg rrc' u a r"'ra J t r
7 . llr[g / orgal1 Irrcalnlng
 €

t / / p
sd / /d p
e n d o qi PI u
9
/ s Pl
o / p / u s r s
8

6 V ; p L d s J
L
ol d ) s u u u p s Dt
pt s D i us P E I r
r Li s q qi n P
'

P r
u r , u s
u l ,
o l o r

u u s uu el M q 6 s ps .

V X s

n 0
ui M n qi S Je M p s P p O )
n r J p p M r u J n
?4 Delining

can gucss llal the woRl ,frcr'.r/r1 efcrs 1) (nnclhing good lltla(c(l wofds 'ln)
help you 1() emcmbcr a ncw word For crnnldt, il yolr krr()w hat r0'tr' rcaDs
poi(nroLrs, 1 ryill be caty 10 L'rrrc1nbclhal //tdxl.drrd rleaDs x)isorrcd wilh drugs
or alcohol. nd il you know llrnL herorlff is hc linewhcrcLhc k} sccrls 10
mccr thc earlh, vou will rcnrcmber hat a hotiza'1h /,rc gocs Uorr 5i(lc Losnlc
rrllrrrlr | .rp.rrIi l { r r .
Howcvcr, uril as woftl fans cansonlclinres f nrislcading, clalcd wo|(ls cnn
occasioually cadyou astray Forexanrl)lc, hhough rlt?/r'r rcalls nomrous r
very lnrgc, ,?rrirctnrdl rncans iny or v(ry snlalll Thc onlY iv']y lo guar(iagirrnst
nrai(ing linakcs s o sc( l rhc nlcanins olr hnvc gucssc(l ils he s('lrlcnce rr(l
Iaragfaph.

Prefixes: ecto-/exo-, endo_. micro-. maclo- Slr'r(ly hcftrlkn^'ilrg in oll)rclixcs

ancl henma(ch hc tcrnrs L hc cli bclow wilh lhcir nrcinirllls.l hcrillhl You
will no1 sc al l thc n1L'aningsis(ed.

cclo- or sxo-:outside
exogefious-due to exiernal causcs
endo-t nside
endogenous-dve lo internal causes
,nicto-i small
microscopic-loo small to be seen without a microscopc
nacro-i latge
flacroscopic-lar9e enough to be scen with the naked eye

a L eclol)lasnl ir. thc enlirc ,rDivcrsc

2. cndoplasnl b. a littlcuni!,ersc
L Nicx)bc c. a uriuuLc )cfi{Ji1 l linrc
! 1 . cxlcfDal .ycr ol pr)loplnsnr

5. intcnrnl aycr ol l)folol)larln

6. t . ;r very nrilrrltc org.lnlsnl
7. ll . fclaling o srrrall Lr.rrlilics l
hcal
h. a lirrgc, densc DLtclcus
i. an insLfrmcnl or mf.lsLrring

din:rnces r anglcs
 u g

n J $ a
u S J I op p u q J r u s'
p p e s'
( r u |
J M p p r u'

€ e a uo a 8 ; p p'
M o, o u
a ap u J p ul s q s S p s u
u J .
.
E P u p u
E u e ur J ng u e o I 0
M M'
D q r
9 u , p o / pM s e e ol q q u
r A Ju r '
9 c )
c o s e d n) J s '
q p
s [ r ) '
d q qu S
op d J o p o o u p u a u '
p J
LB p o J o J p g sE r E'
p q e q 9 u

6
J o o S u c u r s nl s p J
o B:
v uL u J ! : (
c e J a u o u el u ,
: o p d e G
J gS J u J P t i - '
n (
76 Delining

Reading

E = lttcz
EDcrgy anbe ranslormed r changc(l r()rr onc ypc o arrolhcr' orex'rrrplc'
an apple anging lr a lrcc haspo(cnlhl ercrlly, or thc cnerg) )l osilion As rl
falls. t loscs otcnlial ncrgy bccalrsc ls hci8h1 ccrcnses t lhc s'rnrc rnrc' l
gairs kiielic cncrgy, r Lhe nergy f nnni(m, rccause1s clocily rr(rcrscs Po'
lcntial cncrgy sbcingransfonncd nlo kinclic ncrlly
Frcquen(ly, he ransfcr fcncrgy rrvolvcs lrarrsler rotrr rre o(ty o 'nolhcf
whcn you liti up a rock, yor'r re charrging hcchenri(al cncrllv ol Lhc ixxi votl
havc eatc| rlo mlrscle ncrgy. s yolr ili lhc rock higlt, yotrr mrrsclc trcrg) s
chaDginlt nlo the rock's olcnlial nergy

Muscle energy s translormed nto

mechanlcal nergy.

whcD encryy s lfanslbr'nlcd om onc ty]rc 1 o anolhcf or lralrslcncii n)rI o n c

bociy ro rno(lrcr, no clrcrgy is losl Whcn ra'c icasufc cncrgy. wc iliscovc! thnt Lh c
lorai ilnnruut rcniirrs inlacl sLr|l)osc w c lrrcfarcd, cookc(i, nrrdthcrr ale sonrc
lood. I f wc wcrc ronlcasure nrclllly nll thc cncq]y h a t rclnain\ nl thc c n d o l (hi\
 Z

s q s p p s p r
, D
] I i p q q s t p ( ,
o ) p r o t p f l
s s r l
.
r p r o r t r
p r l r U r p
Di J s o w LD Dl r Uc
j ps . s ) t , l s M q
u o r u r p r q s o l
l , '
u p s r p r I t
l r l t ) l E u L r
s o u r l s s D MI r j '
r u Tp ) U l $
l r ) o J ! J l
,
^ u p r p l l r p
o i s D s L s s t
J = j J j s J l
, '
sD l r p l
.
s t p o r p u
sU s i l J p , ] i s L p u) -s
l uu r r us l s ( s
1 L . s ! i i p
sp i U I ) l U i '

# @ #
:
i "
f w &
-
.
n *
m
*

e Eu u'
78 Defining

Allhough t maY ee slnnge, proccss ial is he cxact pposilc l lssion an

lrch as
alrn cteur. g.eur uantitics of energy Undcr o dili(nrs f inlcllsc cal'
htlirt|n atoms
are oun,l al trc ceirtcr of th{: ntn. hy(lrogcn aloms combilc lo Ionr
'kc\
The ransfornalion rlhldfogcn nlto heLium scallcd lrsion When usioD
place, he hYdrogcn rons bsc a tnall aInount l mass which 'iuanticrred nlo
n s4tich s mlrch
er.crgy. "usion produced on thc crnh rcsuhs a hvdrogen )omb
more powedL,r hanLrrc rigilal atnnic bomb Bu lhe prirrciple lLrsrcrr anaiso
u, I or peacclul u4rosts hal nrr sLrpflv llol Lh€ tcds
l..,tia
of lhc human rt-a.." "*rgv
ra.c lbr a iorrg ilnc.

unile$tun.litlg theReadirg. lach olLhe ollt,s'ing sLnlc ents s nconsislcnl wilh

thc informaLion n lhc prcvioLrs assag( cn your readjDg ompr(hc[sion ry
finding hccrfof rrcach latcnrcnl rr(l cslnting 1corre(lly

l. Encrgy anbc ransiirrmcd ronr orre ypc o anolhcr, ul il ('nrrot bc

tfanslcrled iom oncLDdy Lonnolhcr'
l1
I 'aeXq,/ .'/t ba ,L""Lu,ua,hed W ,tqa tr+Pe ta a*touen a't

tia"dk'rwA
2. I(irrctic ncrgyh4""1a.1P
s hc cncrgy ol4 t/' *uile.
1 posili(r]
3, Unlikc nratLcr, ner8y allllol ) ccrealc(l f dcslroycd
4. Potcnthl ncrlly s whcD you lic irr rcd hinkjng ol all (hc,lhirrgs otr havc
to do.
5, EinstciD aid hal hc conservalit)n illratlcrand Lhc olrscfvation l clrcrgy
arc unfclalco
6, Eiustcin's hcory bout hc conscrvalion l nlattcr:1n(l crgy wasncvcr
provcd.
;. ihc dcvelopnrcrrt lalorrlic ncrgy emor\nratcs llal ncrlly ar r ) c
convcrlecl nto Inallef
8. whcn au alom s spliL, t givcs ffclcctrons
9. An alomrc xprosron (ctrrs s d rcstrh tthcslour llairr eaclion f1l)litling

10. Fusion akcs lacc )D hc lLln wllen wo trraniufi arclns fc conllrlrlcLl

11. Exlremc ealor cold s equifcd or ltrsi(nr o t.ke placc
12. Fulim produccd n lhc carlb cslrlts ll an alomic xlrlo\ion

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary i Conl?.tr. Circlc the lellcr of thc nnswcf lh'l bcsL r alchcs lhe
ol lhe ilaliciTed oftl ns l is Lr scd n each of lhcsc scrrlcrlcc\'
mcaning
l. Scienlins do rrc! r$rrl e somelhilg is ruc LrDlll vi(lcncc orrlifrn\ t
@ o.."p, b dc'Y
 6

r nq r P pl s r ,
p q s
qu J J J t L or s nl
L'
J
l s t , L p '
! p
p
r ' pM r '
r p
Ds P o p '
s u

Z M n r s n r e tJ u o n'
p p
J J p p r u'
o ! p
l s r s J ) '
p d q o

6
) p s t S o t L l U
S s
t u p J s S o l
) ^ r B Ml u p u
l J l D o o D '
s n JD u N o
o p
^D p o 1 o J J '
s L O M U M o n U
e J J n r d'
D s s nS L J t J , p U J
o r J'

a r J n 3
'
1 J El q d q J p r
o n D'
Pl a u s J , q u J
@ oP I u
i D S s o
Hr r
80 Defining

L All cncrly rvtrllLrill) wind\ trl, r \

a. mosclc energy b. hcnl crrcrgy
WhcD you r ob youf hands, mlrsl:lcrrcrgy hangcs0
b. kineli. er('.qy
t . Encrgy always lows

Narllral proccsscslovc Irom

a. oftler 1() dis{)rder
7 . Pcrllrnc cscaping nlo lhe air
a, o cr 1() iso cr
8. EvcfyLhiult rl dlc lrnivcrst
L).disordcr o ordcr
ancxanrplc f thc chnnlrc
t) . polcnllil eucrgy o kineLicrrcrgy
will cvcnlllally c in a slatc l
b. disoder

Separatehesalt andpepper?

9, Wc do not nccd o worry al)ol lllhc dcgrnc ration l theurrjvc|\c cc.lusc l

. won r nappcn lr . woD't happcrr i)ra long inrc
10.Thc rnair idca ol tlris lcctlrfc s lhal cnergy .
a, cnn't Lrcdcslroyccl I). runs dowIlrill

DISCUSSION POINTS

Bclow nrc vrnc nonscieDlillc r "crealivc" (lcllnilions Thcy do rr ol i)llow l h c

Ionnlrla fof a scicntific dclioili()lr inncad, lhcy arc dcvcl)pcd L ) y h c wrilef lo
cxpress n opinit)1. For c.lch of lhesc crcalivc dcfinilnJ|s, cll $4r.rl yoLr hirrk Lhc
wriler nrcanr and whcLlrcr yolr agrcc ivilh lhc wrilcr.
1. KDowledgc is thc anlidole 1() enr. Rdh t WdLl. Etlltttotl
 I

7 s I I
l o n
l r 6 r D o t
D L
s a DI
! o r r
) r
o o oM r
r t
Y \ t ) J n r
. 4 1 u
r r ,

U S TS

Pa s
v u l s D ! u
s o o l o r l
r ! l P L ) n ! Pl
t L t P l P l u t t -
\ ' u' r P-
' | l
s D ! r q s u
. ( l i u
p t r c r P r s l s
P Ju u l
s r r ( . f ! L r ,
u | l r i P l s '
I | u r l l
' P l I
l s t r s '
PQ ot

u q t P l i l r
q s P r ) u l r n'
r r P l r '
D P u'
s s r :
u s e S u p '
q q q e u P s'
r t q I i J s q :

v r l s r ! ) p r
Y P s l p
u t s u r Mt '
v 1 o s J L o r s '
chapter 6

Exemplifying
Heat

INTRODUCTION

After giving a definition or making any 8en€ral tat€mcnt, he bcst way lo

clartfy a potnt s to Sive anexample f it. A chinese provcrb ays hata picture
is woith-a holsand words lt might alsobe said hat oneexample s worth a
thousand xplanations. n example rings he general r abstracl taterncnt
down to a specific r concrete mageFor €xamplc, t is one hing to say hat
smoking s bad or your health andanothcr o say hata regular moker-loscs
oflife expeclancy ol cach igarctte moked Thc
about
example i-vedds
nd a haliminutes he statement oremcmorablc, ore nteresting'
mpact,making
and more persuasive, swell as providing evidence or il'
Scientisis seexamples o explain or clarify a conccpt nd 10give evidence
to suppo it, Exampl;s cansomclimes e e to tes! he validity ofa point lf
no example anbe found o illustrate point, herc maynot be a point

Short Readitrg

Read he passage elow and underlincexamplcs f how hear affc'ls lhe prop-

efiies ol matter,

a2
 t

g D o a
n u n o
e ol
s p s o P) P r P o P P
)
"
D q e p ol P o o '
u
D sP p r sP r pE r so r
s ( r I . s r I
r r D r r s p J ' '
p ) r Si q n r r u i
Le L q r ) D!
o r s u so E t s '
u'
q J o. 0 q e P Ps p (
1 r p p l v
H s El M U S
r s p o r u rH s E d p s ,
E ) '
P J o r D P n c s s
o r J s E l p t p r s
| D p r r l l
Dl l
l I s ! o s s i l s s s r s o r lU p
'
H P s l r D
s i 'M r u -
s p i u uP p '
i r U o i l i '
s s p u i r r l i
u o t J J s r p s D-
, S i i M r l p l
P p s l n ) r

N O A

J r s I s r M P r s P '
rP r w i : s o r r '
q a$ a lq L s ;
s P r p ] J J o
(

J e J r a e sE
d
p '
84 ExemPlilYing

Tempentur( nlters hecoldr l nldtttr'

i,qn ntoy.untt'rise ltw wor(ls a \cnlcncc' 1tnrdilraIlr f m('rc''
"*on,pt.
and then white at
Ilon, for example, turns red' lhen orange'
increasinBly higher temperatures'

s.LtJIeitul r,tunpcrdtLttt
Thesizeol
tFx.molcs are nol always nnrk((l wilh (lLrc words \u(h ns '"xd'4"'
t1nobJet:t /d'
carr ornv bc i(rcntiricd Lrv hc co'tcxr .'1
),?;i:;'';; ;i1;';',,',t.' nti oricn
thc faraglaph
is poured into it '
A glassmay break when boilin8 waler

TtfiNraturt t1lsa llcctt e pr'r"n/rc "/ d .Jrrr'

pressure insidc
lf a closed glasstube is heated' the increascd
will cause it to break
ckl'ttrtltur('
Thcabilit\t ol'a fittat to rctiJ/ /itrrlti4' vdfi(,s |irlr it s
which can
Heated wires €ause excess €lectrlcal movemcnt'
damage machines'
Dtdll \1+xrdlttlr ltntr!lc\ '
l"irilllthihllt drc vcr''/ !nsiliw ln ca'll11drttli|t ll
cxarrl)lc susc(l o cxplain hc vnriolrs sl)c(ls
ii,,ni",in,il, nt,,t",tton )rlc
of a coll(cPt
cold
This is exemplified when we touch something very hot or
and feel Pain'
cool( meat to kill harmful bacteria and
'..othe;organisms
We pasteurize milk
that and
cannot tolerate heat'
 s

u D s

I
pM ! p'
o f

r 1
I
s p u n'
r
"[
P $ M u
'
[
u

r i i l r S x

l l
u K P sI I

{
* u p p u p'

m U | :
) ,1 , dr ,
n n t o l t L
) r
ol 1 14 p o u J t '
s n '
t t 1 s D l s p t u 1 )
J )
'

o L 4 o s o n s 1 -
: I p J s M'

D o p r L
' U r U l
.
I o l P .
U d L o I '
86 Exemplifying
minlctot l)lanl
3. Parasilcs rc living lhings bat fced of{ other ivirg lhings lhr
livcsoff apple. maPl€. and poplar1rces. ausirg them lo dic lrom
mall]ltlrition
lighl Christian
4. Several hcories ha!e becn prol)osecl o explain hc nalurc of
w'rvc! Albcn Enrslcirl proposcdhal
Huygcrrs uggested hal lighl travcls n
light s ransmilled sLiny a(i'lcs, x llholons
reneliL Pla'rl
5. Symbiosis s lhc .oexislcrlcc d livinf thirg\ lbr Lhcif nlulLral
licc or aphids ivewilb ants n a symbiolic elaliorrshif
rcl)ared lcnlc'rLs
6. Alomic csear.h as ed 1{)hc dev€lopmcn! i arLificially
Einslcilliuln, ermium californiLrnr, n(lberkcliLrln rcall manmade
clemcnts.

Rz,ognizing xanples Er'l t'l h(\ ;( r(r-rl r'rrrrr'(rrr' \ ' l'' (-'\ r rl11'
' ll l]'l:.i
l rn(
,cnLi'ue..l".,ril',.''..(rr.l( rLlrrr,'rur'lr(!rrrL.r.r''rtr'-r
gcncral latenlcnr. nc, wo or thrcc scnlcnccs layL) c irclc(l'
plarrcl wilhin our solar
l. Thcrc s iltlc )ossibili(y hatLhcrc s ilc on anf other
(i) ucrcurv and vcnus arc (x) ho(rc slrppon ilc'
Y Therc rconlv ninc plarrcls n oursolar ystcnr'
Pluto arccxlrc rcly cold nn(l dark
@ urunur, Ncplunc, rld
2. Vilamins maybc harmfil ir cxcessivc oscs
a. vilamin C car bc takcn n large Lloscs itllolrL h'1rln
o di\casc
b. Exccssivc rrourlls f Vilamin A may ncfcasr uscrpLibililY
c. Vilamin D prcvenls hc discase i(kcls
L Tempcraturc may bc mcasured y diftcrent ypes ol rlrcrnxrnlclcrs'
enll)cr'lurc'
a. Tlle Cclsius nd Fahrenhci! hc rolnclcrs mcasllfc clalivc
b. A baromelcr neasures almosphcrlc rcssllrc
c. A Kclvin thcfmolncler ncasLlrcs lrsolrtlc errperarLrrr'
4. A machine s a device hat lranslorms nergy ron one form lo anolhcl .
nrcchnrrical
a. A carcngrne otrven! ne cncmical n€rgy f gasolinc tr()
energy
b. The food wc eat s convcned nlo cncrgy n olrr bo(lies
!rcrgy
.. ,l g"n..oro, u. aynal o changer mcchani(a1 ncrgy nlo eltclrical
5. Encrgy has nany lomrs
ilrlrl
a. lucLear energy comes rom sJrlilting henucleus ol uranilrln or lllrlo
aloms
ganlma ays
b. Radianl encrgy comer r lhe fonn of nrnligh!' x rays' or
c. EnergY maYbe coiverl€d from one form to anothcr'
 4

ol el
M S Es
PI a o po s a es J , aw + ) o n p'
? s eu r r p p n a t
r e t r i sp & S
l s el u ' q Se a s q'
V p J8 0 m a b r a
ee e u 1

s oo ee u , p sd sE ? u'
q n 2 ^ e , u'
u u J D s' u n , r u S s u .
p o u '
V P a o m a E J
a d u'
J u E o e a p e ol
a d .
o u s r a u S'

6 o ol o q J oo M 3 u s p o
a , u J q L u s'
4 p W F u
^ (
-
g '
q p l
p u q Mq p n r p'
p B 3 cq ps
i '
J r P u (
u u'
J
E r E s u r s p
r P(

sP t J $ aD r s
?'
88 ExemplifYing

6. For human lifc ro bcgin, an cggcell ilr lhc larllalc

(fcftilizc) )y a slcrn
(ncvcr llow) o conrc

irl conlact wlln walcr

L Thc faccPiecc scal on aD oxyitcn breathillg

(ncvfr rclcasc) n all ullsalc allr()slhcre cvc| 1 l

inhalalbn bcconles iflicull.

,r$ing _l?d,/rln thc

Fotuulaling Sentences ith Nee\sitv l-"rrnulnr( scu(c|lccs
po,i\ivc '\i(c.I,)llowin! h( filtLLrn 'l h( Ir\t rlirr of scllLctlccs, )clow

I Thc clcctricity s not shul off

'U.. ./o?.Ih;..l' LfuuLld.. Ue JrUu ar.

