Lab Report II

APPLICATIONS OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Jiyeon Lee, Jordan Nguyen & Josh Townsend | Thermodynamics | May 24, 2017
Table of Contents
1 Calculation of the polytropic index of the compression process tested. ......................................... 3
2 Change of specific entropy of the air through the compression process. ...................................... 4
3 Net Entropy Change – System A (Compressor) ................................................................................ 4
4 Power required by the compressor if the process is assumed as: .....................................................5
4.1 Polytropic (Calculated in 1.) ........................................................................................................5
4.2 Isentropic ......................................................................................................................................5
5 The efficiency of the compressor ........................................................................................................ 6
6 References ..............................................................................................................................................7
7 Appendix: Our Data Sheet.............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Thermodynamics 48651

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1 Calculation of the polytropic index of the compression process
tested.
PVn = constant, n = polytropic index, Air-flow rate = 108.66 L/min = 1.8 x 10 -3 m3/s

Air Pipe cross section Area= 2.269 x10-4 m2, P1= 101.1 KPa, P2= 316.6 KPa, Rair=0.287, T1= 297.55 K,

T2 = 385.12K, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 102.25(𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡)

We need to find 𝑽̇𝟏 & 𝑽̇𝟐 using the mass flow rate equation at stage 7 so that we can insert it into
the polytropic process equation to find the index n.

Mass flow rate equation

𝑃𝑎𝑚𝑏 × 𝑉7̇
𝑀̇7 =
𝑅 × 𝑇7

𝑀̇7 = 2.16 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑃1 × 𝑉1
2.16 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 =
𝑅 × 𝑇1

𝑽̇𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

(𝑃2 + 101.1) × 𝑉2̇

2.16 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 =
𝑅 × 𝑇2

Therefore, the volume at state 2 is:

𝑽̇𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

Now we have the two volumes at both states, we can find the polytropic value of the compressor:

𝑃1 𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑛

𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑛
ln[ ] = ln [ ]
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉1

𝑃1 𝑉2
ln [ ] = 𝑛[ln ]
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉1

𝑃1
ln[ ]
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛=
𝑉
ln [ 2 ]
𝑉1

101.1
ln [ ]
𝑛= 316.6 + 101.1
571.5 × 10 −6
ln [ ]
1.805 × 10−3

Therefore:

𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 (𝟑 𝒅. 𝒑. )

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2 Change of specific entropy of the air through the compression
process.
P1=101.1 KPa, P2=270.43 KPa, T1=24.4°C (297.15K), T2=111.97°C (385.12K)

Interpolation of table A7.1 to find entropy at T1 & T2:

297.55 − 290 𝑆𝑇°1 − 6.83521

𝑆𝑇°1 : =
298.15 − 290 6.86305 − 6.83521

7.55 𝑆𝑇° − 6.83521

= 1
8.15 0.02784

𝑆𝑇°1 = 6.861 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

385.12 − 380 𝑆𝑇°2 − 7.10735

𝑆𝑇°2 : =
400 − 380 7.15926 − 7.10735

5.12 𝑆𝑇°2 − 7.10735

=
20 7.15926 − 7.10735

𝑆𝑇°2 = 7.12 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

Finding the change in specific entropy:

𝑃2+ 101.1
S2 − S1 = 𝑆𝑇°2 − 𝑆𝑇°1 − Rln[ ]
𝑃1

𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 𝐶𝑝 ln[ ] − 𝑅 ln[ ]
𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲

3 Net Entropy Change – System A (Compressor)

̇ = 𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 ̇ ̇
+ 𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑𝑠
̇
𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑐. 𝑣. = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑄̇ 𝑐. 𝑣
̇
𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∑𝑚̇𝑖 𝑆𝑒̇ − ∑𝑚̇𝑖 𝑆𝑖̇ − ∑𝑐.𝑣.
𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Q c.v. was calculated from Lab Report 1
𝑄̇𝑐.𝑣. = −0.4663 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 23℃
𝑚̇𝑒 = 𝑚̇𝑖 = 𝑚̇7 = 2.16 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

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 𝑆̇ 𝑒 − 𝑆̇ 𝑖 = 𝑆̇ 2 − 𝑆1̇ = −0.148 kJ/kg-K-sec

Therefore, (𝑺̇ 𝒆 − 𝑺̇ 𝒊 ) was obtained from question two being the specific entropy change
of the air.
−0.4663
̇
𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑚̇(𝑆2̇ − 𝑆1̇ ) −
(23 + 273.15)
̇ = 𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 ̇ ̇
+ 𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
̇ = 0 + 𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 ̇
−0.4663
̇
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2.16 × 10−3 × (−0.148) −
296.15
𝑺̇𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠 − 𝐊 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 > 𝟎
Therefore, this process is possible as the net entropy change is greater than zero. It does
not violate the second law.

4 Power required by the compressor if the process is assumed as:

4.1 POLYTROPIC (CALCULATED IN 1.)
The polytropic index of the compression process as calculated in question 1 is:

𝑛 = 1.23 (2 𝑑. 𝑝. )

So, we can see that n ≠ 1 thus we will derive the work rate (power) from the polytropic process
equation using the ideal gas law:

(𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 ) 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1𝑊2 = = – Derivated from ideal gas law
1−𝑛 (1 − 𝑛)

When we have 𝑀̇ = 𝑀̇7 = 𝑀̇1 = 𝑀̇2

𝑚̇ [𝑅][𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ]
1𝑊̇ 2 = 1P2 = =
(1 − 𝑛)

10−3 𝑘𝑔
2.16 × × 0.287 × [385.12 − 297.55]
= 𝑠
1 − 1.23

Therefore, the polytropic power is:

𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑾 (236.03 w)

4.2 ISENTROPIC
When we have 𝑀̇ = 𝑀̇7 = 𝑀̇1 = 𝑀̇2
𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚̇ 7 (ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑒𝑠 )

Therefore, when cp is not a function of time, we can rewrite the equation as:

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 𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚̇ 7 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒𝑠 )

From here, we know that only one condition matches the properties of an ideal gas that undergo an
isentropic process:

𝑘−1
𝑇𝑒𝑠 𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑘
=( )
𝑇𝑖 𝑃1
1.4−1
316.6+102.25 1.4
𝑇𝑒𝑠 = (24.4 + 273) × ( ) (∗ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 102.25 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡)
102.2

𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 445.01𝐾

Now we can find the isentropic work done by the compressor:

𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = 𝑚̇ 7 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒𝑠 )

𝑊̇ 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = 2.16 × 10−3 × 1.004 × (297.4 − 445)

𝑾̇ 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 = 𝑷 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝑾

5 The efficiency of the compressor

The Isentropic Efficiency of the Compressor

𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
𝜂𝑖𝑠 =
𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

The actual work done by the compressor was calculated in the previous Lab 1 Report,

𝑊̇ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = −0.6457𝑘𝑊

2𝜋 × (1357.8) × 4.541
(𝑃 = = 0.6457𝑘𝑊)
60 × 1000

Therefore, finding the compressors efficiency:

𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
𝜂𝑖𝑠 =
𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

−0.32009
𝜂𝑖𝑠 = × 100
−0.6457

therefore,

𝜼𝒊𝒔 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟕%

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6 References

Hong, G. 2017, ‘Thermodynamics Learning Guide’, UTS Online Subject 48651,

Course notes, UTS, Sydney, viewed 24 May 2017, <
https://online.uts.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=
_30551_1&content_id=_1559180_1&mode=reset>.

Hong, G. 2017, ‘Laboratory: Reciprocating Air Compressor’, UTS Online Subject

48651, Lab Sheet, UTS, Sydney, viewed 24 May 2017, <
https://online.uts.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=
_30551_1&content_id=_1559180_1&mode=reset>.

Huang, M. & Gramoll, K. 2017, Thermodynamics – Theory Ch. 6 Entropy,

Multimedia Engineering Dynamics, viewed 24 May 2017,
<http://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-
bin/ebook.cgi?topic=th&chap_sec=06.5&page=theory>.

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