2. Thcblfi1J Jon('rt r r n('l bcrnF ('jl(Ll t\r 1r(1ni']

cSLrlarly
i. r hc rarliation onilorinll cviccs renol Lrcing alilrralc(l
4. A firc cxlinguishcr h nol availablc n thc lalx)ra()ry'
5, Th( cxl'l,,slv(,lcvl(ci r c 11.\ r^11(rlv llilrlnlfLr
(rc(\'r\c rirlillr''n
i. iita t".rtn'.1"n' ot" rr'\ bcins K'rLit' i lr'\m
7. T heDccdlcs re o( beirlg lerilizcd rcli)fc hc rrjccli(nrs
fltr'
8. Thc Daticnts rcrrot bci;g nmunizcd agailrst hc

READING SKILLS
vocabulary uildirrg
f ndvcrb will s(tneLrrnes
Knowing whelhcr a word s a noun' vcfu' adicctivc'

**#ixi:m;;l'il,,iii."ilil,rlli;,ll',i:l 'ffi:i;:#'f ' ilxiiliii

"',iii".""'" u r"lltiws ncsui'lccrr"dl') and as rr'c'r "'l'l l]l11'll
o",i
n|\|a\ttaL'|at1^/d]Iw.l|s.vtu'ul|k.|.|c'hll

,,,, ,.,,r,\,..c ,.aan nNC. ,kd,ll,i;ii;.:,,til,il.j.,,,ltl.l:il

1,,'li,lll
an action, ince ! appcars n lrc pos
arattnd he earth give! you a flrrlher clLrt
-'t||ir'r.'r'.*"-.',Ai.l:.ljk'-" - f o its
- 'dInean'rrg
lh(\ l r ( rrr(r'r'v "llL.r ' 'l"'lr(,
"r 'r"u Lr[[i\-"' rr{ l
-";;j.;"'i"' 'p.ch r"r c\rrr'li' v"rr ''Lr'lr rrr"r ' r '
can Lrcaddcd 10 mnry
for verbs D thc silnpie pasr ense ald lhat thc nrflix fu
advcrbs s'll1r' df{tr'h')
frr.rl * 'ili .; cdrctl/) ro orakc rhcm
",r':".ii.\'"'
 6

n : u A e u r J p J P a L r o
q s J n p l r a \ p
s o n r x r r p s U ' r p '

s 7 r
' p .

' ( ] u n
Pl z 1 ql
i I q
'
' ' L q
u ' o
8 l
'
r x ' qi e o r L J .
qi o u s q s b u u
l ) r
& E'
L t f
o f
'
€ o n N
u +
i L *

9 er p
o r q n
i +

i x l su l L ol r s
u i , r p i '

a
t

'
.
8
90 Exemplifying

Vocabulary fi Context. Citclc rbe letter of the answer hal bcsl malchcs he
meaning of the italicizcd word as l is used n each of lhese sentcnccs.

l. To open the door, firn irrerl thc kcy in rhe ock.

a. tum tb, enter
2- The submarinc wascomplctcly s bnerged ithe water and could uor bc sccn.
a, sunk b, uncovered
l. Sollnd cannol bc .ordl.led in a vacuum because here are no air wavcs 1.)
transmil l,
a. carried b. absorbcd
4. wies were ins Lated o prevent he trans{cr of clcclricity or heal.
a. covercd b. cxposcd
t. FlridsareDorrigidaDd caD lolv from onc co nlaincr o another.
a. solids b. liquids nd gascs
6. cerms are rririr& wilhoul lhc aid oia microscope.
a. unable 1()bc sccn b. unablc o be dividcd

7. Altcr the fire , the nuclear eactor waser?itlirg adiation,

a. giving off b. abrorbing
8. The sun fd lidtes hear and light.
a. takcs n b. gives ll
9. when there s .1 drrprrill bclwccn lcsl results, hc lcst should bc rcpcaLc(i.
a. sirnilarity b. differcDce

Scdt ing

Scan hc bllowing assagc lt !hrcc minutcs r lcss nd pL( Lrrackets roLlnd ltc
followiDit:
l Oneexample f conduclion,
2, onc cxamltc () 1conveclion, and
3. one example l radialion.
Keep n mind lhar cxamples slrally omcdircLlly afler delinirions r gcncfal

Reading

Ho$, Heal Is Trafisfetred

Hcal is the energy hal warms our houses nd cooks our lood. 1l s lhe lransfcr
ol cnergy ron a warmcr body to a cooler body. How does his h eal ransfer ake
place?
 l

o L s J E !
u o L r \
p oc n P F J r MI u r
Ls sE p q s
n sP q o P p o r i s P
'
r s uP r D o | s r
I p s r s ,
) o l r ) n s
s e I l s s J r s r ^
'
o o s p s r n s l
q o o ) Ds .
t d | L s p V r
p L t I \ r s o ) D'
q uD p o n D i .
U l J r I v
s sI I l j p u
) u s J l \ i o s s J
| x t D l |
p uo L lr L M uL r U o l u
o r p M s p ) 1 l u l r r
u l pU l r D l s l
i U J r s ! I l ) s
u r r ) l r p r
\ . \ .
q l u l l q i
i ) p i u o DP P p
p l s qu r

s g u'

l s r J r L 0 r
' '
a ui p I Jo . r . a'
s l o J r D s o l q I
r l ) r r s t r L )
'
. l s u t
'

3 a
92 Exemplifying

The hrcc modcs fhcal transfcr-conductioD, onvccLion, ndradidtiolr-arc

subiecl o lwo conditions: irst, cal s Lrauslcrrcd uly when hcfc \ a (ii5pirity
in lcmperalufe. nd secold,hcflow salways rom hoL 1ocold.

Dlauifig Co clusions. A scicDrisl musl bc ablc Lo draw conclusions ionr Lhc

availablc acts. or examplc, f it is Lmc hal wood s a bcltcr nsulaL()r h.n rlrclal,
ir is a kritical
Aflerrcadingonclusion hatwood
hc pfeviors wouldarefully,
passagc nlakc Ddicatc
a bcLlcr ot
hathandle han nrctnl.
conclLrsions :dnbc
drawn ftnn thc infonnarion t coDlainsy circling hc ctlcr ol lhc nnsrver hal
bcst complclcs cach of thesc scrllcnccs

L Ii lhc molecules n your Lca rc m()vjug cry api(lly, oLrr c. is

@l,r b. cold
. Opening hcdoor bctwecnwarnr room and n col(i orc will aausc hc
lcmpcralurc n lhc
a. cqLralrzc b, increasc

3. Oyy[cn \ r - cnl].luct(lr ,fh(r..

a. itood b. poor'
4. A doublc-iilass indow ha! raps ir s a - insr.rlal{)r.
a. lood b. poor
t, Sin(e or khasair pockcls, l is a - irrsLrlato|
a. good Lr,poor
6. An air'conditiolcr hatcausesotair ( ) rise o|cr.lcs on Lhc principlc l'

lfonr hc canh o lhc nxxrn you worritl pass hltnrgh

7. On a lrip
a. cold b. hor
-1hc
8. canh ab$rbs hcal
a. and radialcs b. bLrt docsn'l radialc l

9 . The mon comforlablc clolhing oDa nor, unny lay s

a. lighl colored . b. dark colorcd
1 0 . A house wilh while walh will b e - lh,ln one with (lark rvalls.
 €

S NN X1 S

u u $ o s r
U n J B p Op S 1 U J J L s'

q p el e e e
o '
el
e u
L ol p o uoB n nl n ^ s
e o e q'
q E u
t q r B D'
Ml I
t D t o o e o u'
q 8r E q
V pM 4J p q'
E l u
9 o l o n pi u u u o '
4
n PP P a s , p'
P P p
u r Le u P r M qe q ^ p p q
a'
D q s
v u s D p e J oB '
u s
e F
a o p ne u s D Se L p S '
M U q El s qi e e gt J

p o r B D
p o J u o 3 u u p r s 3 '
q S

uP s SP e ue a u s M '
n e o
M a u p Pl eq q s d s u
e
p' d u r p ap r ou l e -
d s I d n ^ u e n r
94 Exemplifying

uDfamiliar. hcy can also bc nscd o provc or subslanliatc our poinl whenwriling
an ar$wer lo an cssay ucstion,
Take notes as you iisten o the ecnrre The Changing Sta!cof Matter" aDd hen
us€your rotes to complete he rext exercrse.

Understanding he Lect rr. lndicare wheiher each of lhc Ibllowillgslatelnenls s

rrue (T) or false (i) accordirg o the iDformation n lhc lecllrre.
f t. a change of state cannot occur wilholrl adding or sublEclirrg hcnl.
2. ody a few substaDces an (onvcrL iom one physical slalc lL,

L The convcrsion f a sdid lo a liquid s called vaporalioD.

4, All substances lelt at the sane lempcrallrrc.
5. cases suchasoxygcn cannot bc solidificd.
6. Hcating liquid causcs remolecules ) novc laslcr.

7. Fog s an cxamplc ol evaporation.

8. A v olalile ubnan(( r5onc rhJt r <talrlL.
9. Alcohol s a volatile iquid.
10.ThccoDdcnsalion oint s hc samc s he boiliDg oinl.
11. Equilibrium xists hcn thc ralc ol concicnsatj(,l ud hc ralc ol
cvaporallon ate tnc same.
12. Clouds re ormcd by lhc process f cvaporntion.

DISCUSSION POINTS

cive one or two cxamplcs ol cach ol lhe followirg. Explairr our answers

l. Scienific facts hal still am azc you.

2. Machines ou would not want o live without.
L Machines ou wish had never bccn invenlcd
4. scientifi. discoveries ou would like to havc wilnessed
5. Things you wonld like somcone o iDvcn!
6. Placcs ou would like Io explorc
7. Things ou $ink sciertins ill never Dow
 s

M s

d 6
d J u I o u r
H D o L'
l P u o r S r -
q P
oP r s u l r I s d sL
p Jp i u s l d
r s t rM i l
1 , 0 J J l r r

Y Pl U ) i ) '
J D JP sP I r r
s o D r D p o ,
s r i S O eM J
I c t s p
P s r r s l Ps n
M t u i s s t
i P l \
M .
u'
n l 1l ] | r
N : A (
M

) u '
J i o i o l
u io d U^ J 4 1 UL L'

A q d 4 d s

M Jp E q u r J a ( u LP r a
u n r d s
au . o 0 Pr
o r e n r r J
r r I ^ r n i p
'
L u n r d s J r u l r
tx o ) ( L J u -
p
1 S n
l J dr
l o r t . L Dl s t r D'
chapter 7

Giving Evidence
Smoking, Drugs, and Alcohol

INTRODUCTION

Oncc a hypothcsis as )ccn prcposed, hc qucslion s always skcd, whcrc

is hecvidcn(c?" hc Bri!ish cicnlist ir Htlnrphry Davy on(c )Lrnrcd iar)l{txls
inro graphitc, goorju!l hecxpc|rsc, odemonsrralc haldiarlror)ds nd graphilc
arcbothcrystallizrd arbon. Hc a(lc his point.
P(rcf or eviclcncc s usually hc rcsult ol obscr vation r cxpcrilnenlatior),
co bincd \aith reasoning. hc rheorics hat arc acccptcd rc lhose with the
mosl suppo4ing vidence. n thc sccond cntury, claudiLrs ()lcnry (Dostd
tha! hc planets nd he sun revolved round hc carth. His hcory wasa.tcplcd
because t prediclcd hc posilion ol lhc plancts wilh somca(.ura(y. Bul all
"proofs" are cnlative, o be discarded when anolhcr heory cnrcrgcs hatcxplains
morc lacts. Thirteen cenlrries ater, hc Polish scicntist Nicolaus Copernicus
"provcd" that he plarets evolve round hc sun by dem(mslrat'ng hal his
thcory explained hings hat Ptolemy's hcory ould not, ik t lhe seasons l lhc
ca(h and the relrograde r backward molion ol lhc planels. hen, n 1905
Albert Einstein hook everyone p by saying hal motion s relative nd that
whether he sun is moving or rhc ca(h is moving depends n your point ol
view! And on and on wc go, always slrivingto get closcr a|rd closcr m thc
lrulh. Bnt scientific heories an seldom bc prcvcn bcyond a doub1. After all,
no one can
around stand ar enough
hesunl oul in spacc o observc he planels cvolving

96
 C Z

u p a
o o 8 op p u o s '
q s a
s x o t o r i s s p r '
s u s x qJp p p o ,
7 l '
, u o u p s
p u ^ u J B 1p p n
d
r L?, _
o p o n s o p
. I o J s n u u np f Bu u o rn
s ! I s o \ t
p ru ou ql o J a u s I
T ) ur i , p s ,
"
u ; i 3 d f $ t e p r
, s r r i n
( n
:
r r . q o U L
t 1 n J u ns 1 s l
L r . '
n p u s
u u i l q i
s t J t l
l p u o e r S
| sl pl r
. \
p Mq t U r L s
s r p p p r L r r
p r pl u o s J u o - q P
98 Giving Evidence

smoking-related llness s nol ,lways suiilcie nt o enable hcavysmokers o quil

Despite all thc infomlationmadc availablc o the Public since1964 in 1985 hc
American Luig Association nimated hal thcre were 250.000 prcoralrrre ieauls
duc !o smoking n the UDited Slales per year'

USING ENGLISH TO GIVE EVIDENCE

T he main poinl, or hypothesis, f the previous assagcs hal snoking sdarr-

gcrolrs o your health. Thc arglrment s bascd on four stalcnlcnts, nchol vrhich
is supporlcd by evidcncc. Note hat scicnLilic vidcncc nlusL c Incl. ?dr pirr()n')
Smokifi! s rdated a fian! heart andcitttLldlor! iltlktlls
(Evidcnce s iicqlrcnlly int()duccd wilh wo s like indialcs at ilr lontrt (s
ralhcr ihaD hc stronger wor(l frrvas This rcllcc(shc "trrrproval)lc" nalurc
of nrcst cientillc ypolhescs.)
Ix has been demonstrated that nicotine increases he rate of the
llear!' . . .

Snlokin! s th! lost 1nilicakt hclat n rcslittltot.v li,.,.ltts

It can damage he tiny hairs (cilia) that linc the brcathing
passages. . .
Research also confirms that the tar in cigarette smoke is
carcinogenic, . . .

Therc ! aba a correltitian ilNeen 11aki1!l tldbirthdtJtel!

The evidence indicates that pregnant women who smoke a pack
of cigarettes a day have a greater likelihood of having a
miscarriage. . . .

S|/,ake^ flenbe ne phlsirdlb' rnd Psrtltolalitlllr tl41utla1t 0n thcit hdlli!

(Evidcnce snotalways markcd wilh a cluc wofd andollcrr anorrlv be
idcntilied by drc conlext of lhc paragraph.)
Smok€rs often... sufferwithdrawal symptoms il they attempt to
stoP.

Even the onse! of a smoking_relate d illness is not always

sufficient !o €nable heavy smokers to quit.
 3 6

J J n
s
p J '

d P u n o E s
t t
}D { P MI J 1 d
' I o n s JP s p rp J
u J
u r P'
q v u DI u Ml
'
P J Sd '
I 8 uE L o P qu
rP a o D o l '

' J o J o r r

5' d
9' q a s usM o d u p p r
p du o d , p n'
t L s M o s p r p u
P s JB l p s r '
u vS c o c n s
' o s r
o P'

J
Qr 6 pul r J t J s J ) L u
u'
M u p o J s s P Er s'
e r e s P P'r
o t
r s u
r s s p M
e
q u s J p s e o J o r p
P u'
q s $ J s'

seq q e u o p d p
q P E u q o o J'
o s J
E'
i0 0 Civing Evidencc

4 . Thc sfacc bctwccn lhc sun and1he ca(h iscold.

a. Thc slrn s no1 as hol .s il used 1obc.
b. Thc rrys offiesun wafln whal they t(Nth lrtll .rc rrot hot lhcnrlchc\'

5 . ID a c rowded room, carbon dioxidc graduaUy e|iaccs hc oxygcn r Lhc:'if

a. Humarl bcings nhalc oxygc arrd exhalc c. orr (ln)xrcle
b . Hunran bcings nhalc ctrLmr dioxile.nd cxhilt oxygcn

Wh(n . bcan leed is growrr n rbc dark. thc (n)rr dics.

a. Bcan plants need ighl t o \urvivc. l)Lllrl
b. Bc:ln plants c ( d lighL Lo Lun grccn.
7 . Alcohol cnnblur your visiort.
n. Alcohol ailccis drivingability.
b. Alcohol docs nol affccl dtiving abilitr,.

Elaluati g Er'idence. Altcr cach fthe ollowing )roposilions cvcrflslilcnlcnls

rfe givell. Circle bc IcLlcrs l lhosc statcnlcnls hnt givc cvidcncc r nrPl)ol Iof
tbc p(rlxxitiou, Thcrc nay bc nrcrc haD onc answcrofcach

1 ..AI(ohol
Alcohols dangc|1)us i)rdrivcfs.
s addicLivc.
b. Alcol()licr uild up a $lcrancc t)r ll(reasing nnrullts l nl(ohol.
((.) Alcohul nr)iriA ud{m(nl.
0) M.rny ur, lr, '.lc r(i Llcrr(. r( .rlc'1h"1 t l-rt.l
2 . AlurrinLrnr s . lighl rclal.
a. AlunlinLrln s pr(xiuccd ron bauxi!c.
b. Alunrinuru s onc ol rhc nr{)sl br.rndn|rl lcn]cnts.
c. AllnriDunr wcighscsshaD Iorr, Tinc, ilvcr, ol(1, n(jco|pcr'
d. Thc [rehinl.l oir)r )1 llrnlinuDr s660" C.
L watcr expilrlds whcn il freczes.
a. walcr fipcs so rclimcs ra(k n vcry cold wcathcf.
b. walef icc/cs at o" C.
c. Difi$cnl slrbstanccs rcczc al diffcrenl cnrpcratlrfcs
d. Mosr sulrltanccs oDlract henfrozcll.
Oxygcn uppons ombu(roir.
a. BlowiDg n i fire makcs l bum morc brighlly.
b. Ioresl llrcl are worsc in a s!fttrg wind.
c. Nilrogcn oes ot suppon ombuslion.
d. Smolhcring fircwill pr l it oul.
5 . vira|nin A is csscntial i)ra healthy i cl.
a. Lack of vi|amirr may aus c lighl blindncss
b. Vilamin A is ound n buitcr, ggs. nd ish iver oils.
. \i,dnj|lAriu.,'r..,.f inlrjl'l'rrF lft1tr,,r
d. AD over&)sc o[ vilamin A can be roxic-
 3 I

U r | t p p l s .
p d D
p d n p
s i p ,
O l
u o r ^ I

aD L

s : o o ) L I -
i i P r U r o I
l r U L op r r r

p s Ja '
J sP '
a e p r J A'

L ) lP . s sl LD ) l ! l
L p l '
i u l r ) s r P j '
A o'
n r P s 1 )
s ) l l J ) i u J P P ,
'
i J n u l o a -
i t i t ! i ( s Pl s
r r l 1 ! ) rN )
t i u r o l s l
. . t r . l

E p i q i
i n s r ( i

t ) u | a u' p u
u r '
s I n
'
s'
i I p i
'

n sr ur L l o
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u s J L J e D\ l I
) r s l L '
102 Giving Evidcn€e

6. AIDS s a vencreal disease. t is somelim es raDvnilrcd by bi(x)d All

vencfcal diseases lay bc lransmitlcd by blood.
7 . Halley's onet passcd ear he earlh n 1758. El4, 1910, nd
1986. talley's Comcl will retu lo dreea|lh ir r Lhcyear 2062
8 . Autonobilcs givc oll carbon monoxide. Carborr nronoxidc s a
poisonous as.Thereforc ulonobiies causc air pollr.rtiorr-

Using Reaso g. Deduclive casoning an somclimes cad lo {nlse orclusiorrs

Hercarc two examplesi

All stud€nts are lazy.

Everyone here is a student.
Therefore, everyone here is lazy.
All gases can flow.
All liquids can flow,
Therefore, all gases are liquids.

Howdid wc arrive t su(h idiclrlolrs oD(l(rti(nrs? n lhe lrsl cxnnulehcoriSir)al

prcmisc s false, alsc rcmises ead o lalsc onclusiolr$ n lhe sccon(l xanrple,
thcconclusion ocsnol lbllow roln hc prclniscs, bf.llhough gascs nd i(lLlids
sharc nc characlcristic bolh can low), his does ot mc.n they are hc sanlcrl
olhcr ways,
lrduclive casoning analsoeado lalsc or'rclusiolrs. onlelilrrcs hcrc.lrc nol
cnough xamDles. onrelintcJ hccxanrples rc r()t cPrcscnlalivc f nol lypical
ADdsomctimes hc con(lLrsioD oes ol lbllow unn hc cvidencc
h cach of thc lbllowing,discr.rss hy llle conclusion s falsc
t. Il ir is a bifd, t can ]y.
A chicken canno{ ly.
Therefok, a chickcn s nol a bird.
2. EiNtcin was noi a Sood sludcnl.
Einstein asa genilrs.
Thereforc, oyoDewho is not a goodsludcnl k a gcnius
l. All metals arerclid.
Sulfur s a solid.
Thereforc, ul{ur s a nrclal-
4. People, angaroos, cnguins, and ostrichcs ll 14'alk n 1wo cc!
'Ihe-elurc. rl'ey n (rrb(f. u l l,e'dnr('ltc.k'
"r(
5. Archimedes iscovered hc prnrciple of waterdisltacement n the balhtub
Thedisplaccment rinciple ! a major scienlillc discovcry
s iI the baLhlub
Thereforc, he
6. Some clcments arc placc 1omake
gases, a major
nd olhers scicntilic
ar e iq idsdiscovery
Sulfur s an elemenl, and it is 'lot a gas.
Th€reforc, ulfur s a liquicl-
 a

Pr M p n u e r
a' s J u s'
, o : p -
n o sP s
P o p ) p
u p qi n'
u D E s
' J s u' m P l sP t 8'
v t sP .
u oJ u s r P'

S S

q n l

V op e n n l L
p
p J o ui d M p u q ^
D I r s p'
I s P s
, ,
L J B p
e s ] l

S o i s p c { L o s o
p , s D p L s r
'
s p e r s i
ro J e I l o q u
i u t B u s q o r D o
q SL eJ o q u u D E ud s J J
h pr 0 o u S s q qi p q'
A
q r o d r B

n : J ^ 8 o n x
o r I s I i p S q u'
) r J
'
o ,

'
'
o J
104 Giving Evidence

5. to
6. !o gravilate
lubricale
8. r()
climinate

10. o
ll. lo
12.1o
IL to
spccLllatc
15. o
16, o
17. o [,)rmuhte

change hc lbllowinil crbs ) noLllls y addi|8 thc sLrlllx of D()l) hc Iinnl

-c f ir cxins.

l. $.tlr4pgtan
2.
3 . () irlsulate

t . () acceleralc

7.
8.
9 . l() ubricate
10.

lr.rr ( . r rrrrl\Lr(\ lr(

Vocdbulary n Corlexl. Circlc thc IrLr(r ' l rh(..rr'$\r
meaning l lhe lalicized ordas l isuscd n cach o{thcsc crrlcnccs

I The droughl drerdd ondili()ls lfi thc

a. improvcd (, larmcrs
chaDgcd
 E

o B o p u d p o H l
n c'
t u p n
f u t
J

' UMI I , L ^ s'

' l EI L Ml o s'
r
s s p q u s'
p s . s
p up ^ p r D r 1'
P Pi
p u p p o s J e u '
p u
o n ? ? q i s'
u s s
M q e d pu ol
p u s'
oi
Hi p ( s q U pr r
J '
u u q
I U pi u q ni '
C O I
/ q s ot p D l s
t p'
. t

a J u s p u r u p ) o .
. l
s se / s r o s '
D. p
o r ol K o d s '
J ?u
v S l p u le < r
n J p'
i p
a n s r
J J'
E o
) p s l
p'
r06 Giving Evidcnce

Skinmi g

Skimmi g for mairl icteas s a rcading skiLl hai is useful n a number ot waYs:
l. Alwaysskirn a lcxlbook chapter bclbre reading t 'losely' Il you folloh'lhis
proccdure. ou will rcad fast€r and wilh greatcrntercn and colnprehcn sxrn'
Z. Wtren you need 10 write a rcsearch aper. skim rhc reterenccs ou lind in
the 1ibrary o scc whi(h contah the malcrial you need
L skim any passage hal YoLr ir d difiicull Once you havc a gcncral dca of dlc
contenl ndorganizalion, ou $rilL e abl€ o rcad l lhoroughly ilh betlcr
undernaDdiDg.
Seep. 27 !o review skinnrirrg €chniques
Siim the ollowing assage n rhree linutes nd dlcn answcr hesc ucslio'rs:
I Which of thc bllolving s Lhe lairr cal
a. Drug\ ar calwirys olcnlially h.rJnl"L'
b. Drugs rrenol hnrmful.
c. llrLrgs reo((asi(mallY .rnrful btlt Lrsually )crrtti(i'l
2. which ol 1hc ollolving rllgs f(rdiscusscd rr hc lassilllci
cocainc. nlphclarnincs, cP. nhalirrts, ar(olics, nll(jnc, m'lnltrnn'r'
barbi(uralcs, ndhashish?

Re6d{ng

The Dakger of Dtugs

Drlrgs.lrc Lrbslarrccs hal llcr llc Lrody hcnri\lry. hc plcalirr!lllcd\ ol any
drug should c weighc(l arcfully g.insl lsscriotrs .rgcr's
l.tarijuarra s a diugrhat hasbccn nlLrch iscusscd n( l lcL)alcd t fclaxcl Lhc
miDd aird body and r(xlLrces lrlcasrnl, appy ccling n nlany Lrscrs l lhc s'lnre
lime, r can altcr lrndbrrs hat mayalfect hc mcnr{)ry, oodinaLiorl, n)ljvnl1()11
andallcntion pan flhcLrscr' lthough Ls l{ccts iy L)ec\\ raflrlirlharr lrohol'
il shoulLl L'lbc aslLrmcd h.l iL, or any drug, ! hanllcls
Narcolics codciDc, crcin, opium a|cl mor|hirrc) r cconsi(lctcd h'f(l drLrS\"
.1Ddrc addicLivc, r habil trrDling heya(!as dcl)rcssnnts D1he cNolrs v\lcrll'
relicviDg airr nLl ecrcasing lc|!rrell.r vigor. Hcft)in mnkcs hcLLrcr clh;rrgic
andhighly susccptiblc o infecli()D, ona, and evcn lenth nrDr vc(lore BccaLrsc
heroiD s addiclive, t olicn leads hc Lrscr'to finrc o pay for lhc highcosl ol
oblaining hc drug. Anolher nafcotic morphinc, s Lrsc(i ! hos|ilil\ a\ a |nin
relicver. ccasi ully, patients cceiving n)rphidc ecor c addirLc(l
Cocainc or "cokc") sadr!! lhatstinlulalct he crvolrs yslcm' ro(tLrcrrrg 1
leeling l well-being lr(l qlrong c|lliari(nrs niffing ocainc itwdcr ovcr lo|lg
pcriorl ar ca separanoia.ypcraclivity nd chronic nsomnia Cfnck," a lonn
ol cocairc hal is snroked. s cspecially langcrorrs c(drr\c hc tr\cr an Lrcco']rc
inrcnsely ddicled rr a v€rv shon pcriod of 1imc. ikc hcroin, L rcqucnll-v e'(ls
 u r

\ E p r ( r '
r s q p J s
L r Et o u u pl s I
p o i s o I DI L
D p o r M r ! J s
S t t , p" 5 D . s
J r p s u I
D S , J ' -
r , J t L s I r D )
I p r J s s J F p
DI J s P t r t
,
J L H s l J '
\ rD s t C p \ Dt
'
u \ r I r U Pl
D . s u r s u p f n
I J p s r l
u'
M r ) u l n' L s t l J ) ) s
I
or J i us do s u s ' J i i l s,
pc l s U ) i I
M r i s '

a M q f M i s
s '
I I
u s '
z l ) o u a j c I u
u u'
. u s s s u l p r s ^
s
! | i Ds s u
u r
V n r u s P s o
E' '
9 p J t E u I
s'
s n r s l '
' s r U t I
$ J '
u J sM I ^ ) '
' F r D l M
s L r LD '
108 Giving Eviclencc

l l. Scientists an prcdi(l ,i1h ca(maLrlc ((Lrri(f lh( cllccl\ ol LSI)

12. A u\cf who builds Lrp r (tcfanrc li)radroit s h (1.1u!er l r l.rl.l

ovcr(losc.

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary h Cotrsxf. Circlc the lcLlcr ol lhc answcr lh.l L,(n rlntthcs Lh(
rrcaning l thc taliLizcd ordn s l isulicd D ca(h ol lh(\( \clrlcrr(cs.

l. q)cainc has p/?',ji,,/.,.tiir'.1\ well .s |sy(holo!ic.l eI1c.l\.

k) physictl tJ. nrenr.l
2. Excrcisc s1]d?{riti.rl or I heilllhy r1(livi(ltrnl.
n. dangcrous t ). g(xxi
3. Thc nrcssagc ns rr?rJrrlll.t?lry lccln)nic l.ril.
a, rcccivc(i L) , cnl

4, Thc accidcnl ((Lrffc(l

a. arrcslc(l )ftar.rsc hcd|ivcr wa\ /,,/oJr(ir/rt.
l), (lnlnk
5. Ol(i agebrirrSs hc $r'.dLril /(3rr./!?/rtr J l)c Lrorl!.
a. slrengthenin! L), wc.krlrilrg
o. llrgh 1,^(\,,1 i(ii.1Li(,rr arr llc(l rcl)|1xltl(tio1r r1(l rtrsc.lpcrson ohc

a, srrong t) unal)lc o hnvc chil(lftr)

7. SLritar as dctdrk,rkrl llccr D youf ccrh.
l) . ha nJirl
8, l)trst daarrr,r/.ll!,1 r l thccnginc, nrpaifirrg ts untli(nr.
a, cvaIoratc(i l). !arhcfcd
9 . Il a lail isclrlolf,a lizdr(l lis lhc.14r,r.l^, 0g|.{)\! nclv onri a cil rlocs

L). rL)ilily

10. Thccorldili()D l thc L)uilding,fu/!fl.i|,rl.,l ccnusc hf cnarrl! liilnollikc

pr{)per cnrc ol n.
n. worscnc(l l). irD|ft)vc(i

Note-Taki g

(lorln
After
lhcsc writirg
cleas. dorvn
actt. m.in
taliniG. idc.s.
cnrlls 1ry 10 wfilc
xpcdurcnls, nuycliilcu.cthnlnrl)por1\
|d crllirnnriorr!.rrf \,or hr\tilc
jorring clown f yoLr havc inrc. Thc cvi(lcncc cllrlorcc\ hc nrain onrcpl\ nrr(1
help\ yolr ro fecnll hcn l.rlcr.
 B 6

n u r i .
o uD u o : o s L l
o 1 '

) )' I r I .
M i s i ) L u ;

I '
I J t t
p i
\ t
'
u l \ u '
jP l i r U'
r q t | j p ) 1
r r l J | '
u i s l r i
.
) ! i '
L u 1 su P u
r .
8 s o , t I i u'
s l i t o r l l
s J ,
a ) J p a i I
' '
i ) r l ! u )
s I '
l l l r M l ,
u r D s

ON S

. 1 r r \ n P r r
qi u r u n o'
I p i . s r i
p r L ) a
t p l u q l S s r a
t p r Dp L r l u i
s p i (
9 r r U r a
1 J | l ) a
l l0 Giving Evidence

WRITING SKILLS

Giving E lidence

scicnlific rililg requircs hal yolr providc vid(ncc osr'rpporL oLLrt'rlcr crrLs'
)r
Thc more cvidcncc ou havc and thcbcLLer l is, he nrorrgc' oursl(rlcmcnt
argunlenl ill bc. In Chaplcr we di\cusse(l hc uscol ex'r plcs' L)"1 hc( ife
oL'herorrns of evirlence, ncluding .lcts slillinics, obscrvali()ns eslrcsulL\'Lrfvcy
resuhs,nd expcn opiniorr' iscuss hich ol lhcsc brms ol cvi!i(ncc r c rrscd r l
each ol lhc examdes clow (Arr xam|lc mav rrcllrdc rorc h'n or c lorln ) l

l. Thc proccss l cvolLrtion lay )c ovcf ( rrhurnao cinls For horsnrr(ls j

ycari, htrnran cirrgs ave )ccrr harrging heir cnvironnlcnl nstead l trcirlg
changc(l Y t
z. ,t daiigcr xists hat1he zorlc n (hc rpfcr alr )s|hcre 1'y Lrc cn()YC(l r y
nrnn-lnadc he.licals, lbwing barrrrlirl llravi(rlcl ight () cnch hc rrlh
(lcnnnr_
This was irs( Lliscovcfed r l l98l by a (eam ol llrilish scicnLjsls lr o
slrited hatcollccnlralktls l ozone lcre dccrcasins l) thcslr'()s|hcrc
over A|lrarctica,
L Thc dcnlll atc ionr f.li lc ac(i(lcnls rr J s ll);r(ls ocs r()L ncrcnsc rr
holiclay cckcnds Allhooghhc rltlnll)cr f lhl.li(ics lr(rcascs )yai)ouL llc
perccni, hcrc tc aboLll hrcc pcrccnl rore riv('ls D he ro'd\'
)
4, Drinkin! apl)cars ilrcrcasc hc incidcncc l hyl)c(cnsioll, ccor(11n9o lfs(s
pcrlorrDcd rradr'llt lcrl hy rcscarcllcrs l Stanli)nl lnivcrsily'
5. by thc rri(l(llcolLhc 1sl(cnttrfy, sigrlillcanl ]an ol lhc wofl(l's lcclricjly
will L)c Ltll)lic(l y conlftrllcd hc nonuclcar irsio|l. lccorlrrlll o rcl)orls
i:'\u(,' y (lrr U.S. D(l\rtlrrl(nr 'l En(rt!
6. llescarchers l a nli(iwcstcrn ollegc l lircdicilrc Dlcr!ic cd hi|1y rcnlivc
iis()l!crs
writers n( i irLrn(l Dassociatioll lclvl'ccll fcalivily lr(l nrellLal
'u.lr r\ (l(t\i*.i,"r nrr,l rr.r'rr( (l n\\r"rr'

Writitlg wilh Evide ce

s
Wrilc a paragrdlrh r rorrc ol Ll1c it'Lr\liion oirrts Firsl sl'rlc oLLfol)irrr)n
cfc(lil'iliL] 1 yotrl
the topic si'ntencc-an,1 hcD pl1)vi(lc vj(lclltc () n't)lish hr
poinl. ConcluLle y slrnnnafiTing otrr (lca\' l'lirrg lhcif \iS!rilicnrrcc' r rcconr
'rr, nrtir,! , , 1tr.. 'r( (.r.1(r rr'lrr r " l
 d g

n p
SM

q I s r M r )
u s s
l s S r u s p
o l 1'
u BP u o r
p I s o s r s r
r .M , M l ^
u q s J o ! E u s
' P s q 1 l s
p P +
u u s o r PL P .
r s u u 6'
t L Y S p P J
D e Eu o r p E p p u'
u M p Es
<
P I p U 3'
'
J s dE P r p u o p'

i 4 N t t
(

t
112 Experimenling

Short Readifig

ltead hc lollowillg t.ss.gc l o lin(l dirtctions or l)crlorning.rrr c\l)ffirncnl

Lightni g Strikes
You kr){)$, h.l lighlnirg is.lcluall } tlcclricit). BrrL ow tlo!\ liShlrrirrs r.url
Thc:rncicnl Crceks noli(c(1lh. l\'vhcn hcy rLrL,LJC(Ii lrtc ol.rrrrl)cra 1jlh w(!)l
o r lirr,thcamL)er oul(l allracl o r titk ul)!n).ll l)ic.c\ ( ) 1 ir.Y(\ or llu\1. l'hi! lvir\
callcd hc.nLrct cllccl. Thc English !()r(lf/{.r-i.//rronr(t llorn lhc Crccl' $1)111
fl..r-cr, which urcnns rnlber.'11) crDolr\lfnlchis (orr(c|1, Icflorrll t h f InIn!jrrf

l. An'ange i n y picces l llltrcr o|r.r r.lrlr.

2 . RLrLr tlinic (orr)l) wilh nJnc wool(rr lal)fit.
: 1 . I-lold 1 h ccorlrb ovcr Lhe )iects o l l)irl)cr.nil oLrsrrvr lr.r h.r||ens. lll(
p.lcr shoLl1(l )c.1lrn(lr(l L() hc (orrrt, (N,r/r' h t (orr1L, rrtr\l hc rtrL)L)c(l
.1gain r) Lrslaill rs nrrgncti. cil t)i(i1y.)

In th( cjghLcc rrlh cnLLrfy, ci(tllisls i\rovcrc(l llill hfrr' arr 1\\,() fl)(s olcLr.ln.
chilryc. hc Afircriran lcuii|]1ir1 'fnnklin nrnrc(l lrcn (hnrgcs l)ol rivr n r(l rrtll-
alivc. l1 wns noL((i h.l ljkc.hrfgcs rclxl cr(lr olhff nrl(1 rrrlili( h.fllrs nllfir.l

lr)thc exIcfirncnl irbovc, Lh1r r.grrcli. cllc(t ()c(r.rr\ rr(ntr\( ftlb[)rrrg l ] r (orlrtr
causc5 orrrc lccl()rrs |1)r)l hc clolh Lo nllr ol1 (' thc (ollrlr, Tlrc cl{)lh llrlr ll,ls
fcwcf clcc((rrls (wllich r|,('rrcgativc) ntl lhLrs )c(onrc\ x)si1i!cly llilrSr(l lLl('
conrb rhcrcli)rc has a(ldili(nral lccl11)rrs. ivirrg l . lrcg,llivc charsC l-lrc .orllt)
attracLs hc pat)cr bccausc 1)liosilcharllcE tll|a(l SinriLlr1y, o L rhavc lJr{)l\rt)l!
cxl)crjcrlcccl u clcrlric shocl( whcn y o u rrrnovc(lsYrnhclir lolhilrg ionr.r (ll)1hcs
drycf,combcd your hair, o r ()uchc(l a nrclal doorkn('t) l( f rv.llkjnglc foss.l hicL
rLrll.
A spcct.lcular xalnIlc ol thi:' l)hcnonrcnon occrr$ tlurirlg a slofnr. Irlsi(i0 n
s thc clc(1n)|s rc r'trlrtrcd l1
cloLrd,
o D ccloLrdLlrrcnls f aif osilively
cconrcs rLrL, gniusLhargcd hc rilin(1fi'l)s.
rr(i Dothcf ncgalivclr" h:rr!c(l l'hc 'l)lrosilc
charges rtf.cl cach olhcr, an(l .n crrorrrrolrs patk ol clocLricill Lrrr)|s (rnror)e
clNd t()a|rolhtr or lro rn a ck)Lr(l o L h c gr(nrrr(1. hLrs, i{hlr)irrrl s l)ro(irr(ril

USING ENGLISH TO GTVE DIRECTIONS

Au cxpcrin'cnl s n kind of pr()(csri. e an.lyTc strt\\l.rr(c, lrch s .ir. L)y

sctafaling rd idenrifying Ls.omponenl5 Wc irn.rly/r l'rocc\\ L)v iicilirrs ir
dow| inroscpsof ptuccdufes rr(larf.ngiug Lhcr in chronolo!.ical rdcr (llic
or'{icr n r,hich rh1lur happcn).

'Anrbcr !s hi . ycllowi\| h()wn {n)\1if.c l,ritd Ln .rriir) !)il\'

 t

6o D d t s

\ P ^ oM s sP l s r ! q'
r r l qs : l ( s p r D :

a d uE q'
& 4
d d o u ' pl
p P p a q'

r DD q r q D p I i
D o J D l u mr s r J
r s l J L q
s x P L'

b 2 s

i i
P l
l i J l
s P l r p
P p J '

u r
l M s q r L
r D ) '

l l ,
i J ) '
! l r '
l14 Experimenting

4. Movc dre magDel back and Ibrth !hrolrgh thc coil.

5 . Place a conpass ncar lh c wire blrl away frcm thc nragucl.

Chcck hc compass () see f thc nccdlc snroving. A moving ncc(ilc n(iicatcs

lhat clcctric urrcnt s fl owing lh(nrlh lhe wire and thal nragrrcLinn nn

producc eleclricily.)

Remove he bulb ... alter dlsconnectlng he elecl clty.

Aftangi g ltefis Chronologically. When cxplainirril a l)roccss, t is csscnlinl )

describc lcps n thcorder n which hcy happcll, hal s (hror)ologically trnrbcr
cach rollp ol slcl)s clow n chronok)gical rder. hc irst slcp hasbcerr rr(licalcd
in each isl.

L Thchean pumfs blood h()ugh hc hunaDbody.

J Theoxyiten-rich blood retllrus 10 hc lcft sidc of lhc hcan.
/ The ight sidc ol thc hcarl pumps blood nto thc ur)gs
4 From hc efl side of thc hcan, hc bbod is pumPed ut lo lllc rcsl
ol lhe body through lhc arleries and rclurrrs 1o he hcart hrcugh
tlre venrs,
2 In the lurgs, lhc bkJod gives up carbot dioxide (which we brcaLh('
oul) and absorbs xygcr.

2. Il is ea sy o prini a simple mcssage n this (L'ml)ulcr

Turn oli lhc computcf.
Typcthc {lrsr ine.

Tun on thc compuler-

Prcss re RETLRNcy aftcr typingcach ine.
Presshc pRrNr ey be forc yping each inc.
 5

p S a u Pl
Sq o p'
/ P o '
p l a p s a'
p ul o p'
L o o L'
w t s J s I
u'
L l oP L l s 0 )
l s q r J ) '
o a , J q l l p'
J s s Su o o o s I
p J I a '

c r Ju r u s i i u'
s s ! u u J S ' i L
J
'
J u r r '
L a l p r S ^U i
L
s d s ui J o . s'
I u oL i
' s'
p oI u p'

us J s p s i I
'
M
l p p p u M r i I
'
s p s o J s p l
3 n(

6u p a1 u o ui u s p p -
s r 3p t Lp M pc B o
DI I
qr q P) r s s o
116 Experim€ntidg

verb Fofms: nfi ithtesand Gerun*

ln an English scnlcrrce, whcn ol)c vcrb {bllows anothcr, he se(oll(l vcd) can
takc ol,lc of thrcc lormsl
L an infinitivo 1lo rdvrnce, o tlctecl),
2. an iDfinilive tilhoul lo ladvanc. dclact). r
3. a gcrund \advdncikg, ctectinl)
Slud(xlt{ of En$lish as a second angllage icquenlly irr(l his conlirsins How (lo
you cic'l,lfioiL.( lrich orn ol lhc verb 10 sc? Thearlslvcr s Lhal hc fiNL crL)
iletcnrri,rcs hl lbrnr of lhc sccond For cxanlple, hc vcrL)bci]i,? llay bc lblk)wcd
by an ioliDilivcor a gcrlnl(l. Thc vcrb p/,tr nlust bc lbllowcd by in infinitivc. Thc
modal ,{rsl may only bc followcd by aD nlinilivc withor.rt d Thc vcA d,.tcrr. )l;ly
bc tblbwcd by a gcrund or ar) l)fiDilivc wilhoul to. Hcrcnrcson)c cxanrpl0si

Elnstein began to study the photoelectric effect.

Etnstein began studlifig the photoelectric effect.
Researche$ pldhheal to /epdd, the experiment.
Researchers ,tf rep?4, he experiment.
exploditrg,
Astronomeru
Astronomers orssrved
oDselv?dtheLhe supetnova
stJpefnofa explode,

Bclow s a lisl oI somc crbshalarc usclul n saicntilic riLing:

l, vcrbs folbwcd by inlinitivcs:

tail
 l

s o I a
s n :
z

r t (
n r

o 3 :

r ,
r l

s r M .

nl i
u n r

V q A q o d s
I :

u p o o
5l o e o e'
a p 8 a u p 8 3 p 3

6 o q D J ol
i '
r r 1 u s l
- '
o P l p r
D u | u s p s'
-
o r
M p q a r u'
D o r

s L 0 P r L t \
-
b u t ut e M 1l 4 q b
 ll8 Experimenting

4 . Thcwourdsloppcd whco prcssure as al|licd.

a. bleeding b. to blccd
5 . Some cientist\ clicve hat ifc mighl on Satrrrn's n(xDTilnn.
a. cxist b. 1oexin
6. G.llilco's wL'rk nspircd Newlol _ moli(D.
a- 1o sludy b. slL ying
7. wc lclt thchouse whcn thcrrain wenr )y.
a. vibraling l) . lo vrDrare
8. Mnny aninals woul(l _ cxriu(L t rhey wrrc not bfcd n raprivily.
.r. L,eLo,r. 1,.Lr.,,,nr.rr.
9. The caietcria Ily alk)w\ sll|dcnrs
a. snoke b. to snokc
10. In lhc 1920s, vidcrrcc. egan rhar ll gilirxics vcre 1rdri]l{.l$,.ry

a. lo inLlicate b. indicnrc

READING SKILLS
vocabulary uilding
I-ikc rcfixcs udsulllxcs, ord r(x)lr .n h(lp you n((luirc.n(1 (ntcntt)cf cw
worcis. hcr oolol a wofd (sonrclimes allc(lhcr/(r,,)s he basc |1)rrr hi(h il
is onned. hc roor s he pan nn)sr ikcly o itivc you a cluc o Lhc ntcaning l thc
wo . An Er)ijlhh wonl nray bc buill lionr onc or nr(nc 1x) rs, ilh or wilhoul
prcfixcs, sulfixcs, or bot h, IIcrc afc sonrc cxatltplclil

ty/rchrcnize-to happen at the same time

syr" (prefix meaning together or t lith)
-throno- \rooL mea,tring imel
-ize (suffix indicating verb)
drlsdndr.e-unpleasant sound
d,s- (prefix meaning ,or)
-sor- (root meaning rd rd)
-dfl.e (suffix indi€ating noun)
photoelectric-pertaining to the emission of electrons when a
substance is exposed ro light
photo- (toot 'lreanilrg
-ele.r/o-.(root meaning light,
electficityl
-ir (suffix indicating adjectivc)

F
 6

u r J n J o p r s i
d s
o s u u r o u .
J x P s J u J L L q r '
p o n q J p L r -
c 4 e ! o s J u r P o
p P u'

F t M l
p
r s r r '
nMI x l r s p'

q 1
q s
e!
e SP '
el
r S l

4 e i
o p A p e J

Iq u , n L > )
t
z s
. H .
s
L u i
i o L o r
s t e 0 . s

9 s o d r o.
l s
s
J J
9 : s P Ps
p r l 0 u r

' s J nM e .
o u u q e
'
t S
n s r
J J L (
J j Dt
o l P r
J
120 Experimenting

Vocabulary k Cor?l?xl. Circlc rhc leucr ol lhc answ|| lh.l L)csl n.1(hc\ l h (
nreaning f thc talicizcd o(] as t isr|sc(l in ca.h ol lhcscscnl(nrc\.

t . Oil and watcr clcl each olhcr.

rcsisl
2. Thc possibilily f Iifc exisLine lscivhcrc n lhf Lrlrivcrlc :, rrltrll/,./ Lonr.rn)

a. firlicul(rus b. i|lrrcsling
L Maric rnd Picrrc Cufie wcrcal)lc o 6.j/drr new r:r(li('.clivc lcnrcrrL,
ndium.
a. scparalc b, crc.lc
4. Thc bridgc wasJl/r/,fnddd ion cablcs up|]ortc(l ) y oivcrs.t cithcr crr(1.
a. hlLng b. sct.r.rc(l
5, Thc hands n lhc dial plydl.d srhe gasprcssurc v.s rais0{l n(l l{)\ry(r((1.
a, rolalcd [r, rcvcrscrl
6. Thc blucl)rinl i)r hc nra(hincry as drar,.dri,cxccJrl i)r r)c crror.
a, corre(t L). n(orre((
7. To nrake lrrc hc rranrcs crcchoscn )y chan((, hc (onrl)u(cr \'ns
progranrnrcd o list Lhcm4t fdrrorr,
.1.wilhout orcicr l), itr o|1icr
ll. During hc cclipsc, hc calth, sun, nd nnx)[ wcr'c 1itrr,./.
a. jn a linc L).ourol liuo
9. The cxpcrimcnts cre conductcrl titnullt\tlroill.\) 1Lon(lorr arr(l Ronrc,
a, in thcsanrc lacc b, at thc sarnc inrc

Scohning
Scan he f(tlowiDg assagc n rhree minutcs r ld put nluarc brackcrs;1|1ILu(l
lhc answcrs o lhcsc qlresli(ns. Firsl (lcntjfy hc kcy wor(ls.)
I Who was William CilberL?
2. Whcrc s hc magncric onh Polc?
L Whal dki Michael Firnday n(lJ(xcph Henry)orh li{cov0r?

Readihg

The Magic oJ a Magnet

Whal s hcmagic halenablcsmagnel o pick up r n r{)ll rail iut r(n 1 ,oo(lcll
pcncil, rubbcr craser, r a coplcr |cnny? M.gDcLi\n, rnlrrc(l ir thc.ncicnt
Grcck own of Magnesia, s a li)rrc of narl rfc hal m.nilcsls tscll diJlcrc|llyn
 I

r sV ) s ) 1 ) r
r L ) M t q I UM L s
r l
'
J n o i M l r r
q r P I q ! r Dl L
q s r l L l .
' q '
\ r D r M LP u
1 ^ r p r ! L | M )
l o u P r q ! p
r r L r D p l q \
l '
^ D u l (
\ u I 1 r
l L J M r t u Pr P
r L l q \ D 1 D i
^M r s '
M ( r l !N ) '
s l s l DM L )
s UP o { D r l ! t r ,
P ] I 0 s
! r $ l
l l \ ) l s l Ni t
l s ) u i t
'
s r u ) A t i
s . l J r r
) ) i

.
- -

a u

D I u u u o r
d l l ^ c l u i r
Ui p u su u r s r
p r uMI D r s s p M t
( p s l Dl q su l r l ) l
e s s ) ] oD u r
q r ll r ( s I ot q l i P
r q )D r d sD p o q i t r '
a r l L r p , r i
r uW I p r u q 1'
122 Experimenting

Tiry found iat whcn a magnct s passcd hrough coil ot wire. l p()duce\.rr
eleclric current in dre wirc. This o(curs bccausc hc wirc conrains un.(achcd
electrons. magnctic icld movinf near hc wirc pnlls hcsc rcc clccrron\ tong
thc rrilc, crenling an clcctric cltrrcnl.
Not onlydocs a moving magnclic iekl nduce elcclfi(ity. L lhc opfosirc s
also true. Electric crrrrents p(xluce nragnelism. Whcn n corfcnr ol elcdricily i\
passcd hrough a ronductor, magneijc ield orns around l. Thlrs a nr.gncrir
field may be induccd y an ctecrric urrcnl. Scicnrisls
fields arc produccd by elcdric currcnrs. This is the rruc nagic
cticvc
ol h.]l lt nriiDetic
n ntagncr.

U derstanding he Readr'rg. ID{ti(ate whclhcr each of lbcsc scrlcnres \ lnre (7.)

or falsc 1F) accordinf o lhc l)r.cvious assagc.

T l. All subs|arlccs resomcwhal magDclic,

2, Magnclic oles bnl arcalike altrad cach olhcr.
3 . A nagnct cancxc( ils dcc across ll opcn spa(c.
4 . A norlh nolc of a nragncl c.rnnol xisl scpararcly iour . v)L h
pole.
5 . CoDrpnsscs cr euscd bythcancient Grccks.
Willian Cilbci sLrltljcstcd hala contpnss 'cdlc oiDls lo h at)(l
soulh becausc hc c.rrlh s a Dral.lnct,
7, Wcknow thrl lhc eaflh s a ntngt)ct ccausc l has anir on cofc,
TheDlagncric olcs flllC eanh arc ()cal('(l )rcciscly l lhc
gcographical onharxl South Polcs.
9 . Thc carth's lagnclic icld rcvcr{s ir\cll pcrio(ii(ally.
t 0 . A picce f iron s magnetizcd hclt ls (lontaitrs rc s(.ttcred lr
diffcrenl ircclious.
Melals re good clcclricalondLrclorr ccausc hcy conlain rany

t 2 . Magnels an prodLrcc lcctlicily,u1 elcclrjciry ann('t roducc

magneli!m.
 r t

N Y S

o ol L r
S J r p p s P u L r s'
r , s . r u F /
u u q s'
f u 1 D D,
L 9 c W p UI o '
n u.
L r l D l s
u
qD p t T $ I
J tU l
P 1 :
i u pu l l o P ) p'
J l

9' i , r j '
P s n
I ( r o i J '
i

i / l u i u n ) A s P
p s J u l ) D s -
i o pM n J M n )
oo u ) s t r M '
V o tM . r i i i
r ) r o u a J u r
l '
s s n U r . , p r
o l a'

p a I u u l er
f U r J r s s I -
r l r (
3 '
r r s .
o )
124 Expcrimenting

) . Th c nn)stnrportnnl arcc.
Th e forcc hnl holds t(nns ndnn)lccrllcs oltcther.
5 . T h c lar\'c thnt hol(1s ()r ons ollclhcr.
T h c k)rcc h.l slicks
apc o.1 ircc ol fnpcr.
7 . Th c Iorcc hatkccps )laner\ n ortrir.

Th c lor(c th.l appcars u radioacrivil).

Th c Iixcc hal a(fact\ bLll locs olrcl)cl.
10. 1wo orccs hat irnclion nly nrj(lcrr r tonr.
Th c k)rcc Lhats n|()rgly cll bec.usc llnrls.fc so argc.
t 2 . Th c
l L Thc basic ofcc ol chcnrisrry.

DISCUSSION POINTS
Givc er bal ifecriorrs ) lcllow slUdcrrts oconlttcrc omc )ro(cdurc. oLr righr
want o cltoosc ront hc bllowing oilgcslionsl
I l'L1y ganrc ioln aDotherounlly.
2. Cook a dish ion .Dothcf counlry.
L Pcrli)nn n cxpclirncnl ot discLtssc(ln lhis class,
4. Makc Knnclhing y hand.
-t., Pcrlbnn rr activity uch aschangiDlt hcoil in a (nr, fepaifirU ra(jio, r.
dcvclq)ing ilnr.
Pl.rn ' \ r tall (.r(frrllv ,,rlr.l| l n(\c,\jn .l(tr,.rrc nilu,ir.j. Ir.rj,r n,(tr,-
lolil.n ncwspatcr nccpfintcd rrccipc hat n(ludcd a slcp hat said o rcnrove
thcchicken romthc Nl. UDli)flunarcly, hc stcp hat said o l)l|r Lhc hickcn n
rhc pot hadaccidcnLally ecnoDri(cd. Onc idy w()lc rhar shchadtbtlowc(l hc
rccipe arctul ly u1 wasvcry confused hcnshc knkcd in hcf pol forrhc chickcn
aDdcould oL ind (l As you prcpare our ralki
L Lis! all hclrc ps n thc proccdlrrc.
2. Make slrrc h.r! .lch tcp s scparatc n(idisrincl nd hat nothing h.s becn
omillcd.
L Arrangc hc stets n chronolo|ical rdcr.
Your opic sentencc ill bc r natcmenl f lhc l)rrrpose f yol|| lalk. A goo(l wdy
l()concludc s rr cxplain ow this nlornrali()r ljlhl bc Lrscd.
 S

U N S D S

Q s

oP J L q u r o D s
o eo u q a q r o e i
e ln 0
M n o s I q u a n A n
q 4 q r p u u a o q M a0 o t
r D s q n u xr s'
p u o u 0 e d Mq r
Jo n s L M q i
q o P ol s J n e or M Lp D i
t P s LiP D :
l r '
q L P . q'
ut i u o l
'
t s I o n d (
)U u l a B s q d ) 0 s' u s' p
? s'
L I pl 1l n p u ui
gI 1 s'

o p t

o M E rn a s P M a p s r o u -
o o o Pa u q o J a u o p dr J
r u'
chapter 9

Calculating
Liquids and Gases

INTRODUCTION

To a largc cxtcnl, mathematics s the languagc l s(icn(c. Thc a€curacy l

predictions epcnds n the accuracy f lhe measurcmcnLs nd (omputations
uscd n experimentation, c have omc a long way since ancicnt imcs, when
mathcmaticsasregarded y somc, ike plato, asmyslerious r supernatural;
whennumbcrsikc seven r thirteen were hought o have magi(al powers or
good or bad uck; andwhenmcmbcrs fcertain rolhcrhoods erepu1 o dcalh
for rcvcaling mathema tical /sccrets" that arc commoD krowledge today,

126 f
 P I

r P n
e s s I s u s ' r
B s n 1 es P p s 9 u
M o P e o P qr
lP o l p p e p 1 r
p J u P P S a JP s
e J q E J M p Jp E J
J p ue e 3
r u a pu u l '

s u 6
o P s u Pl -
\

o n o ,
n p s s IP ) r )P '
q
l s s r u ) s r p
p ] p o ^ s
l l I s r D p '
i i r M qs i s p o i '
n r lo U s r r r r s
r l i u o :
I r r r I .
s , n o n ) D s
o J D- o u r r s H) P L
s L o l r
' '
t l r p t s 1 ,
l . l r $ o
'
M t l
p rP / s o r r J

"

( . - -
l2a Calculating

.r r.r . |'.riIr..i'.l 1.I 1.. s rtrlrr.,n rr..r.,., ' j .lr''

,,,, .,l\: \ l )
donl wc fccl hi s cnonrroLrs Ircssurc on our lio(li(s? h( I cny)n s hrl itruo\|hcrif
jt.cts in nll dircclions )|.11 sur{nce\ o th.t irvcrylhin!
|rc\\rrrc is nivcAnl; orl
thc c;rah is in balrrrc.
T h c lr.(\sLIc insidc yoLrr )o(ly cqunls hc t)fcss!rc oL|lsi(lc Whelr]1)rL irout) jl l
.n clev.lor or nifplrrc, voLL c e l orrr c.lrs poIpiuf becirLL\c.1r hc.ir gct\ lhin C r ,
L h c11Lrnrbcr {nloleculcs h.nrnrcrin! ' insi(lc oLrr , r rcxccc(ls h(. rLrnrL)cf ,Irr-
nrcfing" oLrlsid(, nLil hc nn)lc(ulrs havc:r.h:Ii(( l() e(lLr.lizc
Ilc.aLLsc h r rrclccLrlc\ r c clos{j L(uelhcr rr r iqUj(t h . n i n n {n\, thcf jli| . r(l
slirlc ovcr rrr(l r o L r(i c.ch olhcf, (xcning |fcssurc n r t h ( !v.lls ot lhcif (oIr.Lnrr.
YoLr ccl hi! t)fciiLLrc h c . ,vou ivcL)cc,ith 'l
hc \urtnrc ot rtrr w.trr. h e |rcssuf(
ol Lhc wlrtfr is (lircdly pfot)ortionil ( ) l h c (lct)th. h c |fcs\urc o i (livrr ir lhu\
!qu.l to Lhc wrjqhl.ol the .lnrosph(r ir I]lcssure)hr\ th( w.tcr t)fc\.jufr.

USING ENGLISH OCALCULATE

Mathcnrali(.1 cl.lioushi|s ir r scnLcnrcs r$in! rhrir\.s ike r

!.ltd! |a. ts fulotlinrl1l nJ,,1t)d
thr \\'itlltt rl thc dit tll 11.7 ,nrnd\ t nlutttt'iktll

14,7 ounds
I s quare nch

Ilt( lirctsr'?: t.Jilt.t,nIt ,.)l\ nl|.tl! th! ln$Lt'{,r ttilt

pressurcr pressure

Th t fr$surc nn d,livtt it thtt! nl|,rl lr tfu vtj4h! tl tlt( tt! n)rttt|,).it prls It
lrrrr r//r' ndar /r,1ssr/r..
pressure on cliver = atmosphericpressLtre water prcssure

Tt u !rclsu]t t) l tht \t\tt t it ditt.th' pr t ti)t!ll tn tttt dtpttr

water prcssure 7 dcplh

Nr/.'r Mathemali.al clnLionshitrli.fc xl)rc\\c(t n rhc pfcr,(nt cnsc LJc(nu\r hc).

arc uDivcr\,r ls. hcy nsLr.lly onriin rhc vcd, rr,lr!.

Understandifig Mdthe|tidtinl Terns Thc lcicn.c o{ ph!sic\ i\ conccfncrl liflclr

wrur l h c nrci\urenrcnl o l sLrrh physicirl uintjljr\.\ lcngth. Linrc, anrl !olrLurc.
M.ny ol lher! qLrinlilics rc fclarcri. Er.h ol lhc li)1lo$,ing crlc cc\ c\t)rr\\r\ d
 6

l ( n s D J
p
'
l 1 r s i ) q q . )
f '

- l Un n r
l l t
) r u J L r r
'
M u L ) s f ^
.
r ! D | s Dl r I ,U r
A p'
: J r n i
t '
C s s ) \ E t s \ o'

a u e

.l s q sL l l ) li J r s J t
. r r r f
u l s r
l s i r ,
V S e l S u .
s t
H s e s oi a B B .

U. l U l J s p o s t
.
r sU ? I l q , U i o s .L i r
s

s u J l
u n (

r s u r r
p i L r p'
p u p p Dd r (
r pS r (
L J r f r (

m [o s 1 s P t s r
1'
ll0 Cdl( ldring

Usitrg ndefi it e Articles. hrerlan indefirit€ article (d or/rr) v\'hcncvcr rc({rsmy

in dre Iollowi g scntcnccs. ot every blankneeds ar a|liclr.

I Sif A]exaDder leminlg iscovercd |cnicilliir, d. drug thar is

oL'.d-rreJ rurn-!old u\LLl \ , !-uIr
"ro
2. x is rlnrught lat qlrasar ry bc gilnxy lrar .j cxplodirg.

L In comparison, zinc s _ modefntcly(tivc nrct.l.

4. Wc krrolv (xhy rhar _ hear s encrgy.
t. Thcfc was rrsLrlli(icr rl lighl n the alrofalory, o wc insl.lled
cxlfn luorc$ccnl ight,
6. Elcclric rcns arc not made of iron, and glirs\cr fenot
alwiys nradc f !hss.
7. Radioa((ivc obstanccs nrit alpha nys, bcta ays,n(l

8. Oxygcn s (oloflcss, (lorlcss, 1nd<lsLelcsslas.

Defittite A icles

Thcdclinirc rticlc lrr) rn.y L)c rsc(l iLh lLr.l rou \ nr)(1 ilh.jlhcf.ounr.lLrl(
or uncouDtablc iDglcollrs, So|]rconr)()DLscs l rhc lclhitc a(iclc rrscicntilic
English fcl
I lo spccily f fcfar ) sonrelhinll h!1t as llreariyrccrr renrioDed Noricc hnL
lrc is uscd he:iccoud Dd allsuccccdin! inrcs DoLLn sr)lcnliorc(],)

In 1986 here was an accident at a nuclear reactor n Chernobyl n

thc Soviet Union, causinB he spread of dangerous adialion.
The reactor was shut down. The accident awaken€d concern for
the sal ety of nuclear reactors all over the world.

2. Lo clcr 1osonrcrhin! hat s uniqrc

a planet, th€ earth

an era. thc Middle Ages

l. lo rcfcr osomcthingrccific

Thc do€tor performed an operation. (gcncril)

The doctor pcrformed the bone marrow t.ransplant. operation he
was famous for. lspccillc)
 E E I

s a u s

l t {

M q t s D p l
p p q'
u ^
u ul
a

q U s q u J

J ,
e J u
J u
i r ) r pM q ) s p
)u s J E Ld s'

a u t 0 f J uq r U s'
t f l s L '
b
L i o u o z u
s d u p J
l p l i p'
z q c 8 u s 1 l 1 r
-
p u p'
J s 8 p u n t s t I
-
a o n'
u p I p l
-
) '
S ol u U S s s u
-
n j u p p l
- u'

V S S
h [
n q
r S JE p u U . '
f p u S t s r p L Pl
u 3 r n L q s
l12 Calculating

lha1 eclrr fien, hose uscd r ryoLrr icld ol sludy. nd olhcrs ha1 olr know will
beuseful n yourgeneral ocabulary. henwrilc thrcc o fivc of rhcse wods o1r
aD ndcx card or piccc oi papcr. Write1he ncaning of cach word a[(1 a phrasc
lhal shows oLr ow lo Lrsc l and will providc me.niDgllrl sv)cialion:

chronic-lasting a long tim€; a chronic illness

Carry hccirrd or ilh

Makc scntenccs papcr
eachwilh
wordyou andusc
or lhink spare
aboul n)w monrcDts o rc vicw
you woLrkl sc r. hc wor(ls.
whcn yoLl
hr\c ri.l,r('rrh, s , r,i\ , \.rrrr rrLr. ctl(.I L r ( jr,\... l(,\'t lr,.,1.1 .r.'i..1
honc and rcvi('w hem from linle 10 ime.

Nufiber Pfefixes. Study hc lollowing lisl of prcfixcs and lhcn nratLh hc lcflns
al the cft bebw with hcir nrcanings l hc rigbr. YoLr ill nol useall hc nrL'anings
Iistcd.

I
2
t
4
5
6
8
iii
l0
100or rk

1000
d binary a . stu(ly l righL finnglei
pcnrallo11 b . havin!4 rj(lcs
lirc lh.r cutr a cif(lc rr hnll'
(1.involving
di.nrcrcr, haviu! 6 nnglcs
(lccilircr' L singlc olof
decalilcr g . Iivc-1i(lc(l igLIc
h. l0(X) rr.1nrs

krlogrirrl
milligr.lnr j . l0litcrs

k . + o l ,lilcr
 P P €

1 M .
) D p s p q i '
r r Up D r r o
o '
: , s
s I n P r u q '
. D q U r
r L M s l r l r r
P P '

p l ui o
J s'
r q f
5 r i ) f r p p o u
p
J J uu i u ) '
i
i
! l s '
s s
' i r J I s u i I s p'
P ^ , I
i J s . '
q s
l l
O, N M r qs n'
p
I u al L q o U U 0 , o 1
' , r a'

r i r r \ t s |
a ot r o1 ^ I
s r z
r J sD t s r z
r r l Z

, s 1 o ) L .
/ s r p L r k u t
I s pd . .
ll4 Calculating

Reading

whal Makes Obiects lo.||?

As a child, you may ha ve playcd wilh objccr! n rhc bnllrLrrlr, oliting thal rlrc
bar of sonp sank 10 he bollom ol Lhc valer whilc lh c planic soaf dith lk)nred n
top. Why is it thal nany obiccls, anging ronr a picce of cork 1 ( )alr oce an incr,
wiU floal, whilc orhers will ro1?

Thcforcc Lhal nrnkes bjc(ls lonl s callc(l Lroyarrcy hisconcc|l wi:ls sLab'
lishcd by thc llrcat Crcek nrillhcnlaticiaD rchinrcdcs ho alY) )l.ycd lr lhc
t);r1hrub. rchinlcdcs bscrvcd hatwhcrr hc got nr c his )athlub w.lcr'w.ls lis_
placcd, r plrshcd ul.HcdctcrnliDcd hatanyobiccl nrnr$scd n a iquid sL)noycd
up byaforcc qualothc weiShl )1 bc lrJid isltaccd y hc obicct hit is Nnowrr
asArchincdcs'principlc. orcxamflc, supl)osc l1)ck wciFhs 100 DolndJ.rr(l
has.1 olunc of I cubic irot. whcn lhal ft)ck s subncrgcd n walcr, l disl)laccs
I cubic )r ol watcr, whi.h wcighs 2 pounds Thcrcfbrc, hc gravilaliorlal Lrll
orrc s 62 polrrrds pwJ
on rhc ock ! 100 DoLrnds ownwarrl nd hcbuoyarrt
oul ofthc walcr, you woLrkl Dccdo cxerl a lorcc of 100 Pounds o lili thc fo.k
In rhe watcf you would havc ro cxcfl . lirrcc of 100 minlrs 62 poLr|rds of l8

Thcbuoyanr ofcc of a liquid, or horrnuch it pushcl upwnrd, cpc'(ls n rhc

dcnsily f lhe iquid. A body rill lloal f iLs cnsity s ess han hat ol lhe i(lui(l
in which t is nrrncncd; l will sink f i ls dcrrsily s grcalcr' cc ! lcs\ lcn\c hnrl
walcr, so cebergs loil(m lhc surhcc of fic occan Slecl hip\ irre dcsigrrcd vith
many spaces illcd with aif so ha! hcirdcnsily s ess han hntof u'nlcr'
Density sconDuted ydivi(liDg hewciShl l rhc iqLrid v rt volur c salr\,l'alcf
hasa dcnsiry f 6 4 toun(ls per cubic irot, whilc rcsh waier has:r densilv l 6 2
pourxls ercubic bol. lenct th( buoyanl ora_c l sahwatcr s rcaler han hntol
frcsh {ater, which explains hy il is easier i)r n swinnrcr r floal ir thc otcarr
 s
u , U r Ml r LE t
J t r
. , t r t t
M ' .
\ J ) r I
" i l ,)
1 ' J
r s" o J qi t p o 1PI
) r r :'
1 y x J 0' r r o s
i e u s r u t
J Ml J L r D .

w t l
r . 1 r \ t t
l , \ t r (
v r
. I \ 1 - .
y l s r y r ) Ml '
r
s l s u M M s s
i L t J s u -'
, , n " ]
V (MI t u
J . q t .
) o u J s
[ l '
t
z u Ml l r r
t
lM r q r
V ! I ?L r r L l ) n I

q i s l r UI
s o Uo
"
r u , )
J A
U r u
) L
136 Calculating

LISTENING SKILLS

vocabulary in Cofircxt- citclc lhc lc(lcr of lhc arrswer h.lL bcsl nt'lchcs
'
Lhc
mcaning {lhc ilalitizcd wordas l is us((l ll each l thcicsc lcncc\'

1 Thc wea(hcr wasd &rrdr n thc dccision {)carrcel hc:jl)acc lilrhl

(t) a r(ason tr. ar cvcnr

2. A ln)g or lLrnlc . rn ivc n cithcr a land or \endrv/,1',,k1?r'

a. ren{cfature b nrrroulldings
L A nn)ving bitcl will continuc ( , nn)ve rrfilcd rr o orcc uclr ! lri'ri(nr

a, as ollg as D ln orllcr Dal

4. Thcnoukeys wcrc.ir,?y'red oil snill c.!le
a. cnck)scd n b. rcleasc(l ionl
(vcn
5. Thc price ol gisolinc \\at qtktdrtt\ltd, airl thcrc wcrc l('irrs l would go
highcr.
n. nlulliplicd y li)ur t) dividcd )y oLrr
6. Ncwlou's iscovcrics /iLlP, llc Philosophy r)(l cicncc l Wcslc r
civilizali(n ilr scvcral cnlllrics
a. inlllrencc(l b clirproved
7. A scicntili( nalysis nLIsl rc l/a,lllnrlivc o L) c fccisc.
ir. nr.rlh( -Iiial 11. rr{{iv,(
lJ. All lhc i/trrlxr?l/dr?s l thcal(rnic cxpbsion al lliroshirlla.l rcilill nol krr(nln
a. causcs b clfcds
9, Thc co,{uc$d f cvall(xa(iorr scolldc|rsallon.
a. rcvcbc b cllccl.
ptrl)ils l your cyct drtllt-r.
10. lna.brighl
cxParrdight, hc b $irink
I l. Succcss asdll,li,rc,/.flcf umcrotrs xpcrincnls.
a. denicd b achievcd
l2. Absol]i!r pftxJl of li(nrc concep(s s undttaifiah k
a. nol desirablc b. nol Possiblc

Note-Taking

Il is ahvays good dca1o cadovcr yolrr nolcs s s(x'r1 rspos\iblc ollo\'virril

lcclure. lLrdcnts aking nLcs fequc|lly onl)lain hat hc in\trlrclor a1l\ (x) dn
ll yolr arc havirgtrouble eeping rp wilh lhc inslruclor, cnvc sl)acc\ lr ]()ur
ruorcbook s yoll lakc nolcs. Aflcl Lbc eclllrc ad(l () yoLrr lolcs dcl.llls hal 'fc
 P P t

I q U D r | t M r ,
L I o r n t i
o q r ML i L
r p D s o p n t s sr '
M r l I n
M r p L i u s n ) r '
I
UD o l s,
'

p D qI Lo M i u s s
( n o ) ) r o
0 '
I D o
l s s s L '
t o u .
I r s a u u
' , '
I , L t s M ^ .
l u s s A i l o J S '
'U D U s p u p'
' D s p l J Je s s l o 1
'
' s p Z o u s
l o '
' o s a o o n ul A o s'
l s J l s l J i J
O '
al , n a r
'
I u i
'
r t o '
I ' v o s l n
€ ] s l l l M r o uc
J a o'
ll8 Calculating

DISCUSSION POINTS

I wha! aresome hings hal a biologisl ced\ o calc(rlale? r ra\trononlcr?

chenrisl?. Physicist? Scologisl?
2. What colrld ou mcasure f calcuLlLc r l yonr lassroonr? Think bcvond
lincar nlea:;urcmcnls o sLrch hingsas wciShl,volumc. tcmrcral re, siTc and
hu ridily.)
L Some pcoplc havc suggene(lc hnLwe
hrd 1her.rse
nrnch( (lccimal
trrrber l syncm
limlrs sbccalrscwc
an octoltrs r
have cn fingcrs. uppose
a thrcc-ioed ldb? Whar kird of nulrbcrinr svslenro vou (hink wc nriSht
havc?
4. Thcancic|1 Hindus evebl)c{l hc onccpt l rcro, which wns alcr adoftcd
by lhc Afabs. why was hat concell so nrln)nanl?
5. Why do you (hink n)nrc ancienl )coplc rcliev((l unthcnralics o Dc
myslerk)us? hy do yoLr hink.c(airr nrlnllJcrs cr c (onsi(lercd )agical,
lhal is, lrckY l trnluckY?

WellA
did bert,it
vouqet
ye t (! (

WRITING SKILLS

whcncvcr olr havc a lin olilenrs. t is rclcraL)lc o wrilc hcrl irr arnllcl ornr,
rbal is,wi!h all thc ilcms n lhc samc i)nna t For cxanlplc, ltc senlcncc Ell',? ilft
to pditlt. stNillni\, drl ddr.f is unacccl)t;rL)lc hc samc scnlcoce may t)c rryrillc'r
 P 6

q r l S p I o r q J r d s s
p o p u p I u :

s Eu p S.
Pu 0 u o e'
o E u, p .
u q e n n u
p J J n Pt
'
p a , q n u e n o M r q t
u ? r 1 p u r p u a u p
o '
o o qi o M S d J o ;

g pp u q up o e J d
e u e p E e p s o .
o q so u s p p p I

M pU ra t r
A o ; a dL s

Jp p q u o e BJ d J
e D
e e p r e e lp ,

o p s

ar S q ui p o J r o o o r nl
L
q uI t , JM s o u p p r
n d er oo lo r ni u u !
e I
ou I d o J i q'
M. M S J u
'
140 Calcularing

2. How ro calcula (e he dillcrencc betwccn hc amount of time you spcnd

studying and thc amount of time yolr spcnd ir'arching elcvision n a week.
l. How to calculare he speed milcs or kibmctcrs pcr hour) of a flighl frcm
Paris o Tokyo.
4. How to calculat c hc hcight of a lrcc.
5- How to calculate he percent of your weeklyexpenscs hal gocs oward
recreation,
6. How lo calculat ewhat i! would cost you to drivc lrom Ncw York1osan
Francisco,
 9

a o 3a

O N

S l ' l
s l r t u I
l r p i s p s p
S S 1 M S O r
I Mr s ) ' pl r s
) i P s M o 1 o
U I r s P r s p r
Pl u P S o o
{ d n , ^ E s J! p u'
3 o SI p u J r '
] o u e r
r u q s B q s r
u n J P ur S r Pu s u
E s ' o p e r s L o p
: D E u u
u e B u nl
q t u rn u ur S'

S E

p ) l ) q s r :
s J : '
t
142 Reporting

Ho$' Lik Begah

Todiscovcror'v ifebcgan, rchacologills ludy os sils. orsils rc rhc rcnr.rins
or imprirls of ptants nd animals f k)ng ago rhar havc bccn )rcscrvcd n Lhe
ea h's crust. he snnpl€sl orms of li fe appcar n 1he owest r oldesr ocks. Al
though scientins an (al.Lilatc hnl thc carth s 4.6 billion y(rfs ol(1, lr c ()ldcn
rocks hat show any racc ol lilc arc css haD.z illl(D vcars ld.Thercfofc,lx)Lrl
2.t billion yrars had passed n 1he earth when ifc srcir.tcd. sincc hc ol{l(st
forms
Wc doof lifcrrotwcrc allsea
krrow ifc, horv,
r.c(ly Dr.]ny ci(ntists
bLrt n sonrc clicv( iJc ,cg.n
mir.(uloLr! lhcrighl
wny, l)c sr..kirr(l oJ
nxtccrlc\happcDcd o cor:binc n lhc occan f ilr cl.y 1oonD a nrinurc fgnninrr
Al1 ife hasp()bably e\,ol\,td rorn hal single rfiginal cll. which m._v alc bccD
sonrcthing ikc hcb.cl(rin oft(xlay. hisoirc'ccll(d rg.rrisnr r1(, (\v, f(sporr(lcd
to ils sLrrrolrndings, cprodrlcc(l lscll, n(l sprcad hroLrqhoul hcoce.ns.
Prolrably hose ifsl1i1ly rganisnrs cre norall nlike. orrc wcrc betLcrble Lo
oblain (x ri or adapt o coldcr ,alr rs. -hc n(rngcrc(lls survilcd rl( l lhcir chir
aclefislics rrlc passcd n to thc ncxt gencrili()n.
Thccafly cells cpnxlLrrcd imply by liivirliDg rl rvo. Alier r ong Limc, inglc
cells ecanrr ltached oonc anolhcr, nd cach el1 ecanrc |(.inlizc(l n rtil{crrnl
lirnction.cradudllyorgdnismsbccinrcnroreindrnorcconr|lcx.'lixlay,nrrnlli!in
(hings rc Ir1;r(lc ]r ol n conrl )inatioli f (clls; or.rr )o(lics fc (()rrlt)o\c(l ) l slii
(clls, bloo(1clls, rLlsclc clls. br.in ccll\,.rrr(l oor).
Thc Hri]dLral riitraLion l Ijlc |1)rlr hc cciln o thc nn(l vas nolhef raiof rrp
Lhal nra(lc rany a(lv.n(cs )ossll)lc. vcntu.lly pl.nls !rxl dninLrl\ l vi(lc(lnlo
m.lcs arr(i i'rnnlrs, n(l x)ssil)jlirjcs |r(rca\cri i)r l(vflot)ing)cwrr(l v.fic(l s1)r( cs
or rypcs, o (i.rlc, r(nc han 2100,000 |c.icrol pl.nls rn(l 1,200,0(X) t)crics)l
.rrirnalsy'ravc cvclopc(1. ra(lLrally, hc scnscs l sjghl 1 ( l hcariIN nrl)()vc(l n
auiural(and r.ins grclv aDddcvcli)t)c(i. rinallv, nrclligcrrcc )r'ogfcs\cit, ci(lrrg
ro lhc rlcvclol)rncrrl l hLrnriln tirrgs.
\/z

V
 {

S OI

O $ ! l r udJ s a l
p u r '
N

if p Doa ^ p s s p
p p a s'
r s r L d c o d (

w ) : M p d p p

q [ [ M P 4
r e o p LE u u(

udn F : a

X 9 X, p u
J s p D r
F o (

a n p

N N d Y N
o w a 0 0 old s p 0 0 { s
a z p'
s s u u t s L r D p I s S c
M p M l c (

U p e p

s M p 6 q p '
s L s o 3 s l (

a t o p

N d r g
D ZS p p a e p
P J
t44 RePortrng

Sentehce Patterns

(SIMPI-E PAS'T TENSE)

REPORTING A COMPLETED ACTION

loublished
hi\rheoNorc\orurr"n n'd-''
Da*'' l;"".,,"."di
l
tProPosco

R RECENT ACTTON
REPORTING N UNCOMPLETED
(PRESENT ERFECT ENSE)

f often I
I arleady I
It""I
I \el om I
Bi('loFFr\ I l'"" ,,-"r'*. n,,id( | n( * di"r'veri<t
He/She n", no, y",
I I
I recentrv l
slill nor
I usuallY I

EFORE A GIVEN TIME

REPORTING N ACTION COMPLETED
(PAST PERFECT ENSE)
'
rarrhed" rh e bamh lnad elph'dc'l
Bv lh € I m. wc
ii, i.:r. n,.,i"'t"a t"unched h( ihtsrurn'\'

Rili*iH*f iJifJ"'""'flliSl'"1'""'""'
:3i?lJii"ll
whil' in the Galapagos'
Darwin {was workinS} on hi s lheorv
'' ' lfut r 5 billiun eJts
r h e universe h a ) been expdno'nFr l \ n c c r < n epriun.
nrm'
carriage whcn th e idea came ro
Darwin {had been riding} in his

NOTES \her tepotfto ftheub?r th,? otl.Mittd ,f c I.xJ,v rr..d (. 1,

ll j orren ' tttead) ,a d u\u.llv,
t. A^ei, aJ me an dhequen'v 6,.,]
'!;,'::,:;:::lX:":i":,:;'es 'l".)dre otdis"t\std
Menelude,l b*, u rckftnce Haw'|*'/'
", do nat c r Jrcq"lntl '1'cicktitkt'ihn!'
i,",ii,iiliii;';,'***'v
 g

E l s rD D dL p ud r 3
'

H ) ]
) l i S s J r r l s ( r
s p P o o l p J s .
, D r l p J r D
p s qe s s .
r s sD N v r
v r r s s r t
r i e t r Dr
u P p $ P p I ( P v
r P o n p ) N
' I P
s D , t DJ o L o s uu
s l ! o' L u p
P s r sD l o M l
'

M r Je L -
r ) s pt
u r J i
l L JL o s L J u'
M l os z
s1 u ) i . r z
M u q ol u 0 ul u q r r
) u r '
l s a
r a

6 d Lo q p s p r L'
a L o J J u
s J l J l J
q t a u'
s a e a l
i L{ \ o s P z u
Ps P'
U PL S L s o'
r46 Reporting

4. About165 million ycars go,gianl drnosaurs (livc)

on thccarlh.
5. About 4.6 biuion years ago, hc earrh ( tu m).
6. The first living o?anisms 1r(jr'du.c) \ , l \i!linSn
ha1f.
7. Thc fossilsfNeandc(hal nan (discover )n Irrq
bclween19 51 and 1960.
8. Abo ut l8 m illiou yea.s ago.violcnl ca hquakcs along C.tifornia's Si
(rotale) hc rorlhwestcm ojavc
D€5crL bo ut 25" clockrlrse.

ThePresentPerfectTense

To describe r incompletc or rc(cn!ly (omplcted action, hc prcscnr pcrlcct clrsc

is used, The fornulas for forming Drcscr'rt crfcct c,Dserc:

= has ot hate + past participle

= hds or have + ,een + past participle

Using he Pteseht Perfe.t srJe, Each o{ihesc scntcnccs cscrilres D rrcornplctc

or recendy complclcd action, nsc( cithcr dtc passivc f aclivc orm of lhe prcscnt
pcrfecr enseof thc vcrb or verb phrase D parcnrhescs.

I. Ait l'ol]i:rion ha4 leeo/r/'3 (trccomc) major probtcm rr

z. vany studies /taue leelt natle (makc) odcrermine hc

cilccls of smog on the 1ungs.
l. Morc thaD a hundred clcmenrs

(slill not find) or dre conrmon old

5. A salellilc of fic planet Plulo
 /

O I J : o

.
Ll s r s
{ r L'
s r n
t

u s o u s
i o '

J s al

6 I L o J J a t
s L Do t u d'
N s N

( r s p s
u B( p p u u i
J s D , & -
pu q M L p L ;
L l [ l
o t
r ( u n
r B ( u i p
( q p r q M u r
s r
( e d L o L
D J o u r r
J q q u l ,
( q s c r ui s L s
,
. s r s r s
o r i \ U'
148 Repo4ing

Forming Se tences hnt Repon. fornr ir senlcDfc c|ortin{ cafll ol thc ltl()!\1|,r

I birth of lhc lirst ren-Lulje nlJf ./ LDlt;rird I I978

the fu.ul l"X lul,z I'al'// kaa a thqk4l ,4 /g7S
",a,i
2. dcvrbpmenr f trincit)lrs t gcorDc(rv FLrrtid I At(:.ndrir. E{vpL /
100u ( l
L classjJication I plnnl\ ( l .ninrits I C.rotU\ _tnnnc|\ I Sr|cil(.rr /
l7)5
re(cipl o l L h cNobcl Prjze o f (lis.ovcrv o l |luLonj ) .nit
Maric Curic / ljr.rlr.c r l9l1
5 . invcnlion o f frintinlt rvirh rov.blr lf|( I pi-\trcnS / Chin.r /
erevcntD culury
6 conlrolled nl|cleilr i\sion ol Ur.IiUnr r EIrlco t](,r i I Il.lf / 19.1:
7. lirst andinlt on thc r(nrn / An]tfi.arr I,()icrt Al)o o r t96(.)
6 . (lisrovcry o l (ircul.rion ol blo(xl / $/illi.|lr trJn.(), , Lngl. r(t , 16}j
9 . llrsl prcc Jlight / Yuti (lncifir) I S ( ^ cl UIio]l I l96l
0. dcvclol)rncn t l l)olio v.c.irrc , .Jorr.rs .rlli , Anr(rjcn / tr54
l. ir)vcntion o J rlcan(1cs((r)t l.rnrt) 1 t-hor ,r! tiliso n / r\nr!rici , 1879

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Building

l|lCrc.rsing oul vocaLr ;rydocsror rnvr o rr,t((oIrt)li\hc( thllr i|lir)it,] lr

ricsk with fntrcfs, oolis,.1ndl)cnfll\. J oLr nn) r .nrl o f strrrL l n()t(,tr,rl)rl
listing buf or liv e ncw r\orls, lo r ( a t.kc:r(t!dIt.gc ol ti!c or Lrn nri[t|t$
havc whilc vy.itingill i lirrc rhc l)irrl( or id r ,)lli.c, rj(tirlN r t)Lrs, r c!fI ],(ju
wrirjng lor lcl(,vis n .onllcr(jn 1\ r o r.(1. trrrquclt \tron nLLrt).tr(ri,)(l\ i t,c
nmrc l)()dUcrivc h.1I o I c $,ccklv scssio|r !ittr,r lor! ti\r.
'li)
sllrdy hc word\, lirst c.d cn.h ( | r rnd ils rc.rIi|1!. (Chfrk w t h r iljdiorrrrf
or a narivc spc.kcr if y o .lr Lrncctui|.bour pr()!L|rri.ljon.) Th(.|. r]r.il(c t!c
\cntrDccr wilh thc wof(1 or invcnl n irlr.r:tin.fl, corlVcr\.rLion n !vtrirh vou !\1)r {l
usc he \,!ofd. ThistcchnirlLrc 1'ill ]r.rcnsc oronlf voLl| or,rtrL]nr],1)ur rtso r)Lrl
'lucDcybypfovidir gyouNithanopp(ntLr nilyrot)ri(lrc.. \trerkjrr!,rvc| whcrr
y o u havc no olrc ota lk wilh. Con\iderhc r\',rv unv t)cot)lr c\en n,rliYc l)c.ker\t)
frep.rc lhcmsch,es i ) r . j o b inlcrvic\\, or,Ir nr!unrenl \\.ittr rc.rhcr or tros\ ,)
lhinking hft)ugh vh.l thcy l)l.n lo \.y. Whcn thc linrc ()r he co vcrs.rlon oirrcs,
thcy.fc ablc t(r cxl)fess hcnrselves
fornrulalcd hr words n lheif Inir(1. As n. !r)onn.tilc c rffrcrilcty \llc,1krr.
l)(rnLrscouhct will tr.vcillrcn(t
l)cnfiil jio|r
).
this habitof"fraclice ralking" mnlcaslrribt y. n orhef wordr. r.tk ro )r)LLr\cIt B r
trcsure ( ) do il in Englisht)
 6

)o N ol p
p o e e
s qu E r u e r u '
n o P q' u s p'

r T
d q = P d p ql

e
u e
P r
P u ? r
u
o o d u u

o L t s J
L ,
l
l i
q'
L r u ql
) '
o : - l
o p' Jl
o J
) )

/ L UI
uL )
s P P ^ Hl
. (
,

3 q d i

q L L r
P i
p o o u ) u

D J ) r P r
ol e pM P s P t s'

u e i s'
o F
i u r t '
q s
q s J M r
L J / e s L n'
f
150 Reporling

4. Numcrous pecl!,r f aninals are n danlcr of beconrirr!l xtincr.

b. habilals
5. Tlrc.rrhlidr? in compurer cchnology ha! accelcralcd ircc 1980.

6. Alicr the bombing, h€ ciry was rebuih by rhose who rrryivc,

a. lived b. died

7. It sraicd o rainwhen r henirwas drrldtfl wilh moinor(.

a. Iillcd
L Galilc{, iscovercd hecxa/cr.. fJupircr,s moons

9. The camcl s dddpl.,/ o dcserl ifc and can So wilhout wrlcr tir long

b. adjuncd
10. Einstcin's heorics avc ,cfalled hroughoul hcrwcuticrh cnlury.
a. lailcd b. dominaled
11. A butcrlly eyolles ion a careryillar.
a. cs(apes b. dcvckDs
12. Thesubjcct faborriolr asbeen.rr?l/dr/rj/r/ br a lonit inrc,.nd herc will
pft)bably cvcr bc complctc grccmcDl,
a, lnrcrcsun! b. disputcd
ll. Ncwr(nr e ormcd expcrimcnts ocdr/ir/l?ha( Galilco ad roposcd l)oul
a. verify b. dispx)vc

Skimrfiing

Skim he followirlg assagc n lhrcc miDutcs r lcss nnd lhcn arlrwcr hesc

L The main opic of rhh lassagc s

a. thc search 1odiscover bow hlrmanIifc cvorvc0
b. Arislollc's vicw of cvoluli()r
c. lhc lile of Charics arwin
d. thc scx ile ofan oyster
 I

MI p P o M S dl '
M n P P ,

e M ooL I

qq el u o u

r L J n o n ,

6
o u
o s t o r . c i s s
u Vq p u p i v M s
l o uio r uJ o
c S ' s A J i L'
l
s s ss E l o s J U 1 s , pP a .
p p'
u o p S l o
) s u L i l s I g r
o r d P p s
L
p q 'q s L o J u
^ o r i s p L s | v 3
S qP l s u p 0 J n s J r
J n J pL s J e ) p
r i l l P s M P t
u P
p p r u r u s
) . D P U J ) L u q r D r J
p S t D p . s e c
u (
i s P p s
152 Reporling

As a result fhis obscrvations, a ,!in fonD l.tcd. rhcory fl hc c!olLrlj()rr J

humar ifc. Heknew halmdny ofganisms ro(hr(r m(nc ofllfrin{ rhnn a1rr.lLr.ity
survive. or cxamplc, r oysler an sparln 100milli(n rlgs.r n li]]rct 11 llLhc\c
cggs un/ivcd, hco.ean woulcl cs.lufated wilh oy\LcL\t incc.ll c.nnoL ljvr.
lhcre s compelitiorr moirg he ndivicl lls n. sfccicsarloo(1, { cr, !!.rnrrh.
and spacc. n thc nrlrgglc (r cxi\tcn.e. nl y hc llllcn, or thc oncs hnt nfcL,rn
atile o ad npt, will prcvail.
Danvin callcd is Lhcoly nallrr.rl clcction," r the "suL!jv.t o1 tr c itrcsL.' !
argurd hal thosc spccics hal arc hc nx)n Jit, or the Lrcst L)lco (or)r|cLc ith
olhcr specics n the cnvironnlenl. illslrrvivc Thr t)roccssofDi Lfnl\clict;rnrh.s
occurrcd nnulncrablc inrcs. Airimnls ith thc\r.LIrcst trr5rrrvive n cold arcn\
Plants hat cquirc he casl ann)u|l ol rvatcr urvivc n rlic 1c\( L Fish h.t rould
adopt o l ifc on land bccr|nc hr fifsl nno rnr; s.
In 18t9 Ddrwin plrblishc(i is indings rlThcoi4ii1 l St.(i(.l1r clninrc(l lrnl
man has volvcd iom a lowcr i)f|r ol lilc and h.r in lacr nll it orrLhe .rrh h.s
devclopcd rcnr a single, rigiu.l ccll.Overmillion\0Jyrirr:,, hrcugh r.dUal
changc, lcvclopnlcnl, ndnanrLrl {rlccrion, llthc (lillcfrr)t |crirs oj lilc Lhnt wc
knowtftlayhavc cvolvcd.
l)arwirr's deas cre vcry corrl|1)vrfsia1, ,rrly [,r.,r lic ]rcy !crr n l:onllict ill)
nlany eligious
sho(ked icwsirboLrl
l rhe dca hcsrcir)rc nninr.ls
hfl hLrnr.ins t rni rkiri(1.
nr)(1n(lnlc(1
a(l(1ili(rn. .Iy ()
ooLhcr jrcol)lc crc
s ot ltti.
PanicLrla upsettin! wns hc (onccl)t ltil thc atr(.\tofs ol hLtntan )cingsrfc
rclntcd o alcs or nlonkcy\ nilliorrs J yenfs,r!to. lUl nll tltc cvidcn(e wc ltiv(
loday conlifnrs arwin hyl)othc\j\.

Distinguishing Fact fron Opl,rior. lliqvcryinr|onantlofecogniTclhcrlillc('llcc

bclwccnfact andopinion whcn rending c icnrilic rralcrial r lislcDing onscicnlili.
lcclurc. For exampl€, t is a,.r thaI thc lvorld rcpulililnr iu I987 rv.s 4,975,000,000.
However, l is hc rpirio, ofmany scicllLins har hc rvorld popul.ln) v!ill n(rcnsc
by 1 billilnl in rhe ncxt lwcnty liv{: years. l r.ly bc.n cducalccl pinion, rhnt is ,
onc based o n past slatislics n d (ufferl rreDds, u t it rcmains an opinion LLnt il l
can bc proved.
 t

e L J ru usP oi d u) 1'
J r t x r P'

l o t . '
q a s o s u a'
a
o u e e s
E '
Mu e u s'
u "
E e M P E

o e u'
r s r u e'
L M 0i u e o J g e n s'
0 s eL M '
0 s P l '
o P P o '
z L s ) '
i i M l '
so L L u n o ^ s'
l M M i u L'

S N OS S

n J o $ e up q ;
p S J e p p o J u s'

u q s e s J o q e o s'
O . 1
u u u n L L r o
s
a e e q q s'
E s
t P l uP A s'
s
Y U E s Pd u D4 i '
M s
154 Reporting

5. The midwesrern parr of the Unilcd States s sonlrtimes cn cd rhe ,,brca(l

baskcf'because hcar aDdcorn arr the rcgion,s omindnt ops.
a. most mporranl b. lcast mponalrt
6. The ocean's ides arecharacterizcd y aliernaring onvard .nd fcc,,sriyc

a. raprd b. trackward
7. The sbrs ar€ too nrfiercrr to bc collnled.
a. largc b. abLrndanr
8. Antoine Henri Becqucr€l's iscovcry of ridialion wasrTgrrtcd,r and paved
rhe way Ibr the work of Marie and pierre Curic.
a important
9. The resulls ol the expctin].e ]otubstantitltedhc hypothcsis.r wcrc
announced o hc world.
a. supported b. dis|rovc(l

Note-Taking

Notcs .kcn in class houkl bc revicwc(l r()rn inrc o linrc, csl)ccially )cli)rc
lcsl. The nlorc rcqlrcnlly or rcvjcw, hc highcr hc pclccnlngc l lhc nratrrinl
you will rclailt, Fof cxnirl)lc, f you rcvicw 1hcnoles hrcc intcs, ou nr.1y ccall
,s ntltclt as20 pcrcent r J0 pcrccDl t{)rchatr l yoLt cvicw hcnr wicc, Aly),
spa(ing hosc cvicws will help yoU o rcnrcnl)cf vcf lonu criod ol.lintc. t.h(1l
is, i)r (rtl.t-rcnn ccall, t is bcltcr o rcad hc rr()lcs h()Ugh nccn wcck i)r hrcc
wccks haD lucc tinles n otrc silling,
Take tolcs asyoo lislcD o tllc cclurc,,Thc cjcllccl Gcnctics,,nDd hctr Usc
yotlf no(es o completc hc next cxcfcirc.

Uhderstafiding he Le.ture. Usc your nole:ito d(,lcmrinc whcrhcr cnch of thc

aremcDrs
following struc (I) or falsc F) accor(lirrg o lhc inti)fr) ration n lhc

F t. The Aunrian moDk cfcgor Mcrxlel pcrji)rlncd h i s cx|ffinrcnls irr

rnc sevenlccrrll l entlrfy,
2. C"r'.t\'r. I'r, nr..ly,,t owfl.,w'\ r,t,r,..l {.

l M e n d e l' s uniquc .onlrib lion lvasrhit hc stlrdicd all lhc

characlcristic! r onc timc.
When Mcndei cross pollinillcd cd aDd vhirc flowcrs, hc cxpcclcd
!o pftrLlucc lowers $a t wcre pink or mixcrt rcd and whitc.
1 . All the fi.n gcncralion flowcfs ivcfe pink.
6 . Whcrr MeDdcl self pollinarcd drc {tAr gcncraliojl cd flowcr\. hc
produ(ed ed Ilowcrs r n l whitc flowcrs.
 E

l p p P o p s o r
J s J'
l P P P r o q u p
'
r s
o E p n c p p ) r
r
U'
' s sM o i
s J p'
P u p D s I o u u
'
z J ) s r u T p r
M u ) s'

N s
n p t u s p l u l r
^ A np n o M z
pl i a a i v l
M i 0 N A wp '
C pu r J i l ) Ul
u u i s s i J s
V p s , r r s ^
P u'

M S

u 6
N s i Dl s .
n l dL J r o
r s | ? p , s r -
r A i e q'
r D P'
u r 1 p x r p p 0 o u
r D i s MI s u S u ,
c i u s t r r E I n r
, l i D D J 8 l
n q ^ s
a q r D a
156 Reporting

Writing a Report

wrile a rcpo( ofa scicntific discovery r evcD1. ou nliSht choosconc ol lhcsc:

l thc firsl hlrnan hean lransPlant or tcst'lubc baby
2. thc discovcry fpenicilliD, x-rays, or racliunl
3. fie first landirg on lhc moon, Mounl Evcrcsr, r thc Solllll Polc
4. lhe construclion of the Pyranrids, hc Sucz Canal, or dre Parrama Canal
of thc atomic hcory or lhc thcory of rclalivity
5. thc dcvelop mcnl
6. $c invenlion fthc lclcphone, hccomputcr, r lhc airyhne
Begin by wridng a lopic scntcrcc hat answtrs hc qucstidls wh,, \'/hal wlkn. a]|.d
wlrere. The remailder of the paragraph can cxplain how or whr or both Your
concluding sentencc mighl tell lhc sigDi{ican(c f thc discovcry or cvcnt
 1

a a a
6

N N

D u u u s J u ^
J J u I l
u u r s u qe a J d u
E p I e J t
os s s s s s p'
J u q S u d q q r J
d
d up s n oS uE e d u
s ep S p u' o e c'

ro S r q d J u p \
p r E ' a' '

L
I58 DescriL,ing

The Suk anrl Other Stars

The run ii a slar. 1 s a flrming b.ll of cxrrcnlcl y ol liscs. hc surfacc cur-
peraturc s aboul 11,000" ,hol cnoughorlrrn cvcry olid o vapor. rUl cl.livcty
cool comparcd0 hc inlensc cal ar the ccnler.
Lo.aled aboul 9l million nliles rom hc c.rlh,rhcsuD ha! a (linlrct(r h.t is
approxinraLcly qual (r l{)9 ol our ca[hs lincd p ]ikr . r ow oi Lrcach all\, a d
a mass hal i about 110.000 iIncs hc mass f lhc c.nh.
Thcsun isthc ofiginal ourcc J ucirrly all ouf cncfgy. l is ulosrly mirdc ot
hy{irogcn, ldnugh l ,ln) conLaiD! cafly cvcry olher kind ot tonr rh.t exi\rs n
thc carLh. hc sundcrivcs ls cncrgyionrn pfoccss f fLrsion n whictr hy(l()gcn
at(nrs arc c(nrvcrled nlo hcliurn alonls uDder xrrcur( hc.t .n(l prc\sufc. hi\
proc(ss realcs lrcnrcndous oisc. ur nrccalrrol henf l b{cnlrsc )U (l(locs ol
lravcl h()u!th cnl y sp.cc.
OLrr uD s rrol cvcn cspcci.llv argc r[rrighronrpnfcd oothcf nnfs. Slnf\ virry
in siz c ronr rlrall(r han hc c.nh kr argc DoU{h o Iol(l d lroo(l irl otoLLf )lnf
systcnrlhc cokrf f a stnf rxli(.lcs ls cnr|cr.lLr('. naf nriy be c(l thc or)lcn),
ycllow(likc oLrf Lr|), whitc, or l)l!c (lhc horrcn).
Thc ncarcsL Lnrs 4.1 lighl-y(a|1 r\nn hc !.nh. A lighl yc.f is t11( lislnn(c
nrc r
liglrt ravcls r) car, fnbout rillion nrillion
T hc anhcs( nfi arc L)illions i light,y(.|\ ilrs (6,000,000,000,000
w.y. Son)c rc {) nf rwni,hnL nilc\).
l lhcy
wcrc o bk)w up t(xlay, hcir jghl vould ontjn(rc ())e sccn fo r lhc cnflh i)r.1
Irillior ycafrl
Our sun s pnfr oi rn (no|'ln{)us ilixy (t l0 L)illion lirs, Lali((llrc MilkyWiy.
In (ldilion hcrc rc )illior)s l raLlxics ithir) .Iqc olour clcscol)cr Id (oLL lcss
t)illiorrs ,cyond. -hc crrorrllry l sl);rcc s qLrilc )ryorr(l Lrm.ln orirprchcLrsiorr.
How cxcitirrl.l l i s1o ivc u nnngc whcrr hLrln.n cilr!s ivc licg n lo cxIlofc hil

USING ENGLISH TO DESCRIBE

Scienlilic riting Dcludcs cscriflbns f frocesses, Lrl)slances. onccpls, on

ditions. nd cvc|rts. he abovc passagr cscribcs nneollhc trtrysical, l rclion;rt,
andchcmical ruJrcnics f Lhc un
 D 6

Y N
n sD D u ol p s'
el
U t e S s

a a D h I J p 4 nu pp o
^ q 2o al p o a r 1D a '
w J
J
J u e p u r

p n w u ou D\
'
u , q

a u pu D D l ol a p
t \ u pb s D 5 n 0 0 t s J
) D 4'

o a s e el
s s

N V S U N
) u W u p ol u t DI t '
ol A

H W 1 S U N
Us ol h tD p ol
L
D A U plX S U ) 4'
D Ll e p S al o u
Eo s
160 Describing

Se tence Pt7ttefi1s

DESCRJBINC CHARACTERISTICS

Irhe\ir.R;,.'l Ia.ra5,n,ie, Ji,.np.

J MJunr Lrcr..r I 18,848 nel(r! I I hi€h. I
ILTh(
t. o""a
: p e ",J '' Il.r.enrimcrcr.J
rr 'r", f 1 rhi.k.J
".. i
')
l',n"n,'.
lrhe\Dn |
f'"""n
| , u d.( crnt,erdru,(
I f..'",".'"-
| n,00u . I
.
1'lheGlJndcdnyon}h"'"{.|.||h}''r{s,rout..r'>

Liri:,**" l;r:l::'', J 11J"1,,,"

j
f:rs''l n,r-l lil;,r,h,-
T h e 1'(r|urc I u r 1..urd I i.Jrc 1 ruuFh.Ird r . r.r.rr.

Lil:i: Lf]:ln'''J :,jiui:i )

.|
"";,r+r*
Iil,,*.".....| Iii*i,*,,,,',,
.J
L:h:,:l'i:,, l:;l';il''J i;I".,,"".,.",
Nnn,:Th eptut.,t \hlttlc t.rtt it \cLl D.!t li!.t tnt\, r,hti d.{tihitttr, b uts! t$.t.iptii !
n $incc tn u!!rll\, llnh'ct\dl\. Tltt t)st ernntt tt\t utc.l c,rr d,r to be ,rr; lo havc.

Using PreciseDesciptiors. Scicncc eDlnn(ls )t)iedivily nnri prrrision jn ils r1r-

scfiptions. o dcscribc corrrct s anra\Lic r loru.nd bciutilLrl rl1\ cry illtc.
Thcword,trldyr! dcscribcs ow you feel nboUr onrclhing, ) ul t docs noLbfirrs
an nage o nrind. ol,j i! a rcllLivc cmr. cicnlir,ts ccd obc sl)crili(. s l n nrilc
long? 50 nliles? ,000 milcs? (X1,000 nilcs? hc rvr)r(l r, //r/ir1is utiiccrj!,c. s l
lunrinous r dul1? righl or dilnt rr.lnsparenl f opnqLrc? ilvcN. cr.y, whiLe. l
mullicolored?djcclivcs mlrlt bc objedivc.D(l oncrcrc. Dinrc sionsholrt(t rc
 I

r s M t q r M i J D s l
Pr P I r '
{ qq LP n
'

D p u s< 0
'
a r P s i J '
l s s
n '
r D J L I 0'
9 sP '
q l n L'
v i MI L M 9 '

qu A s o ) r . v
u ' l r . s _ '
p s n pe P d p s r s q o :M p , M ,
'
s p o P , s s r ) u
l u n q u 1 1 s r 0
I n V . . u l '
) M p L ) o M t r
p r i n r J '

' r r
L 9 s
0 i r
z r l t S .
i z p
I€ r 0 r
t :
r

h a

U p N r ) , o s
J S t
u s q r p L
J'
162 Dcscribing

Adjcclivcs halarc bfincd with lrj ircqLrcnlly ]rdicalc rcc(airr adior) hnr s
fcflbrrncd by lhc noun or occlrrs o the noun:

grinding machine: machinc that crushes substances nto

small bits
recording mechanism: device rhar records sound
refining process: process that purifies mctals
revolvinB platform: a stand or surface that turns
Adiccrivcs hnl arc a ncd vilh f d 1i(quently ndi(.rc a (onltncL((i clioD:

dehydrated plant: plant that has dried up

magnetized rocl(: rock that has been made into a magnet
diffus€d light: light that is spreadout
cauterized woundr wound that has b€en deadened by burning or
searing

Many vcrbs an onn cilhcr i?.q r - cdadjeclives. ookat lhis cxaurplc l lhc
adjectivL,s ?irlr,? arr{i dilulrd, \l1i(lt rrc lonncd lionr thc vc$ ro dlfut.:

to dllute: xo weaken or thin with water or another liquid

dlluxing agentr agent or substance thal dilules or thlns a liquid
diluted solution: solution or liquid that has been diluted or
wcakcned

Usikg Adjectivcs with -ed and -ing. Circlc rhc lcllcr ol lhc inswcr lhat Lrcrr
conrplclcs achof thcsc crltcl)ccs,

l. A substaDcc ralconrbiDcs rclals vilh oxyScn s.n - ,

oxidizjng gcnt b. oxidizcd gcnr
tr,
2. Walcf hal has bcc pLrrilicd s - .
a. dislillcd walcr Lr .disrilling ntcf
L A DuclclLs h.ll s D thc proccss lbreaking pan s a
il. disin!cgra!fd Lrclcus b. disinlcgf.ting lLrrlcLrs
4. A J,\i.i rh,.r ,.. L,rrrr.r.l ..tr,t .'r l|,,.' r , r -
a. calibraring nslrumcnr b. calibr.llc(l nsLrlrnrenr
s . A,lc\i,e 'rrr di r.r,.,r , j|..||rIrr|, rr. ..
a. calibraring nslrumcnt b. calibr.llccl ullrrmclll
6. A gas halhas bcen cdu(cd n vohrmc y prcsslrfc s n
.. conprcsscd as b. co.rprcssinll ns
 v J Pt P J S u Je o o sp
:
P S p p p
v a s u p PI s P
n e S u ne p ul
v P s P s u
P n E oJ p q
P u t s u F o s c
uz P t q u p9 r

q p o p r p f -
l ol U u v I e
s q s J P ue o u
J u o r4 s p J d s J
J
oe ga u p p s
9 e s o er a n p e' r
da ro e E s 6 D e q J a uo
e u'

. u J q 9' g o J p
p' d u J P r , u e u J s
' u J Pr 8'
JM s
d r I , P U Pl U S P
Je s u D J s
'
'
o € up us ^ u a P o r e
u
o s s r B d ad a Ab o a \
J a s J s oe p .

E r Jo !
o n u J ae g s a
€ e Jq p e s q
D pl p q q ps s
a e u J e u P q o I

F
164 Describirg

Writing Smooth Senten es. When wriling dcscripliont, a!oi(l short, chop|tr scn-
lcnccs. n each eries lsclrlcnccs, olrrbincits ol rclnlc(l rl()flnalion o nchic!c
a smooficr low.
I Uranus s he hird argrn planel. r is orbilcd by mrny lhiu rings. l hn\.rL
least 5 s.rrcllircs.
UM%2, lle lh"zl bceaj p/aaaJ, :1. 4nned E/ 'alaaq ki,x
4lr4s,L /4d aj le.i /5 taklltle,t.
2. crnniLc s.n igncou\ ock. L s har(l nn(l hirry. r is r a(lc ol sc!cril kin(1.i l

l. Cal(iunr s n rilvcty ncl.l. It is ourrd n linrrstonc, nfbl(, nd (h.rlk. l is

lound r thc sheUs l marinc animnls.
4. The bronlosaufus asa largc dinosaur. r wcighcd LrolrL hirty Lons. t livcrl
in shallow valcr lr arc planls.
5. QLrasars rcsl.flil(robjc(Ls. hcycnril adiali(nl. LrasiN nliL mofcrirlinlio]l
rhan cD(irc alaxies.
-Ihc
6, ccfcbfunl s hc ]argcsl an oi Lhc Lrrailr, l corlllols hc cnscs, l nlso
conlrols hcmusclcs,
7. Hcnn)l)hili. s. (lisc:r\(. r is |lhcrilc(1. hc blo(xl locs )o1lor l)11)1x .
ii. Thc grccnhousc llcct s thc w.fnrilrf ol Lhc arth )y gascs. hc ]rro{css \
graduil.'Ihc gascs rc lfnppc(l n thc alnx)sphcrc,

READING SKILLS
vocabulary uildi,lg
Altlrcugh ! is not a good dea ) inrcrrlrpl 1 cadiDg r lcclurc o look up
Lrnlhmiljar ords, at tinrcs ou rvill rrccd o conslrlt dictionary o chcck hc
nlcaniDg l an impoflaDl word,
As K)or].1s our locabulary s argc cnough o hal yoLL .lnun(lerstand rosl
dcflnilions, rsc D Englidr o Englis h ictioDary. hoosc nc lhfl iri conrplctc
cnolrgh o covcr hc words ou will nccd. Tcsr r by looking Lrf lcw wor(ls.)
good dictionary on!ains ld ol inli)rmalioD hatwill hclp you L()rndcrst;rr(l hc
corrcct mcaDiDg Dduscol thc word. ! may ncludc
l Pa( ofspccch, uchas . (noun), dj. adiecrivc), . r. (Lr.rsjrivc crl), r vcrt)
$a1cancarry an objccl), nd u.r. irlransirivc crb);
2. Roor or dcrivatiur f rhc word (Lhat s,whcrc did iL conrc tonr?);
L Synonyms nd antonyms;
4. Scnlcnccs r phraser onlaining hcworlj;anLl
5. A lisl ofthe word's mcanings. lt is mport;lnt o look rhroughhc (lcllniliorrs
1o i Dd he oDc hal s approfriatc ir you.)
Sinccmany exrbool,s nd echnical anlrals onrain gloss.ry ftcrnrs. rlrv.ryt
chcck our book bcforc oing oirdiclionary.
 5

p o . o M S J s
o P q o p u M ru gs P q n
o rE e u s .

ea
p P r

q
= P rd a J p
a
M u el
s s t
w ^ e E s P e e s

s on u E o u qa J S
J
z B Pu
€ l u r
' n q
u I
p' r r r
u
9 q p
s
I
l E , np
I
t r n 8 q
l
e s
nr
' p A UL
p J N u J
. el p s
ul rd us u es
'
e u J

u Mr B ue a
Lu J e p Mo p s u L J r u s'

s L P p sB /
hn u'
( I
u Js M u .
p
d q r
eL u B q D o n u L s
M U N L
P {
 166 Describing

4. Cosnrc ays are dangerous to human beings.

a. space b. eanh
5, The sun's rays are /fered hrough the atmosphere o that we don't receive
their full stength.
b. scrccncd
6, In warm climates, water s sometimes eated by Jolar cncrgy.
a. sun b. electric
7. The ea(h's shadow clrysl he sun's ight, so r suddenly rcw dark on thc
moon.
a. blocked b. absorbed
8, ln a desert. te temoenture ltemat esetween xtreme eat andextreme
cold.
a. varies D, nscs
9, 'lhe fogdiJfutedhe ights rom the street o harvisibility waspoor.
a. spread b, concentratcd
10. Some rdr mounbins andcratersan bese€n romtheearth,
a. moon b, sun
1 1 .The plan€t Mercury has no ralelr?r.
a. moon 0, atmospnerc
12, Thespacelight waspostponed ue o ddvsBe eat her onditions.
a. favorable b, unfavorable

skbtmb g
A good echniqueortextbook eadings o read he itles andsubtitles nd urn
eachntoa question. orexample, rom he itleofthe passageelow, ouwould
formulate hequestion, ls th€moon a nic€ place o visil?" and hen ead o find
the adswer, hismethodwill help you o focus n the main points,maintain our
concenFation, nd ead morc apidly.
Skim ie followin8 assageo Iind ts main deaand hc kind of informallon l
contains nd hen answer hesewo questions. ry o do it all n thrcc minutcs.
L what is the main point of the passage?
a. The moon s a nice place o visit, but you wouldnl want Q live here.
b. The mool! s not a dce place o visit, and you wouldnl want o live
lhere,
c. PoeE on't know anything bout he moon.
d. Scientists on,tknowanything bout hemoon.
2. \,vhich of these opics s coveredn the afticle?
'. a. rhe irsr andhg n rhe moon
b. Lhe hases frhe moon
c. dre climate on the moon
d. how the moon affects heeafth'sides

l!.
 r
N 6

N a s a
J u s L p , u s p s s D )
p
r us D r r
I J
u us L qs s d ) ur q EI s
o .
Ds
s . s r I ! S l s p ,
nl o 9 Ps
I s L L l a J s o r o
o n , B n q'
o i L r s o u
e u , o Ju t u L p D .
t o u t r s t p u o
) o s o D o o o .
n s L J u J r ) c
, '
Ls s J s oB oL J us L s s u n
p o u . u s s l
r i ! r u r s
l ,
u L o, i r
q r '
r u t p u -
s i L s L a s i ! )
) s L s i i s u J o
D ,
JM l r '
I
s oM t ML u ) r u s l

:
168 Describing

shirc by i(s own liqhl; il rcllccls b c lighl of rhc sun. unlike lhr (nnh, Lorvcvcr,
rher€ s no aLnosphcrc o dillirsc hc light asdnybcconlcs night ard nighL Lr.rs
into day. Changcs rom lisht lo dark.rnd dark lo lighl occrrr lrdclenly.
The llrnar sky is black. (BIuc sky on lhc eadh is t)(xlLrcc(l by rhc staltering ol
blue ight in th€ spcclrum b y farti.lcs ofair.) ou rlrc xnjtr litan nrc visiblc n lhc
daylimc,bnl you would havc to shicld your cycs roln thc unfillcrc(l sLrnlilhr o

There s no sound on thc nx xrn. Sound Lfavcls r r wivcs oi irir nn)lecLrlct. incc
ther€ is no air, lhcrc is lrothing lo Lr.rlslnil sotnd. Lcavc your lr.nsislorhonlt.
Also, he moon is rrcl a nralncl ltrc wny lhc carlb ij. YoLr an cavc your rom|nss

Thc moon is a satellitc of thc earth, rcvolving a()Lrrxl L h c canh oncc cvery
lrvcrlty{rinc and a hall dirys. Thc nroon ilscll f alcs, bu1 l does so vcry slowlf.
Thcrclbrc L h c .mc sidc ol thc moon is al ways visilrle 10Lrs.-() g cl l { ) lhc rrn)o|r,
yol| would have o lravel 240,000 miles, adislance h a l is nboul hc snrrlc s cifcling
thc carlh a1 he equa(n tcn linl cs.
It is clcar hnl ii yoLr wcrc nraking a trip k) thc moon, y o u woul(l ncc(i o |drk
fircrcLhan a lmlhbnrsh and a changc of undcrwcar. l s a(lvcrs( on(liLiorrs 1'otll(l
makc it vcry dillicLrll b f a visilor ronr the cirlh.

Makitlg n.ferenccs. r(li(.lc whL'thcr ach ol lhc lollowing (a(cnrcDls ssl.11c(l

in lhc ).ssagc ,s), mIlic(l )y olhcr nii)rrrratiou n lhc passagc 1), r rcithc f lillc(l
nor r)rplicd N). (Do,rcr in(licalc hclher he sl.lcr cul is ruc or hlse.)

S L Thc fofce olgf.vily on lhc nnx)I is lcss han 1h.11 u thc clflll.
2, Thc idcs orl (he eaflh arccnuscri y lhc Inoor],
3. A pc$oD would wcilth css i) thc rrnx)n hnu or l

4, Thc moon has o walcr or atnn)ifhcre ccaLrs('l

(.rxxgn 8rnvlry.
5. I1 vould e difljclrh o havc an aryur('rlt with nnneonc n Lhc

6. Thc m(xrn orbils bc canhabout oncc a nronth.

7 w ( dlsn). '. rh{ Jr f .rJ( | l, t"',...
8. Thc canh s 4.6 billim yearu ld.
9. Thc rcmpcrarur€ n thcnroon gocs l)1o 200" c.
1 0 . HLrmnD eings ould no1 ivc on thc n1dJn.

Plants coLrld no ! grow on rhc moon.

12. T hemoonhas mofe exlrcmes i Lcmpcralurc han hc c.dh h.s.
 -

S N s

q q J r D p q r
3 J r g op s p u L i s'
/ u r .
uL u L .
( 1 r
t J J ds o u^ '
I
dM n r s q t '
qS L J
' p u u s a D r o t p'
u q s
u o so J M d { u o p '
s . s
I u J j o 7 p ) n u'
q t
u w t P q n J S'
q ,
o ! J l r u M'
P o t l
M
i p . . J p u1 ) '
ul qp r

6
o n u d L n o e u ds F
ol u J U S r 1 d ^ P Do e su $l
o ut o 0l p u D o o J -
.
J n ae nu q d u p r ,
' L Ul o I L L U s
M
ql n B s L o ^ t
J p o l r s n s n o p r '
t M 0u pJ o o u p u M E
n MI p M q i s s p r 1
T T e r qi
M r r so \
J m .q r n A I u s
s n q n J O S S '
o n L q o r
o o J l
J'
170 Describing

U dersta dihg the Lectale. hdicatc whclhcr cach oflhc li)llowill8slalcnrcnts s

rrue (7) or falsc (l) basedon thc iDformaliol in thc lcclore.

T 1 , Thc suD's gravity kccps hc planets n orbit.

2 . Vcnus s the cbscst plame! o the carth and thereforc drc onc
scicntisls an see hc bcsl,
J , Thcrc is morc likely 10 bc lifc oD vcnlrs than on any olhcr l)larlcl
dLle o its modcralc climate.
4. Mars haschanges n.lima!e, ik e hc carlh.
5 . Recenl evidcncc shows herc may bc lilt on Mars.
Thca,leroi,is rr'r Bfout, f Bririslr nxl mLrsirinrr..
7 . Jupilcr may be a ball of gas hal h shrinking.
Thc rings ol Sa n revolvc arolrnd hc plancl likc salellilcs.
planet is
9 . Thc farrhcsl rom lh c su Uranus.
1 0 . No planel has mor c thaD wo salcllitcs.
I L Thc tail of a coDret oin6 dircclly loward lhc slrr.
 l

' s J s P u n'

a' D r g t P u J q'
J a s b,
v' a'

S S O S

u q ul a J Dd e us D q ai
S q s u e Dl s
o u u o r S p c 1/ us , '

p e J p u n el q s
E Pl q p e S J
e s p , a S r
o n r Pr
u uu e q s 1 eq 3 e J p s s q s J
S
p , n p L p o p us
p el ue n p u u el
D s npD r
U p u p J n l M l
I
ed a u u J J J e u a
q M eu 1 s J r
p l s r s p p r
,
q d al
B op o S ol o e M p r t
q { o^
p r , a p px' J n r P Mq
n e l r
p oo s l e ^ p 9 n p
u
u e ei p q (
q

U CS NS

V r u Je q D l e Mr e a
o B :
M p e q e z M s o Bz z
p u (

Fw m
172 Drs( ibinP

2. whdlJrcrts chcnricdl r.rr.r(l(n\l(s (whit is l Innri( rll H"w LL\'\ l Lr(h vc

or react whcn il comes n con(acl wilil otbcr subsran{es lrch as walcr ol
oxyger?)
3. whcre is il found in nature? How abundanl s it?
Rcad hc following paragraph which dcscribcs hc substancc rcrcury and (ic_
lcrmine \ir'hich of lhe abovc qucstions l aiswcrs.

Mcrcury s one of a fcw elcmcnts hat was knowD n a|cicnl chin;, India an{l
Egypl, Mercury s a luslrous, silvery mclal lhal is a liquid al (x)m tempcrallrrc. l
is 13.6 imes asdcnse swaler, rcczcs t -39" C,and boils at 3t7'C. Mercury
does ot combine readily ,r'ith oxygen, bul it does eact wilh nitric acid lo fonn
mcrcury nitralc and with srlfuric acid 1() orm mcrcury s lfale. Whcn mcrcory
combines with ccrlain metals (such as silvcr, zinc, or lio) thc rcsulling alloy is
callcd an amalgam. Mercury comcs rom spain , laly, and hc south weslcrn nilcd
Slales. t may bc oblaiDed y hoalinll mercury sullidc (ci labar). Mcrcury s usc(l
for lhermomclcrs, oolh fillings,and pholographic platc$

wi ng a Descriptlotl
wrile a dcscripti(nrfa rlalllral ubslanccuch s ubbcr, ard, altwalcr, ood,
ait, diamond, slraw, alllminuol, or carboll dk)xidc Your lofic scll(cllce nliglll bc
adcfiniti(nr d olrgdcscril)tior) s a t yPc ofcxlclldcd dclil)ilkjn) hl your PafagraPh,
answcr as many of the abovc qucsliols as yoll can. one wdy to concludc s 10
describe ow lhc subslallce s oscd
 d 7

p 6
r

O N

e J n u p d . n p s
d p g d p n s
'
r d p p a
n p D u
J e n Pl as q s n o )
p s'
p s U J a J o e e
S o qa p s oq u a u
e S o s a
q p s J
J g J D d p o ql P
rqo 8 D q p u D q p S
q E o u pp .
u n E u DP p
op p u J o u u s
a o J a ul e Jp E u o q 1o
d u J a n e J p s 0 u P u l
s p o N p Jd p s p ^ s'

€
174 Predicting

Short Reading

Read he folbwing passagc nd find threc prcdictions.

The Wo ,l Tums
The ea nh is round, fiflccnlh- and sixreenlh-ccnlut yexplorcrs ikc Columbus
and Magcllan provcd t. But therc wcrc ancient Grceks who had known rhisrwo
thousand earsearlicr. Theysawships desccnd vcr rhe horizon and oblervcd he
curved shadow ofthe canh on rhe moon during a Iunar eclipsc. hcn, n 200 Lc.,
thc Greek astroromer Eraloslhenes oted hal at noon on thc first day ol summcr,
rir'hen hc sun wa s at its highcs!, ls rays shone o rhc botlom of a veflical wcll irl
Syene,Egypl. Ye1, n the same day n Alcxandria, ive hundred milcs o lhc norr h,
il was reported hat a vcrlical post cast a shado\'r'. f the earth had becn lal, the
post could not have casl a shadoyr' t roon,
Theeallh spins, or rotatcs on its axis, orce every wcnly-four hours, callsing rs
to havc day and night. At any given ime, rhe side ol thc cardt facing ic s!D will
have daylight, aDd he sidc turDcd arr,/ay ron thc sun will havc nighl. Allhon gh
the eanh is spinnirg at a spccd of over one lhousand milcs an hour, wc do nol
feel thc movcmcnt or thc wind bccausc everything around us, iDcllld ing bc at-
mosphere, smoving at thc same pced. he cffect s similarlo riding n aDairplaui.
Thc air moves wjth you, lf you light a malch on aD airplanc, no wind will blow
lt oul.
Theeanhalsorevolvcs arouDd he sun oncccvcry year. This ycarly rcvolnlkD,
plus lhe tiltiDg of fic earth or its axis, causcs hc scasoDs.WhcD thc snn's rays
arc nearly o verhead ro1 whcn lhc earth is closcsl c lhe slln) aDd hc days arc
long, great amounts of the sun's radialion arc absorbcd and thc wcalher is hot,
For example, rom April through Septembcr, hc North P olc ihs loward lhc sun
and hc northcrn henlisphcrc xpcrienccsummer whilc thc south erD cmisphcrc
haswintcr.The nthe Nonh Polc ills awayfromlh esun and he seasons ercvcrscd.
On March 23 and Septcmbcr 2I, the North Polc s not lcaning $ward or away

ftom thc sun,

Lhedays and nifyou
ghts travclcd around
equal cvcry placehe canh
you on thcsc wo dalcs, yoll woliki find
went.
 g

S D A I

V C N
Yd u sD e 3M :
ul L ol 4 6 a ht u U p )
) u 1 1
'
Y u N
) D r u u
D a p M t '
u I ) P r s t (

n e u n q t
u e

Y O U N

F u s nA o p a s I
4s b p {d a n M u'
s u l J t s l S J
i F i ( o l i
M p t u s D l l
a(

e P e n n a s
& e s P s I

N l U N
u P u D t np r p L'
H J q o n o J o p o '
) q ) u ( r o Li
p o u o r n u p(

eq e n o e
^

7
176 Predicting

Sentence Patterns

PREDICTION

4clryer h€re wiu be) an eclipse omorrow

/djsiv4 Th e eclipse will be hidden} by thc ctouds.

PROBABLE PREDICTION

acrir,4 t i1 rains, we {will gd wel.}

pdssiv.: f rhe eclipsc s hidden, lh e pholos {will b€ ruined.}

HYPOTHETICAL PREDICTION

fwourdl
a.lil/e| frs(udled,l lcoutd pass.
Lmishr
p,irrvcr f rhe eclipse erehiaaen, rre horos
{['i"#J ,",",""r.
Lmishl

IMPOSSIBLE REDICTION
Iwoulal
dclin: fI had ludied,I could I have asscd.
Imishr
p,l,siua r r hadbeen idden, hephoros n""" ,.." ,",,,.r.
{ff]ilt}
Lmishl

Notes:Whcn witiflg ptedictiotls, cnptnber thcIo awin

L Thtrtturc tet$e with will is ustldJor Wcdktiont thdt arc tikll,t t.1lcen. Thc
nolak would, could. $ milhr a u\.d Ja r hytotndiiil.y iral,,.n/,/..

2. With iI clauset, he subinlctiv.Iom werc n uted instntl olwas (Jot eran41lc,

l f I were ich, ..).
3. At1! predietia rht:tt t bdtedou d pon eonditia,t a dt bc tltfi e.t (Jbt xr fu,
If De war had ended a year €arlicr, many tlv.'s woutd have becn
sayed.). Snlcehe wat did ot nd ld kt, the prcdictit e :.,t)t conte ruc.
Neverthelets,he relatio ship lxprissedh th? settarcc is true.
 /

t $ D) j ol . s qqJ
p
I r r (
,
n r s o l
'
i o p d f f
r I p .
l ) t p .
p d'
p u o u Ml r D'
I r r l P r
p
p'
J u s ) MI
'
J l r Dl o
) o '

u H ol s u r J qi s
ou l t S U Ui J ^ O U i
o
i l o u s'
J MI
l A ' w
a F P a w
l r ! s p , s l r
u' P'
U p i Ml )
l '
u ^ o o ! l
'
l l r S l
D'
su M M r
j s J , f' l J U'
J ) a s ^ o i l L 0 o '

t p q u o q pl d r
u i t s p P r p
t n.
r M P s
b fp . wF P
J o ui n u n r
t' J l n {e n M n o q u o'l
E uI u u'
i p 1 o ol o '
 178 Predicting

5 . If lhc nandards were owcr, morc studcnB would pass.

6. If ftc sarcllilc were nol inrerruprc d, r would conlinuc iI irs orbil.
7 . If the egg ceil wer c fcnilizcd by sperm carrying an .rr hromosomc, hc baby
would b e a girl.
8. lf he ate a balarced dic!, he would be hcallhicr.

Cot pletifig Sentences. Complelc he lollowing prcdidi(nls by filling in lhc propcr

form of the verb in parcn(heses,
L PlaDis r'ill not grow il they a2p (bc) dcfi(icnt in
niuogel,I,
2. Many lives would havc bccr savcd f scicrllisls
(predicl) hc rcrnado.
3 . A satcllite ill go in1o rbit whcn t (rcach) a speed
of 18,000 ilcs crhour.
Thecalcium would mclt if yorl (hcal) t lo 845" C.
5 , WheD ,r'inter oDlcs, hc bcars (hibcrnalc),
If thc iroD barwcrc cxposcd ) air, r (nrst).
7 , If thc compound adbccn n acid, t (lunl) hc
blue itmus cd.
8. If thc oxy8crlwcrc coolcd ufficicnrly, (liqucly).

Oeating redicti,ns, 0nr tc hc&tbwing reilicli(xrs

r any {)gicalr m.
aginativc ay,using hc corrccl erb orm,

t
t Thercwould bc fewc tra!fic accidar:irs fea'pk dila I /)44'l a?tA
&.tw
Peoplc would be hcahhier f
The a ir would bc clcancr l
School would bc casier f
If human beiigs could ly,
If we could conlrol lhc weadrcr,
If lhere wer.'Do irrcgular vcrbs,
If compurers o uld makc brcaklbst,
If I could go anywhcrc n lhe world,

_
 p 6

V s

q a M f

n u P qa o r u pd D u
} 8 o J r n :
e
P Po u u
Ju ^ u s P r
J a u u' r
q'
s q s Mo p e p s'
r M q ep e . B M r '
a u r I s p a ar u s L s
Jo s'
J o o M n p a o i
J s ) '

p : s r J mr
ux
o d a 3 s r I o 3 l s'

: . J
g
o p
p o ^
\
o s q
p u
p o S u pq p as
s u p
J a p
W?
e l oue L I '
.
L Ll s 9 u

J
u u s e s S qi L o o s s

r D L r p !

'
nu n e p
J
A'
180 Predicring

6. A condirion n which thc hcart slops bcadng s called

acanesl,
7. ln rh e spring hc high school urctr
applicalions o colleges.
8. A melal rhal can be slrelchcd n() wire is dcscribcd s
lle ,

9. The fieory thal thc canh is rhc ccnlcr o f rhe Luivcrsc s rbc
cenrflc ulcory,
10, A device dral mcasures eartmovcmcnls s a
graph.
I l. Thc branch of maficmatics har dcals with ntcasllrillg at)(l survcying hc
earrh h mclrv,

Vocdbuldry n Corltext, C]rcle hc lctrcr ol thc aDswcr hal bcsr nratchcs he

mcaning of lhe italicizcd wod as l is Llsccl n c.lch ol thcsc sertcllccs.

L Madamc CuricirrplradmaDy wcDlicth-ccntrlry woutcD o collduct icicnlillc

rcscarch.
@ srinularcd b. rcquircd
2. Birds and a irplancs ccnr o /q6, hc law of gravity hcr) hcy ly awayronr
the eanh's urlacc.
a. obey b. rcsist
L The forecastwas f(x dark cloud s hal wolrld bri'lg prccipitdtion.
a, hcal
4, The cxperhnerrt was fionitored' ktreftorr,
a. dcsilncd b. obscrvcd
5. Wcalher/r/dc4sts rc molc accurate day lhat) cvcr bcforc.
a. prcdictions b. dcscripti{nts
6. There s no ikfaLlibk cure or canccr.
a. perfect b. parlial
7. fhe ragwas satunted with oil.
a. fuu of b. enllnicdof

8, rThe seasons f lhc ycar recur n cyclej,

- a. regular periods b. irrcgular pcriuls
 D I

1
'
p i
a s e ^ L'
i
I DI ) n 4
' '
P Ul s
z .
L D u p '
D ! p

6
V l s L l ) p o J
, Ssp n D s I L n n( r
U0 l o r J t l M s p
J s L i l r q s l , s L
uM l s U x l
J r ( J , s p U I r
D o u ) M : J p l s o .
l s r q (
M l r o s I J a
su U (
M D r a

{ s s p u s p p ^ r
o l l s s p o -
r ! 1 s r ^ l )
u J ) o r p s p J
. r
l s u u s
r r p l p'
p , s r l o
r u i i D I . u
u s m n r a r pl D r
J es se t u r
J s n u'
, p A (
I M r s . t D I s u n s
i . r u s s p r r I s r ,
L r t i t

7
182 Predicting

than do lhose Dcar LhcNonh aDd SouLh oles Thc warrrr ir ncar hc cquirt(n
expandsnd ises. lovingowad lhe polcs. s l cools l siIks, cplnting hc cool
air on thc surlace halhas movcd orvnrLl hccqrrator 0 el)ln(c he dsing wanD
a1r. his uDcqLral ealnlg fthc carrh causcs rorlh.nd soLrth lindt Ean vcn
winds nrccaosed y lhc ()latioo ol lhc ta'lh
Armospheri. rcssure. smcasurc(ly . baronrelcr, s rllothef ndi(iLor f thc
wcatirer. hc nrounloflvatc. vapof n lhc air s nrxjlhcr redi(L()r'annair (.rr
air, ashoL ca (lisvtves nr.c Lrllar hnn cc(l
dissolvc
1ea. he poinl at wh ich hc air carrnol oldnrr) norc waicr s c.llcd hcsalLrrali(,r
iorc watef har .old lrsl
lDinl. ou n wa n dny, { l}rc nir is salurillfd vilhnloistLrrc.ncj he cnrl)criLtlrc
drot)s, he€xccss alcr s squeczcd ul ol Lhc rir' we scc Lhis loislLrrc;rppcaring
as dew, og, or clouds. f nrffi(icrr! wllcr is sqLrcc/cd u( wc havc rainor, dl
lenpcralurcs el v fic frccTir)g oirn, now
Todry lbere exisls a lhrc.r 1(r1heenrlh's lir ale fro|n nrarr'nladt hcnricnl
wasrcs. cleorobgisls avcknown or a Iorril inc Lhal hc tilrLh ]asscs hrough
cyclcs f warnling au{l cooling. hceanh hirs bccn gra(lu.lly ranllin!l sirrcc hc
lasl (c agc occurred boul 18,000 cars 8o. Rcccntly, owcver, ciclllisls avc
Lreconrc warc of (hc bcLhat olrr cchrrical/irrdLrslfial iviliz.li{)n 1.y )c cirusing
changcs |l lhc carth's.1lrllost)hcrc lralcor.rkl llcr he wcalhcr nnd lhal lhcsc
chrrrgcsproblcnr
ould bc vcry langc|(rus n(hc i frcvcrsiblc
strak)sl)hcfc, r'tll)|cr.lnrosphefc l lhc
ouc s ozorrc eflcli(nr'
earth, orrlajns laycr t oTotrc as hat rolccls hc eallh |'()nl hcstln's arl ltll
ullravi(tcl nys, lcccntly, ,/onc on(cn0 tiorrs vcrAnlalcti(a avc ccn d|1)p|ing
atan alarnljrril nlc, lescarchcN avc lclcrllline(l hnL gI()uP l llrall'nlnde hcnl-
icals allcd hlo|1)llLrorocarLx)ns rc isinfl ion lhc ca h and lcslI1)yirrg heoTor)c
A sccord proLrlcnr s lhc to.callcd gfccnholrsc llecl. Cn x)n dioxi(le r r lhc
.rnrl)sphcrc irn(liorrs ikc he glass n a Srccnhousc,licrcclling lllcx(cssivc lllrnrc(l
rnys and aclilrlt s aD nsulal(n () Drcvcnt c.l l ionl csca|iDg l lrilht wjlhoLlt
thc prolcction l the almosphcrc, crrrpcratllrcs n lllc carlh otrl(i cach hc ('x_
lrcnres hcy do orr hc nnxm. l wc corltinue ) bLr lassil ircls hc lcvel olc.rLx)n
dioxidc n thc air nray Dcrea:ic o lllc poirll whcrc l will bl.Ikcl lhc en h .rr(l
,JLr'( i l r',!\.rrn I'tJ ,llr '(_!l\ h\r'1,
It rcmains o bc scen wheLhcr his wanning rc|d will .onlinuc nnd il n),
whelhcr scierllisls ill bc alrlc ( Jdo somclhing bout l in li'Ic l1).vcrl (lrsnncr
irr hc ncxr ccntury.

Distikguishing Fdcl ro,r, Opiriolr. The Anrcricarr wrilcr Mark Twnin orlcc saiLl,
"Gct your acls ir n, and hcnyolr cin dislon Lhem s rruch s yorL lcasr.' Twarn
was, ol coursc, h nnrie aD(i lor a scicnl isl bLrt c ktrcw he im[)da['e ol
idcnlifyirg Iacls. ndicnte whclher ea(h (rt drcse ,cnlcnces cpresenls 1 ncl (i_) or
anopi'rbn (0).

F l Wcalbcr asalways cen of inlcrcsr ) melr and wonrcrr.

2. Mariner! uscd (r ore.an hc wcalhcr by nLrdyilrg he \k)
 d €

J u q o p B u'

, J o S s u'
a'' M r pap J J o ^ A
M .
M pl r u Ml r uu q'
.
9' J u o nl s'
, soe L sM s'
' p eo J a '
q s Sq E B p o B s'
u ul qa uo Me r
'
' u o s l q o ul o u'
' a p pc o a p'

N 9S S

h a S J a p € c
u 6 J p p p s 1s q J a u s'
o n s u. u a J J r q'

d ce S r r p s u a'
D o q r
184 Predi.ling

3. Lands hat hrcrc rid or cerllrrics avc bccrl onvcfLcd ulo g.rdcrrs ilh lhc
useof irrigarion.
a. dry b. nn)isl
4. lron is a very ve alitu sLrb\l.ncc ecause 1 can bc Lrse(l n a grcnl nLrnber of

a. abundart b. many-sidcd
5. Wc uscd ro1fe,/ o renrovc hc dricd painl.
a. hardcn€r b. liqucller
6. Thc r,roJl,rn f thc nrcunlainsidr was duc to lbc hcavy winds and rain.
a. building p b. wcaring way
7. Thc windshield was t rrilcfe./ whcrc lhc accideDl ictiIn ha(i brrnpc{l his

r. broken nto pieces h. hardcncd

.
11.The computcr hasa word processing]4l.trry.
a. capabiiiry b. dclact
9. No onc hascverinve]nle(l perpclual ioli<rnnrachiDc; ll nlacl]inc$ cquirc
errcrSy o kecp hcm goin8.
a, pcrmancnl 0. s()w

Note-Taking ints: Reriew

cood rrotc-lakinll kills rc esscrtial oacadcrnic llcccss. osh.I|crr yoLrr kills,
rcmcnrber he followingl

l. Prcrc.ld hc cxlbook haplcr whcDcvcr ossilrlc.

2, During ie le(turc, onccnlralc u wriling dowD hc nlain poinls,
I Don't
4. Usc abbr€viali()ls, ymbols,
woffy aboLrl sing lrllndscntences,
shorlcnedcr{ccl
ornls lwo|tls or corrccl
rantrrar, savc ime.
llllinc
fo|mbLr! rakc ure whal yol wrilcisco|nplctcuough o rcad.
5. Add.1s many sul)porling chils (s ch nsexamflcs, vidcncc, rrd
explanalions) s pL'ssiblc o hch you Lrndcrsland rtd cntcnrbcr he nlaiD
poi1llr.
6. write clcafly Lr ou can rcad whar you wro(c. Dor11 ccopy our rolcs.
7. Reread our nolcs assoon as possible flcf class. ill n anylbing ou havc
left olrl and .orrec! anylhin g thal is not l:lcar.
8. R€vicw your noles pefiodically, spccially c{brc a ten. The more yoll
rcvi$,r', he more you will rcmcmber.

Takenores as you Iislen o lhe leclurc "Thc wondcr of walcr." PracLicc hc

skills you havcdcveloped n this course. Thcn use your nores 10complclc hc
nexl €xercise.
 (
n up 4 a n a' o s I
u M )
o 8 E s J r e J r
J'
J ol M p
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p p'
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p
s
e
n
d nl
]
1 S p'
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a'
' J[ 4 s ' .
. L e J s s J '
9 J L n J s p s E s q p
r s'
J e n Dl O J J M s n r q J'
' s p L pl o t l s o I
B .
u n u r s p u p a t
u s'
s d p J o r n s t
s'
I e s d o o n s
+ 9 r 9 o'
n ( e s l s u & p'

S O S

o u o o JM , J q ul p M a qi
1a p a pu ^ u
H ", s M, n n s
s' r u, a op s

p r ul l c a
8 1 n a p
M e u l c ul
^ B u l J Ul
. Me du s p B u sI M n r H,
o sM I r ul
. o B u l rp .

f
186 Predicting

WRITING SKILLS

Predlcting

O n c goalol scicnce slo prcdicl /hat lhc wo d rrighl bc lik( ir lh c lulLrrc. n

t h c lollorving paragraph. hc wfilcr Ifedicts h . l il rvill n)rrlc(l.y L r c ossiblc 0scnd
:l letler anywhcrc on carlh in onc (iiry o t lcss:

,4. ew ycars rcrn now, whcn y o ! wish Lo scnd an urgcnl mcssngr, o u vlill
pufchasc a srandard c(cr lofn on which yo u will w le or typc whalcvct yoLr
havc ro \ry. A1 the loca l office he for m will be fcd into d Drachinc which \cans
lhe nrafks on thc tapct a n d (onvcns lhcnr irrlo clc.Lfic.l sign.ls. Thcsc will t)r
radioed up lhc rrcir$t rcl.y sarcllitc, oulcd n the approffi.tc dire.ljorr )Lrr(l h c
Ea(h, aud pickrd up at lbc dcsrinntion whcfc thcy are rrlxxlLr(c(i ()1r L)link
fornl idcrrtical with rhc onc yo u inscrilrcd. he lrarrmissiorr (scll worrld lnkc ir
fractioD ol a sccond; hc door'to' (loor dclivery vould cxtcnd lhis lir c lo n'vcr.l
houfs, )ur cvcnllrally ctlcrs should ncvcr akc rnort LhaD dny bclw(crr rny wo
poirts {)DLhcE.rlh. Thcfc nrc, ol coLrsc, roblenrs o l privn(y, rvltich nrijthl ) c
$lvc(l l)y ()bot hirnrllirrg t nll sLagcs l thc ofcrnlion . Howcvcf. cvcr) hc ol(1-
stylcbLrlnan oslmcnhavc bc(n krrowrr o 11i(l h c rrr.il.
Aflhrlr C Cl.rkc, la1tlil$ l tht lLttIR:
Att lt1,lIitr i,tu tltc !.inrilr d/ l/rf P.\'vl,/r'
(Ncw Yorki I.t)r/ 6 Ro\v, 19r):), . 1 9 5

Norjcc how thc prcdiclion :i nradc Dtcfcsting rl( l convin(jrrg )y )olh thc dcl.lilc(i
descriplion f how lhc systcnl will work aud lhc (liscrrssiorl l a l)olcnljirl i11)L)lrnr
rhal Nigbt afisc. NotcalsoLhe ust oJ hc lulrrrc cDsc with Lt 1/. hc rllo(lnl 1'd///,/
indicalcs hc hypothrlicnl natlrc o1 hc p|.('dicliolr,.n (l rirrr j \ Lrs(tl { r cxpress
possibilily.
Thc cxamflc fara!raph begiDs wilh Lht irrlr(XlLr.lory hrasc, '1/!w vc,r/r iD n
,rw. Orhcr rransitiorr rvordsfor predicring jnclLr(lc tvcnt nllr. i]1 lt! littttrt, lltattttlll,
Ldter. dfkr n while, 11c10]" on!, and one ddy.

witi g a Plediction

Wrile a paragraph n one of lhc Discussion oi s. maginntivc r crcarrvc

writing docs not demand suppoling nralcrial o "provc" . foinl Ho\'!evcr, any
concrctc cvidence yo u ca n providc will make yolrr parrgrtlh rorc cffeciivc or
more believable. orcxamplc, l you predict halmer and women will dress likc
by he wen!y-lirsl entury, oucan uppofl ourclaimbypointingout ltal 'ome r
alrcady car pants, uit!, and ic!. Thcn orake ure oLr cvclof he paragrafh y
giving dcrails r exanplcs. Yourconclusiorl ould sum r.lriTc hc nain idca ol
exprcss waming or hope fLrr hc Iu!ure.